Hizuxty PDF
Hizuxty PDF
Hizuxty PDF
BUDDHIST CHAITAS AND VIHARAS: Background: Art and Religion marble statues and reliefs - such as the Tomb of Pope Leo XI (1634-44) by Alessandro Algardi (1598-
Chaitya grihas or halls of worship were built all over the country either of brick or excavated 1654) - as well as mosaics and precious metalwork. Ironically, the huge and aggressive fund-raising
from rocks. Ruins of a large number of structural Buddhist chaity grihas are found in the From the ninth century onwards, the Christian Church was inextricably linked with the fine arts campaign required to pay for the cost of the basilica and its contents (46 million ducats), led to
eastern districts of Andhra Pradesh, in valleys, near rivers and lakes. The ruins located in of architecture (for basilicas, cathedrals, churches, abbeys like Cluny), sculpture (both reliefs and protest across Europe and became an important factor in triggering the Reformation and the birth
the districts of Srikakulam at Salihundam, of Visahkapatnam at Kotturu, of West Godavari statues) and painting (altarpiece panels as well as monumental works), for which it became the of Protestantism.
at Guntapalli, of Krishna at Vijayawada, of Guntur at Nagajunakonda and Amaravati belong greatest sponsor and patron across Europe. It also commissioned many types of decorative art,
to the 3rd century BC and later. The largest brick chaitya hall was excavated at Guntapalli. including stained glass (notably in Gothic cathedrals), and tapestry art, as well as a huge range Exterior Architecture: Facade, Dome
Some of the most beautiful rock-cut caves are those at Ajanta, ElIora, Bhaja, Karle, Bagh, of mural painting (Sistine Chapel) illuminated manuscripts and miniature painting. In south-eastern
Europe, in particular, it commissioned numerous items of mosaic art and a wealth of icon-painting. Saint Peter's is approached via St. Peter's Square, an elliptical forecourt encircled by a Doric
Nasik and Kanheri. Some of the chunar sand-stone rock--cut chaityas of Bhaja. Kondane.
All these beautiful designs and objects of religious art were created in order to inspire religious colonnade, derived from Greek architecture. It ends at the facade of Saint Peter's which is 376 feet
Karle and Ajanta, all in Maharashtra state are earlier excavations and belong to the first
congregations with the Christian message. In fact, at certain times, such as during the mid-16th wide and 150 feet high. Designed by Carlo Maderno, the facade features a giant order of Corinthian
phase or Hinayana creed of Buddhism and are similar to the brick and wooden structures of
century Counter-Reformation, sculptors and painters were given detailed instructions about how columns (each 90 feet high) and is topped by thirteen statues - Christ flanked by eleven of the
Ashokan times. Some of the chaityas show that wood had been used in the roofing and
the precise features of a New Testament story should be presented. So it is no surprise that Saint Apostles (excluding Peter) plus John the Baptist. At ground level it is approached by steps guarded
entrance arches. The chaitya at Bhaja is a long hall 16.75 metres long and 8 metres broad
Peter's Basilica itself - the world centre of the Roman Church - is lavishly endowed with many by two 18-feet high statues of Saints Peter and Paul.
with an apse at the end. The hall is divided into a central nave and an aisle on either side
flanked by two rows of pillars. The roof is vaulted. The rock-cut stupa in the apse is different types of art.
The Basilica of St. Peter is one of four Major Basilicas of Rome, the others being Santa Maria
crowned by a wooden harmika. The chaitya has a large arched torana or entrance with an
Maggiore, St. Paul and St. John Lateran, but it is the dome of Saint Peter's - the tallest dome in the
arched portico.
world - that dominates the skyline of Rome. Designed largely by Michelangelo, and built during the
Viharas or monasteries constructed with brick or excavated from rocks are found in Structure and Dimensions
Saint Peter's Basilica short but active papacy of Sixtus V (1585–1590) by Michelangelo's pupil Giacomo della Porta, the
different parts of India. Usually built to a set plan, they have a hall meant for congregational
Built out of travertine stone, Saint Peter's is 452 feet high, 730 feet in length, and 500 feet in width, dome rests on four pendentives and massive piers, each 60 feet thick. It was Michelangelo who
prayer with a running veranda on three sides or an open courtyard surrounded by a row of Introduction
with an interior length of just over 693 feet (roughly 211 metres). Covering an area of 2.3 hectares increased the size and strength of the load-bearing structure without destroying the central unity of
cells and a pillared veranda in front. These cells served as dwelling places for the monks.
(5.7 acres or about 50,000 square feet), and large enough for 60,000 people, it used to be the largest Bramante's original design. Immediate rivals of St Peter's dome include Florence Cathedral of the
These monastic buildings built of bricks were self-contained units and had a Chaitya hall or The Basilica Papale di San Pietro in the Vatican City, commonly known as Saint Peter's Basilica, is the
Christian church in the world, but in 1989 it was exceeded in size by the church in Yamoussoukro, Early Renaissance, designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and completed in 1434 - for details, see Florence
Chaitya mandir attached to a stupa - the chief object of worship. most famous Roman Catholic church in the world and one of the holiest sites in Christendom, dating
Cote d'Ivoire. Cathedral, Brunelleschi and the Renaissance (1420-36); Constantinople's Hagia Sophia church,
Some of the important Buddhist viharas are those at Ajanta, Ellora. Nasik, Karle, Kanheri, back to Roman architecture of the early Christian art period. The basilica, now the Pope's principal
completed in 537; and the dome designed by Christopher Wren for St Paul's Cathedral, finished in
Bagh and Badami. The Hinayana viharas found in these places have many interesting church, was built according to tradition above the burial site of St. Peter, one of the twelve disciples of
Interior Decoration: Nave, Chapels, Sculpture 1710. St Peter's Basilica is maintained by the Sampietrini, a specialist group of workers who
features which differentiate them from the Mahayana type in the same regions. Though Jesus and the first Bishop of Rome, who was martyred in the year 64 CE. To maintain this tradition,
continually scale and inspect the building's surfaces.
plain from the point of view of architecture, they are large halls with cells excavated in the Popes are now buried within the basilica. Designed as a replacement for the old Constantinian church Pilgrims entering the basilica are monitored by church officials and members of The Swiss Guard.
walls on three sides. The hall has one or more entrances. The small cells, each with a door (where, for instance, King Charlemagne had been crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day Inside, the basilica is cruciform in shape, with an elongated nave in the form of a Latin cross. The Tombs and Relics
have one or two stone platforms to serve as beds 800) which had been erected around 320 CE, construction of the present building was begun in 1506 nave is framed by wide aisles giving access to a number of chapels. These include: the Chapel of the
(under Pope Julius II) and completed in 1626 (under Pope Urban VIII). Admired for its Renaissance Presentation of the Virgin, the Clementine Chapel, the Chapel of the Madonna of Colonna, the Some 100 tombs are to be found within St. Peter's Basilica, including a number located in the
sculpture as well as its fusion of Renaissance and Baroque architecture, the design, construction and Gregorian Chapel, the Chapel of the Pieta and several other altars. In addition, beneath the high Vatican grotto, underneath the Basilica. They contain 91 popes, the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II, St.
decoration of Saint Peter's involved the greatest Old Masters of the day, including Alberti, Raphael, altar, is the Chapel of the Confession. Ignatius of Antioch and Pope John Paul II. In a subterranean crypt, directly below the dome and the
Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini. Note that it is called a papal basilica rather than a cathedral, main altar, is the tomb of St. Peter himself.
since it is not the seat of a bishop: the Arch Basilica of St. John Lateran is actually the cathedral church The interior of Saint Peter's contains a number of priceless treasures in marble and bronze by the
greatest Renaissance sculptors - works such as Pieta (1500) by Michelangelo - as well as Baroque Positioned in niches set into the four piers supporting the dome are a number of statues associated
of Rome. The latter functions as the principal church for worshippers who live in Rome, whereas the
sculpture - such as the baldachin or ceremonial canopy over the main altar, and the traditional Chair with the holy relics of the basilica. They include: St. Helena holding the True Cross, by Andrea
former serves as the focal point for all pilgrims who come to Rome, as well as locals.
of St Peter (Cathedra Petri), both designed by Bernini - and Neoclassical sculpture (such as the Bolgi; St. Longinus holding the spear that pierced the side of Jesus, by Bernini (1639); St. Veronica
marble statue of Pope Pius VI) by Europe's greatest neoclassical sculptors like the Italian holding her veil with the image of Jesus' face, by Francesco Mochi, and St. Andrew with the St.
genius Antonio Canova (1757-1822). It also contains numerous papal tombs ornamented with Andrew's Cross, by Francois Duquesnoy.
MIHRAB introduction is probably an expression of the Prophets position in the society where the minbar Kalasha
worked as a throne. The minbar of the Prophet had no more than two steps and a seat. A mandir kalash is a metal or stone spire used to top the domes of Hindu temples. It is like a tree
Mihrabs are a relevant part of Islamic culture and mosques. Since they are used to indicate the
The caliph Mu'awiyya raised the minbar of Muhammad with 6 steps in 670 AD (50 Hegira) and topper. It has been used for the purpose since the eras the Chalukyas, Guptas and Mauryas
direction for prayer, they serve as an important focal point in the mosque. They are usually
this became the pattern for all minbars ever after, even if Mu'awiyya's act was strongly opposed. Kalash are mostly made of metal. Main metals used are steel, iron, aluminium and bronze. In
decorated with ornamental detail that can be geometric designs, linear patterns, or calligraphy.
There was disagreement on whether a mosque should have a minbar when there were no ruler famous temples like Shree Samadhi Mandir, Shirdi and Tirupati, noble metals
This ornamentation also serves a religious purpose. The calligraphy decoration on the mihrabs
around to ascend it, but minbars were found in all province mosques already before 700 AD. like gold and silver are used. Platinum is rarely used.[citation needed]
are usually from the Qur'an and are devotions to God so that God's word reaches the
And in some mosques more than one minbar is found. Minbars soon came to be covered with a In ancient times, temples carved out of stone had stone kalash. Many temples like Ellora
people.[3] Common designs amongst mihrabs are geometric foliage that are close together so
curtain after the pattern of Ka'ba. Caves, Hampi and Mahabalipuramstill have these stone kalash. In South India, Kalash made of
that there is no empty space in-between the art.[3]
wood are common. Also, in small wooden temples used in homes by Hindu people, kalash are
Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba: The mihrab in the Mosque of Cordoba is a highly decorated carved of wood or made of metal.
A minbar (Arabic: منبرbut pronounced mimbar, also romanized as mimber) is a pulpit in
piece of art that draws one's attention. It is a contribution made by Al-Hakam II that is not just
the mosque where the imam(prayer leader) stands to deliver sermons ( خطبة, khutbah) or in
used for prayer.[4] It is used as a place of convergence in the mosque, where visitors could be Cathedrals
the Hussainia where the speaker sits and lectures the congregation. The word is a derivative of
amazed by its beauty and gilded designs. The entrance is covered in mosaics "which links to the A shikhara of the bhumija type, Udayeshvara temple, Udayapur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 1059–
the Arabic root n-b-r ("to raise, elevate"); the Arabic plural is manābir (Arabic: .(منابر If you've ever had the chance to walk along any street in Europe, there's probably been a point
Byzantium tradition, produced by the craftsmen sent by Emperor Nicephorus II. These mosaics 82.
While minbars are akin to pulpits, they have a function and position more similar to that of a where you turned a corner, saw an extremely impressive building, and just had to stop and
extend along the voussoirs with a geometric and plant-based design, but also in the inscriptions P. Chandra
church lectern, being used instead by the minister of religion, the imam, typically for a wider stare.
which record verses from the Koran".[4] This mihrab is also a bit different from a normal mihrab The latina shikhara is composed of a series of horizontal roof slabs gradually receding toward There's also a good chance that this building was a cathedral. In European history, few buildings
range
due to its scale. It takes up a whole room instead of just a niche. This style of mihrab set a
[5]
the top and provided with projections that extend from the base and wall of the temple. The have had as large an impact on architectural development as cathedrals. A cathedral is a specific
of readings and prayers. The minbar, the decoration of which some believe to be part of
standard for other mihrab construction in the region.[6] The use of the horseshoe arch, carved surface of the shikhara is covered with a vinelike tracery composed of diminutive chandrashalas kind of Christian church that serves as the seat of a bishop. The bishop is in charge of a diocese;
the sunnah, is usually shaped like a small tower with a pointed roof and stairs leading up to it. In
stucco, and glass mosaics made an impression for the aesthetic of mihrabs, "although no other (ogee arches). Above the truncated top (skandha) projects a necking on which rests a large a diocese is a region under a bishop's authority, making the cathedral the most important
contrast, the prophet Muhammed used only a platform with three steps. There may be a seat at
extant mihrab in Spain or western North Africa is as elaborate."[6] grooved disk (amalasaraka), and above it sits a pot with a crowning finial. Each story is indicated church
the top. In contrast to most Christian pulpits, the steps up to the minbar are usually in a straight
The Great Mosque of Damascus: The Great Mosque of Damascus was started by al-Walid in line on the same axis as the seat, as seen in those illustrated here. They also take the preacher by miniature amalasarakas at the four corners, repeated all the way to the top. The latina in that area. As the center of the diocese, a cathedral is to a diocese what a capitol building is to
706. It was built as a hypostyle mosque, built with a prayer hall leading to the mihrab, "on the
[7]
higher above the congregation than is typical in churches. The minbar is located to the right of shikhara has two further variations: the shekhari and the bhumija. The shekhari consists of the a
back wall of the sanctuary are four mihrabs, two of which are the mihrab of the Companions of the mihrab, the niche that indicates the direction of prayer (i.e. towards Mecca). The minbar is central latina spires with one or more rows of half spires added on either side and state in the USA. Cathedrals are important buildings and are intended to be impressive.
the Prophet in the eastern half and the great mihrab at the end of the transept".[7] The mihrab is also a symbol of authority. miniature shikharas clustered along the base and corners. The shekhari was popular from the
10th century onward and can be observed on most Central Indian temples; A pro-cathedral is a parish or other church used temporarily as a cathedral, usually while the
decorated similarly to the rest of the mosque in golden vines and vegetal imagery. The lamp
Shikhara cathedral of a diocese is under construction, renovation, or repair. This designation applies only
hanging in the mihrab has been theorized as the motif of a pearl, due to the indications that the Lakshmana and Kandarya Mahadeva temples at Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, have excellent
examples. as long as the temporary use continues.
dome of the mihrab has scalloped edges.[8] There have been other mosques that have mihrabs , (Sanskrit: “mountain peak”)also spelled shikara, also called shikar, in North Indian temple
A co-cathedral is a second cathedral in a diocese that has two sees. This situation can arise in
similar to this that follow the same theme, with scalloped domes that are "concave like a conch architecture, the superstructure, tower, or spire above the sanctuary and also above the
The bhumija variation has a flat vertical projection in the centre of each of the four sides, the various ways such as a merger of two former dioceses, preparation to split a diocese, or
or mother of pearl shell. [8]
pillared mandapas (porches or halls); it is the most dominant and characteristic feature of the
quadrants between being filled with rows of miniature shrines all the way up to the top of the perceived need to perform cathedral functions in a second location due to the expanse of the
MINBAR Hindu temple in the north. The North Indian shikhara is basically of two types: (1) the latina,
tower. The bhumija temple was particularly popular in Malwa, in the western part of Madhya diocesan territory.
curvilinear in outline, the type most usually found above the sanctuary; and (2) the phamsana,
Minbar is the pulpit in a mosque, placed next to the mihrab. The minbar is used with the Khutba Pradesh, and in the Deccan; an example is the 11th-century Udayeshvara temple at Udayapur, A proto-cathedral (literally, "first cathedral") is the former cathedral of a transferred see.
rectilinear in outline and capped by a bell-shaped member, the form more usually found above
(hutbe), the Friday sermon, and the Khatib ascends it but he stops on one of the lower steps Madhya Pradesh.
the mandapa.
because the top of the minbar is restricted to the Prophet only. The minbar soon got an Parts of a Cathedral
According to South Indian architecture texts, the term shikhara is reserved for the dome-shaped
important function for communications through being the place where official proclamations Over time, cathedrals came to share a common adhere to a basic floor plan, although there are
crowning cap, though art historians have generally used the term to designate all temple spires,
were made. A minbar is considered as a good place for Baraka, blessings, and for giving oaths. always exceptions. Let's start at the entrance. When you walk through the main front door of the
north and south. The South Indian spire, known as the kutina type, is quite different in shape
cathedral, generally called the West Door, you enter into the narthex. The narthex is a
from the North Indian shikhara, having a pyramidal storied arrangement, with each story
There seems to have been some Christian influence on the shape of the minbar in the beginning congregating space, often separated from the main worship area by another set of doors. The
(bhumi) stepped and relatively realistically delineated.
of the history of the mosques. The minbar appears to be from the time of the Prophet and its narthex has changed quite a bit over the years. At times it was almost non-existent, and at other
times it was massive. Some medieval cathedrals had large seating areas in an elevated narthex tantric rituals. North Indian temples don't follow this agamic system. From what I have seen, Basis Dravida style of architecture Nagara style of architecture Deities on In this style, temples have deities In this style, temples have
reserved for royal patrons, while others used the narthex to hold royal tombs. North Indian temples have relaxed rituals. Moreover, the modality of rituals is not unified in all
Location According to the Silpasastras, those According to the Silpasastras, the outside outside. deities inside.
North Indian temples. This even allows common people to touch the idols. In Kashi, you can do
abhishekam to Shiva Lingam, and even better, you can hug the idol of Pandurangan in temples which are situated between north Indian temples are Purpose Temples in South have not only been Most of the temples in Nagara
Pandharpur. In south, only temple priests are allowed to touch the idols and perform the rituals the Krishna River and Kanyakumari Nagara style. religious centres, but were also used style had only religious
because of strict agamam.
are Dravida style. for administrative activities, purpose.
Forms of divinity in temples:
All South Indian temples have idols being both moolavar (made of stone) and utsavar (usually Central It has pyramidical shaped central It is characterized by a beehive controlling vast areas of land and
made of panchalogam – 5 metals – gold, silver, copper, iron, lead). Moolavar stays in the Tower tower (called Vimana in Dravida style). shaped curvilinear tower were also centres of education.
temple and is usually made of hard rock and is represented in black colour. Utsavar is used for
In this style, there is only one single (called a Shikhara, in northern
temple processions and can be carried outside the temple during festivals.
Shikhara or Vimana. terminology) made up of layer
In most North Indian temples, the idols are a represented in a very humble way, and they don't
have a utsavar idols for processions. White marble representation of deity is quite common in upon layer of architectural
North Indian temples, which is the opposite in South India, where idols are made of black stone. elements and a cruciform
Importance for Saints:
ground plan. In this style, there
All South Indian temples gives a very important role to the saints. Shiva temples have idols of 63
nayanmars (Shaivite saints) who composed Thirumurai (18349 hymns on Shiva and 275 is a multiple Shikharas.
temples). Vishu temples have idols of 12 alwars (Vaishnavite saints) who composed Divya Gopuram Gopuram is the most prominent. It is In Nagara style, the Shikhara
Prabandham (4000 hymns on Vishnu and 106 temples). Also Vishnu temples give great (gateway) stylized and big in size. remains the most prominent
What is the difference between North and South Indian temples?
importance to Vaishnavite philosophers and pontiffs like Ramanujar.
North – South is a very broad distinction. India has three types of temple architectures (broadly element of the temple and the
The importance placed on saints is very high that the Vedas are considered secondary to the
speaking). Nagara (between Himalayas and Vindyas), Dravida (South of Deccan) gateway is usually modest or
hymns composed by Alwars and Nayanmars in Tamil. Especially in Vaishnavite temples,
and Vesara (Deccan region). But for the purpose of this question, I will combine Dravida and
whenever there is a procession, the group reciting Tamil Prabandham goes in front of the idol even absent.
Vesara as "South Indian". Here are the differences:
and the ones reciting Sanskrit Veda goes in the back following the idol. This is to reiterate the
Size of Temples: Boundary In this style, temples have elaborated In this style, boundary has less
importance of the role played by these saints.
The first obvious difference you would see between North and South Indian temples is the sheer boundary. emphasised.
Architecture:
size. Southern temples are much larger in comparision. It is fair to say that, South Indian kings
Dravidian temple architecture usually has a Raja Gopuram (biggest tower) at the main gate and Entrance In this style, Dwarpalas are there on In this style, Ganga and
invested a lot in temples than their palaces, which is quite the opposite in the North. Srirangam
a small tower for the sanctum sanctorum (exception being Tanjore Big temple). South Indian the entrance. Yamuna rivers are depicted in
Ranganathar temple in Tamilnadu occupies an area of 156 acres, making it the largest working
temple gopurams are extremely intricate filled with statues, whereas most.
worship place in the world. In perspective, the entire area of the country of Monaco (2 sq. km) personified form at the
This is quite the reverse in North Indian temples, where the height of the structure is progressive
can only hold three Srirangam temples. Vatican City can only hold 2/3rd of Srirangam temple. entrance of Garbhagriha or
starting from a lower height gate leading to a tall tower where the sanctum is present. Also
None of the North Indian temples are as grand as these structures.
North Indian temple towers are mostly presented in a minimalist fashion with less or no statues sanctum sanctorum.
Agamam (ritual modality):
in them. Even within South India, the level of details in architecture varies a lot from one state to
South Indian temples follow very strict agamam culture. Agamam is a set of text that defines the Tower In this style, there is always a single In this style, there are multiple
another. Temples in Kerala are minimalist in designs and layout, as opposed to the very detailed
worship, temple traditions and ritual protocols. There are three agamams: Saiva (for Shiva tower. towers. For example-
Chola to extremely detailed Hoysala architecture.
temples) and Vaikanasam & Paancharaatram (for Vishnu temples). Shaiva agamam are quite
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORTH INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE (NAGARA STYLE) AND SOUTH Khajuraho temple.
simple and less formal. In my opinion, rituals in Paancharatra agamam is very elaborate than
INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE(DRAVIDA STYLE) Pedestal In this style, pedestals are more or less In this style, pedestals are
Vaikanasa agamam. The exception to this agamic culture is Kerala temples where they perform
at ground level. higher than ground.
Mughal architecture features common to many buildings are: HUMAYUN'S TOMB 16. The dome is the first example in India of the double dome i.e. a dome with two shells, an
Large bulbous onion domes, sometimes surrounded by four smaller domes. outer one supporting the marble casing and giving the lofty shape from the exterior and
, building style that flourished in northern and central India under the patronage of the Mughal 1. The first Mughal building of note to be constructed in India.
Use of white marble and red sandstone. an inner one built lower to create a better proportion with the space below.
emperors from the mid-16th to the late 17th century. The Mughal period marked a striking 2. Built in A.D. 1564 by Haji Begum, wife of the Emperor Humayun , eight years after his
Use of delicate ornamentation work, including pachin kari decorative work and jali-latticed
revival of Islamic architecture in northern India. Under the patronage of the Mughal emperors, death in Delhi in the vicinity of the city of Din Panah founded by the emperor.\
screens.
Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce works of unusual quality 3. The architect was a Persian by the name of Mirak Mirza Ghiyas. Dome of the Rock
Monumental buildings surrounded by gardens on all four sides.
and refinement. 4. The mausoleum is placed in a spacious, square park like enclosure, providing seclusion The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: ﻗبة الصخرةQubbat al-Sakhrah, Hebrew: כיפת הסלעKippat ha-Sela)
Mosques with large courtyards.
Persian and Arabic calligraphic inscriptions, including verses from the Quran. and securing an appropriate setting. is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was initially
Large gateways leading up to the main building. 5. An imposing gateway is introduced in the middle of each of the four sides of the completed in 691–92 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna
The tomb of the emperor Humāyūn (begun 1564) at Delhi inaugurated the new style, though Iwans on two or four sides. enclosure, the western being the main entrance with an embowed archway which frames on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70
it shows strong Persian influences. The first great period of building activity occurred under the Use of decorative chattris. the view of the mausoleum. CE. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022–23. The Dome of the Rock is in
emperor Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) at Agra and at the new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri, which Mughal Architecture has also influenced later Indian architectural styles, including the Indo- 6. The garden is laid out in a formal arrangement of square and rectangular compartments its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture.[2] Its architecture and mosaics
was founded in 1569. The latter city’s Great Mosque (1571; Jami Masjid), with its monumental with flowered parterres and flagged paths and pavements. were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces,[3] although its outside
Saracenic style of the British Raj, the Rajput style and the Sikh style.
Victory Gate (Buland Darzawa), is one of the finest mosques of the Mughal period. The great fort 7. These are carefully designed and proportioned so as to form an integral part of the appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern
at Agra (1565–74) and the tomb of Akbar at Sikandra, near Agra, are other notable structures overall composition, the lines and spaces leading up to and harmonizing with those of period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–61 and again in 1993. The
dating from his reign. Most of these early Mughal buildings use arches only sparingly, relying the central structure. octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat
instead on post-and-lintel construction. They are built of red sandstone or white marble. 8. The central building stands on a platform of 22’ height. The sides of the platform are of Mary (also known as Kathisma in Greek and al-Qadismu in Arabic) built between 451 and 458
arcaded, with each archway leading to a small room for visitors and their attendants. on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.[3] The Foundation Stone the temple was built
Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of the emperor Shah Jahān (1628–58), 9. The tomb structure which is a square in plan with 156’ side occupies the middle of the over bears great significance in Judaism as the place where God created the world and the first
its crowning achievement being the magnificent Taj Mahal. This period is marked by a fresh platform. human, Adam.[4]It is also believed to be the site where Abraham attempted to sacrifice his son,
emergence in India of Persian features that had been seen earlier in the tomb of Humāyūn. 10. All four sides are alike in elevation, with each face consisting of a central rectangular and as the place where God's divine presence is manifested more than in any other place,
The use of the double dome, a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and parklike fronton containing and arched recess and flanked by embowed wings each relieved by a towards which Jews turn during prayer. The site's great significance for Muslims derives from
surroundings are all typical of the Shah Jahān period. Symmetry and balance between the parts similar but smaller arched alcove. traditions connecting it to the creation of the world and the belief that the Prophet
of a building were always stressed, while the delicacy of detail in Shah Jahān decorative work 11. Over the whole hangs the marble dome with a height of 140’ with a cluster of pillared Muhammad's Night Journey to heaven started from the rock at the center of the structure.[5][6]
has seldom been surpassed. White marble was a favoured building material. After the Taj Mahal, kiosks with cupola roofs on each side. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, it has been called "Jerusalem's most recognizable
the second major undertaking of Shah Jahān’s reign was the palace-fortress at Delhi, begun 12. The interior of the tomb chamber resolves into a group of compartments, the largest one landmark,"[7] along with two nearby Old City structures, the Western Wall, and the
in 1638. Among its notable buildings are the red-sandstone-pillared Diwan-i-ʿAm (“Hall of in the centre containing the cenotaph of the emperor, with a smaller one at each angle "Resurrection Rotunda" in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[8]
Public Audience”) and the so-called Diwan-i-Khas (“Hall of Private Audience”), which housed for the members of his family. Each room is octagonal in plan and they are connected to Basic structure
the famous Peacock Throne. Outside the citadel is the impressive Great Mosque (1650–56; Jami one another with diagonal passages. The structure is basically octagonal. It is capped at its centre by a dome, approximately 20 m
Masjid), which sits on a raised foundation, is approached by a majestic flight of steps, and has an 13. Clerestory windows with perforated screens fitted into the arched recesses of the facades (66 ft) in diameter, mounted on an elevated circular drum standing on 16 supports (4 tiers and
immense courtyard in front. light the interior. 12 columns).[10]
14. The architectural style can be said to be a synthesis of the Persian and the Indian, the Surrounding this circle is an octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns.[11] The octagonal arcade
The architectural monuments of Shah Jahān’s successor, Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707),
Persian influence seen in such elements as the arched alcove in the façade and the shape and the inner circular drum create an inner ambulatorium that encircles the holy rock.
were not as numerous, though some notable mosques, including the Bādshāhī mosque
of the dome along with the arrangement of the rooms in the interior, while the Indian The outer walls are also octagonal. They each measure approximately 18 m (60 ft) wide and 11
in Lahore, were built before the beginning of the 18th century. Subsequent works moved away
influence can be seen in the kiosks and cupolas. m (36 ft) high.[10] The outer and inner octagon create a second, outer ambulatorium
from the balance and coherence characteristic of mature Mughal architecture.
15. The architectural effect of the structure is achieved by the logical relation of the plan to surrounding the inner one. Both the circular drum and the exterior walls contain many
the design of the interior and exterior, the perfection of the proportion and relative windows.[10]
Features positions of the various elements, and the use of red sandstone with white marble for Interior decoration
Mughal Architecture incorporates Indian elements with Persian and Islamic elements. Some emphasis.
The interior of the dome is lavishly decorated with mosaic, faience and marble, much of which of this, the theme of the decoration of the interior of the churches was based on entirely different from those that they were used to. Though they did not believe in the 10. 10. The weight of the vaults on the walls tended to force the walls outward. This is called
was added several centuries after its completion. It also contains Qur'anic inscriptions. Christianity, at that time artists were very interested in the power and glory of god. Many Muslim religion, there was no reason why they should not imitate the art that pleased thrust. To support the walls, structures called buttresses were built against the outside of
The dedicatory inscription in Kufic script placed around the dome contains the date believed to architects were employed to create impressive settings to represent Christianity. them. This explains the arrival of the pointed arch in Europe. The Europeans used the the walls. As ribbed vaulting enabled the construction of higher buildings, it became
be the year the Dome was first completed, AH 72 (691/2 CE), while the name of the 2. 2. (Type of structures, buildings) Christian Basilicas were built high with timber roofs; pointed arch in a new way. Medieval buildings were constructed with vaults--ceilings more difficult to resist the thrust from the arches. To support the additional weight of a
corresponding caliph and builder of the Dome, al-Malik, was deleted and replaced by the name unfortunately no example of these remain today because they have all been remodelled made by continuous arches of heavy columns. Architects of the late Romanesque period higher building, buttresses had to be taller and to project more and more from the wall.
of Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833) during whose reign renovations took place. over the centuries. Interiorly, these basilicas were filled with shimmering light and colour had experimented with the ribbed vault, which allowed them to build much higher Architects discovered that a fairly low buttress could be used to support the taller walls
Exterior decoration of precious marble surfaces and wall mosaics in gold and coloured glass. The churches. by means of a sloping arch, reaching up from the buttress and pressing against the
Surah Ya Sin (the 'Heart of the Quran') is inscribed across the top of the tile work and was Romanesque church was based on the basilica form; a long rectangular bulding with 6. 6. Gothic architecture was mainly intended to make the churches look like heaven, and outside of a higher wall. This kind of buttress is called a flying buttress.When the flying
commissioned in the 16th century by Suleiman the Magnificent.[12] Al-Isra, the Surah 17 which nave and side aisles to form a cross shape. Two transepts were added and the altar was the reason why these cathedrals were so tall was that they believed that the higher the buttress had been added to the ribbed vault and the pointed arch, all the main parts of
tells the story of the Isra or Night Journey, is inscribed above this. found at the meeting of the transepts and nave. These churches were plain with thick ceiling was the closer to god. Gothic architecture were there.
walls, with few windows, so the interior was very dark, not a lot of klight came inside. 7. 7. (Main theme) Christian themes remained central to Gothic art, although depiction of 11. 11. The principal differences between the Romanesque and the gothic architecture: When
Romans used thick walls to support the building. Romanesque architecture is massive, of mythological scenes and animals became more common. The largest difference between comparing the buildings of the two periods, the buildings of the Romanesque period had
a medium horizontal size, and solid-looking. Round Roman arches, thick walls, and small Romanesque art and Gothic art was that artists started to be more realistic using brighter rounded arches and the buildings of the gothic period had pointed. The thick
windows are typical of the buildings. buildings (plan) Churches were built in the shape of colours, along with more light and shadows, in their paintings. They began to use Romanesque walls were replaced by the thin walls; which were supported on the outside
a cross, using the basilica as the basis for the design. Another important feature of perspective, proportion and symmetry too. Other forms of Gothic art were sculpture, by flying buttresses and ribs on the inside. The Romanesque buildings only had small
Romanesque architecture was the use of a separate bell tower, or campanile, that was metalwork, stained glass, embroidery, frescoes and illuminated manuscripts. To build windows and, as such, the rooms were very dark. This changed with the gothic ones
built beside the main church. Although there were slight variations in each country, the churches men developed their ideas and started to introduce thin walls to construct because there were more windows and these were much bigger so the churches were
Romanesque style dominated churches and cathedrals. Because their buildings were so high, thin walls couldn’t much brighter. Another difference that can be seen is that the Romanesque structures
3. 3. Western Europe until it was replaced by the Gothic style. ART AND DECORATION The support the ceiling. To solve this problem they constructed flying buttresses on the were horizontal of a modest height, instead Gothic structures were very tall and pointed
romans used small windows to build their chapels Roman Painters used symbols figures outside and ribs on the inside. -buildings (plan)The plan of the church was divided into towards the sky. The Romanesque buildings had blunt towers. Unlike them, the Gothic
and signs to represent god.They often sized the figures in their paintings relative to their square sections called bays. At each corner a pier (large pillar) was built. Diagonally from buildings had ornate, round windows named “rose windows.” One of the main
importance; for instance, they painted Jesus larger than less important characters. The corner pier to corner pier, round arches were built. Because the diagonal of a square is differences between the two architectures is in the use of the buttress which was
colours used for the painting that decorated churches were often muted because painters longer than its side, round arches on the sides of a bay would not be as high as the round common in Gothic buildings. Romans used internal buttresses and for Gothic churches
preferred to use brighter and more vivid colours for illuminated manuscripts and arches that spanned the bay diagonally. It was found that pointed arches at the sides and exterior flying buttresses were used. Romans mostly used barrel vaults and some groin
windows. Their paintings weren’t very correct in terms of proportions, because the round arches at the diagonals would all reach the same height. This system of building is vault, and the gothic used only groin voults for their chapels and cathedrals. Their way of
figures appear to us flat, still and immobile. Painters didn’t use lights and shade to called ribbed vaulting. decorating their building is very different. Roman chapels were not vey decorated; but
improve their paintings nor foreshortening. The style of the paintings we can find in the 8. 8. ART AND DECORATION Because windows were larger, art of stained glass was used to the little decoration they had were abstract and thin figures. Gothic churches are fully
Romanesque churches was inspired by pagan roman paintings ass colour to the church. Scenes from the bible were illustrated in stained glass so decorated of lots of delicate sculptures and they were more realistic in proportions
4. 4. Sculptors created works that were representative rather than strictly realistic. Romans common people, who were illiterate could understand the teaching of the church just by compared to the romans. To conclude, both, Roman and Gothic architecture were
The difference between romanesque and gothic architecture
used barrel vaults and also used buttresses inside the chapel or cathedral. looking at these windows. this was a very useful way of decorating churches. Plus we can important architectures studies all over the world.
1. 1. The difference between Romanesque and Gothic architecture Gothic and Romanesque
5. 5. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The Gothic architecture is traced to the mid-12th century. Man notice that many gothic cathedrals have rose windows, these are circular windows. these
architecture are different architectural styles with similarities and many differences. Both, What Is Neoclassical Architecture?
began to improve the bulky Romanesque style and make it more elegant. GOTHIC particular windows were mostly built at the entrance of the building.
Roman and gothic art are one of the most important styles of European art.
ARCHITECTURE Gothic architecture has many features like, vertical lines, ribbed vault, 9. 9. Although the main form of two dimensional work was stained glass and tapestries also
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Romanesque architecture was developed during the Neoclassical architecture refers to a style of buildings constructed during the revival of Classical
flying buttress and pointed arch, that most clearly makes Gothic buildings look different painting on wood was done in the form of diptych or triptych. These were used on special
Middle Ages. This style began during the 1000's and lasted for more than 200 years. The Greek and Roman architecture that began around 1750 and flourished in the 18th and 19th
from Roman and Romanesque work. But Gothic architects did not invent the pointed days placed at the back of the altar, then they could be folded up and put away till the
Romanesque architecture was influenced by the Byzantine and the Roman styles. It had centuries. Whereas Greek Revival architecture utilizes various classical elements, such as columns
arch. It had been used much earlier in the Near East. It was used by Muslim artists in Asia, next occasion. Churches were very colourful with all these coloured windows and
the characteristics of large, internal spaces, barrel vaults, thick walls and pillars supported with Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian details, neoclassicism is characterized by a more whole-scale
Africa, and even in parts of southern Europe. The use of the pointed arch in Europe paintings. Skills and tools were developed so sculptures were used for decoration too,
the weight of the stone buildings and rounded arches on windows and doors. (Main revival of entire and often grand-scale classical volumes. Some of the most famous and easily
started very soon after the First Crusade (1099), when Jerusalem was captured from the especially on the outside of gothic churches.
theme) Almost all Romanesque art was designed for the Roman Catholic Church. Because recognizable institutional and government buildings in Europe and the United States are
Muslims. Thousands of crusaders from Western Europe saw buildings and works of art
neoclassical in style.
Palladian buildings are inspired by the villas of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Symbolism Elements
The History of Neoclassical Architecture
Palladio, who was himself inspired by the buildings of ancient Greece and Rome. In Britain, In the Taj Mahal, the hierarchical use of red sandstone and white marble contributes manifold Uniformity of shapes has been set in a particular hierarchical accent. One type of column, called
When neoclassical architecture began to emerge in Europe in the 1750s, its celebration of classical architect Robert Adam became famous for his Palladian country houses. In the United States, the symbollic significance. The Mughals were elaborating on a concept which traced its roots to the Shahjahani column is used in the entire complex. It has a multi-faceted shaft, a capital builtup
restraint was seen as a reaction to the baroque excesses and ornamentation of the Rococo style White House and the U.S. Capitol are the most famous Palladian examples of neoclassical style. earlier Hindu practices, set out in the Vishnudharmottara Purana, which recommended white from miniature arches, concave elements and a base with four multi-cusped arched
that was popular in Europe starting around 1730. Furthermore, the discovery of archeological stone for buildings for the Brahmins (priestly caste) and red stone for members of the Kshatriyas panels.Proportions and details of the columns vary according to their position in the complex;
Classical block buildings are rectangular or square in shape, often with flat roofs and exteriors that
ruins in Pompeii and Herculaneum both fascinated the world and inspired builders and architects (warrior caste). By building structures that employed such colour coding, the Mughals identified simplest in the bazaar streets, larger and richer in the funerary area.
display repeating columns or arches to form a classically decorative blocklike appearance.
to study, appreciate and ultimately resurrect the building styles of ancient Greece and Rome, themselves with the two leading classes of Indian social structure and thus defined themselves as
The chief building of the entire complex is the mausoleum and the most naturalistic decoration
The Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, built between 1843 and 1850 by French architect Henri
adapted for the present. rulers in Indian terms. Red sandstone also had significance in the Persian origins of the Mughal appears here. The flanking buildings; the mosque and mihman khana [Guest House meant only
Labrouste, is considered a masterpiece of the form. And the Palais Garnier opera house in Paris,
Empire, where red was the exclusive colour of imperial tents.
for assembling for prayers] share mirror symmetry and display less naturalistic and less refined
The neoclassical building style flourished throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, notably in designed by Charles Garnier, is one of the world's most famous examples of the classical block
Its symbolism is multifaceted, on the one hand evoking a more perfect, stylised and permanent ornament; in the garden buildings, it is used only sparingly; and none appears in the Jilaukhana
continental Europe, Britain, and the United States as well as Latin America. In Russia, Catherine the style.
garden of paradise than could be found growing in the earthly garden; on the other, an or the bazaar and caravanserai complex. The elements of the subsidiary units are arranged with
Great (1762-96) transformed St. Petersburg into a great European capital in large part by her
Taj Mahal is an ambassador of Shah Jahan's strong interest in building and artistic instrument of propaganda for Jahan's chroniclers who portrayed him as an 'erect cypress of the the same mirror symmetry. Integrated into the overall qarina symmetry is centrally planned
ambitious embrace of building in the neoclassical style. By 1800, Britain had fully embraced
innovations. The new architectural style includes aspects that were to impinge much of garden of the caliphate' and frequently used plant metaphors to praise his good governance, elements; the four-part garden, the four-part bazaar and caravanserai complex, and the miniature
neoclassical architecture, led by prominent architects such as Robert Adam and John Soane.
subsequent Indian architecture. Symmetry along two sides of a central axis, new columnar person, family and court. Plant metaphors also find a commonality with Hindu traditions where chahar baghs of the inner subsidiary tombs. The mausoleum and the great gate have centralized
As a young country still full of ideals, the United States of America emulated the building styles of styles, curvilinear forms, and symbolic decorations based on naturalistic plant motifs are all such symbols as the 'vase of plenty' (purna-ghata) can be found and were borrowed by the plans. Each element plays an indispensable part in the whole, if even one of the parts was missing;
ancient Greece—the birthplace of democracy—when conceiving many of its foundational characteristics of the Shahjahan style that can be found in the Taj Mahal Complex. Mughal architects. the balance of the entire composition would be destroyed.
government buildings, such as the White House and U.S. Capitol Building. Sound was also used to express ideas of paradise. The interior of the mausoleum has a
Prelude reverberation time (the time taken from when a noise is made until all of its echoes have died The Principles
The trend toward neoclassical design eventually gave way to modernism in the early to mid-20th PRINCIPLES OF SHAHJAHANI ARCHITECTURE AND AS THEY ARE EXPRESSED IN THE TAJ
The mausoleum is entirely clad in white marble. Alluding to the stone's luminosity, the Mughal away) of 28 seconds providing an atmosphere where the words of the Hafiz, as they prayed for
century. But even today, when contemporary architecture is the dominant building style, the soul of Mumtaz, would linger in the air. MAHAL:
poets compared it to early dawn or to a cloud. Kalim wrote:
neoclassical buildings continue to be designed and constructed to a lesser degree, often
It is a [piece of] heaven of the colour of dawn's bright face, because from top to bottom and The complex of the Taj Mahal explores the potential of the riverfront garden as both an ideal
rebranded as “new classical” buildings.
inside out it is of marble - Nay, not marble because of its translucent colour (av-u-rang) The Interpretation funerary and a utilitarian worldly construct; it also expresses in canonical form the architectural
Key Elements of Neoclassical Architecture eye can mistake it for a cloud. The building was also used to assert Jahani propaganda concerning the 'perfection' of the Mughal principles of the period.
leadership. Wayne Begley put forward an interpretation in 1979 that exploits the Islamic idea that
Kanbo refers to “the illurruned tomb (rauza-i-munauwara) on who’s every stone slab from 1. Rational and strict geometry.
Neoclassical buildings are characterized by the use of: the 'Garden of paradise' is also the location of the 'throne of god' on the day of judgement. In his
early morning until late evening the whiteness of the true dawn is reflected, causing the viewer 2. Perfect symmetrical planning with an emphasis on bilateral symmetry (qarina) along a
reading the Taj Mahal is seen as a monument where Shah Jahan has appropriated the authority
Grand scale volumes to forget his desire to move towards the highest heaven”. central axis of the main features. In a typical Shahjahani qarina scheme two symmetrical
of the 'throne of god' symbolism for the glorification of his own reign. Koch disagrees, finding this
Simple geometric forms features flank a dominant central feature.
an overly elaborate explanation and pointing out that the 'Throne' sura from the Qu'ran (sura2
Dramatic columns Concepts 3. A hierarchical grading of materials, forms and colours.
verse 255) is missing from the calligraphic inscriptions.
Doric Greek or Roman detailing Under the reign of Shah Jahan the symbolic content of Mughal architecture reached its peak. 4. Triadic divisions bound together in proportional formulas. These determine the shape of
This period of Mughal architecture best exemplifies the maturity of a style that had synthesised
Domed or flat roofs, depending on style Inspired by a verse by Bibadal Khan, the imperial goldsmith and poet, and in common with most plans, elevations and architectural Ornament.
Islamic architecture with its indigenous counterparts. By the time the Mughals built the Taj,
Mughal funerial architecture, the Taj Mahal complex was conceived as a replica on earth of the 5. Uniformity of shapes, ordered by hierarchical accents.
Types of Neoclassical Architecture though proud of their Persian and Timurid roots, they had come to see themselves as Indian.
house of Mumtaz in paradise. 6. Sensuous attention to detail.
Copplestone writes "Although it is certainly a native Indian production, its architectural success
7. A selective use of naturalism.
Neoclassical architecture has three main variations. This theme permeates the entire complex and informs the design and appearance of all its rests on its fundamentally Persian sense of intelligible and undisturbed proportions, applied to
8. Symbolism.
elements. A number of secondary principles were also used, of which hiearachy is the clean, and uncomplicated surfaces."
Temple-style buildings emulate the style of ancient temples, such as Paris’ Panthéon, based on mostdominant. A deliberate interplay was established between the building's elements, its
These principles govern the entire architecture of Shah Jahan. They are expressed most grandly
the Pantheon in Rome, and the Greek-inspired British Museum in London. surface decoration, materials, geometric planning and its acoustics. This interplay extends from
and most consistently in the Taj Mahal.
what can be seen with the senses, into religious, intellectual, mathematical and poetic ideas.
The Symmetry Ground Layout of The Taj Mahal Complex style architecture under the reign on mughal kings babur, humayun, akbar, jahangir, shahjahan , The great mosque of Samarra
The architecture was to express this concept through perfect symmetry, harmonious proportional The main north-south axis runs through the garden canal and the bazaar street. On it are set the aurangzeb. Charbagh gktoday. Charbagh. Another typical example of the charbagh style is the
mausoleum and its garden of i’timāduddaulah (1628), father of nur jahan, located in agra. The also known as the mosque of al-Mutawakkil began construction in 848/49 CE, with The Caliph
relationships, and the translucent white marble facing which gives the purity of the geometrical dominant features: the mausoleum, the pool, the great gate, the Jilaukhana, the southern gate of
tomb, embellished with delicate inlaid works using colored stones despite a white house of white Al-Mu’tasim moved the Abbasid capital from Baghdad to Samarra, and finished in 852 CE. The
and rational planning the desired unworldly appearance. The mausoleum is raised over an the Jilaukhana, and the chauk (square) of the bazaar and caravanserai complex.
marble wholly, is a jewel of mughal architecture. The mughals architecture. The founder of the great mosque of Samarra is a representative building in Samarra has huge high artistic,
enriched version of the nine-fold plan favoured by the Mughals for tombs and garden pavilions.
Charbagh mughal empire, babur, described his favoured type of garden as a charbagh. This word developed historical and cultural value.
A variant is used in the great gate. In the mausoleum the plan is expressed in perfect cross-axial
a new meaning in india because, as babur explained, india lacked the fastflowing streams
symmetry, so that the building is focused on the central tomb chamber. And the inner reminder of paradise the backpackers group. Babur, the first emperor of mughal empire was the Samarra was the capital of the Abbasid empire in a short time, Samarra was built a city from a
required for the central asian charbagh. What are five characteristics of mughal and renaissance.
organization is reflected on the facades, which present a perfectly balanced composition when one who built the first persian garden in charbagh style in india, five kilometres away from agra small village on the banks of Tigris in 833 CE as the administrative capital and the basement of
The mughals were influenced by hindu/muslim and persian styles. This is known as indoislamic
seen from the extensions of the axes which generate the plan. on the banks of the river yamuna. This garden is known as aram bagh/ram bagh or baghi nur the Caliph’s Turkish guards. The Caliph Al-Mu’tasim planned to build magnificent palaces
architecture. 2) mughal architecture featured domes, minarets with cupolas, grandly constructed
Bilateral symmetry dominated by a central accent has generally been recognized as an ordering afshan and though it is not completely a charbagh, it resembles the architecture of waterways and gardens in Samarra aimed to present the power of the Abbasids caliphate. In that period of
gateways, and ornamental design. 3) white marble was greatly favored as building material,
principle of the architecture of rulers aiming at absolute power, as an expression of the ruling and shade. 20 buildings that show the future of architecture wired. then paulina moved in. Samarra, the structure and the number of buildings were had significant growth. Samarra
followed by red sandstone. 10 stunning images of futuristic architecture listverse. More futuristic
force which brings about balance and harmony, 'a striking symbol of the stratification of Paulina, a cow, spent the better part of a year eating her way through the hay, and by the time included most of the largest buildings in the world in that period. To construct those buildings
architecture images. Mughal gardens wikipedia. Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by
aristocratic society under centralized authority'. A symmetric grading down to the minutest she was finished, all that was left was a hollowedout bunker, marred with hoof scrapes and Calipha had to adopt the conscription system to concentrated the labour of resources of the
the mughals in the persian style of architecture. This style was heavily influenced by the persian
ornamental detail, particularly striking is die-hierarchical use of colour. The only building in the imprints of straw. This is the future of architecture. Mughal gardens wikipedia. Mughal gardens Abbasid Empire that make sure they have enough workers and supplies to build those complex
gardens particularly the charbagh structure. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within
whole complex entirely raced with white marble is the mausoleum. This hierarchic use of white are a group of gardens built by the mughals in the persian style of architecture. This style was buildings. Additionally, Due to the concentrated power of the Abbasid Empire, the structures
the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the
marble and red sandstone is typical of imperial Mughal architecture heavily influenced by the persian gardens particularly the charbagh structure. Significant use of and decorations had a huge innovation in the period of construction of Samarra. For example, a
gardens
rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include large number of surfaces decoration were applied, like stucco, paintings, mosaics, and in some
pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens. What is the future of architecture practice ? important buildings, they even used imported marble.
The Composition
Arch2o. The future of architecture practice a “burst” in architecture activity is what we would
Thus the entire Taj complex consisted of two components, each following the riverfront garden However, Samarra had a serious problem on water supply, Samarra could not become a large
entitle the scene of architecture industry in the last fifteen years. Almost all developed cities and
design; the chahar bagh and terrace; a true riverfront garden and a landlocked variant in the settlement. Furthermore, the problem of water supply also led to an unusual form of Samarra.
those with emerging economies have their own architecture masterpieces that have either or all
configuration of the two subsidiary units, where the rectangle Jilaukhana corresponded to the Samarra extended along the Tigris River to 35km long but only 5 km wide. Meanwhile, the water
the aesthetic delight, functional feasibility, and structural creativity. Mughal architecture a
riverfront terrace, and the cross-axial bazaar and caravanserai element to the chahar bagh. That supply problem caused the Caliph al-Mutamid moved the capital city form Samarra back to
mixture of indian, turkish, and. Mughal architecture is a building style that developed in the indian
lost complex was an integral part of the Taj Mahal, forming its counter-image, according to the Baghdad after 55 years. After the short time as the capital city of Abbasids caliphate, Samarra
subcontinent from the 16th until the early 18th century, during the reign of the mughal empire.
basic Shahjahani architectural principle of symmetrical correspondence. dropped into decay. [1]
The mughals were a muslim empire descended from the mongol empire of turkestan. The
architectural style is a remarkable mixture of islamic, indian, turkish, and persian styles. Download
The Design As a representative building in Samarra, the great mosque of Samarra was the largest mosque in
mughal architecture pdf in english and hindi for upsc. Mughal dynasty was established after the
The historians and poets of Shah Jahan state that the Taj Mahal was to represent an earthly replica the world in a long period. Simultaneously, to become the largest mosque in the world, the
battle of panipat in 1526. And after babur, every emperor took great considerable interest in the
of the house of Mumtaz Mahal in the gardens of Paradise. This must not be dismissed as innovation of the construction technique is necessary. In addition, the great mosque of Samarra
architecture field. The mughals were a staunch supporter of art and architecture. They developed
Shahjahani court rhetoric: it truly expresses the programme of the mausoleum. In order to realize influenced by the second wave of Abbasid Great Mosques. [2]This revolution changed the form
indoislamic architecture in the indian subcontinent. They. Charbagh mughal architecture video
the idea of the hatological garden house as closely as possible, the canonical out of previous and decoration of the Great Mosque of Samarra. The great mosque of Samarra has adopted an
results. More charbagh mughal architecture videos.
imperial mausoleums, where the building stood at the centre of a cross-axially planned garden or Arabian pattern but use Iranian technical and stylistic undertones.
chahar bagh, is abandoned, and the riverfront design that had become the prevailing residential Charbagh wikipedia. The chahrbaghe abbasi (or charbagh avenue) in isfahan, iran, built by shah
Samarra was inhabited in a short time, that led to most parts of the great mosque of Samarra
garden type of Agra was chosen instead, and raised to a monumental scale. abbas the great in 1596, and the garden of the taj mahal in india are the most famous examples
only could be built by earthen material hurriedly. That is the reason why the great mosque of
The interaction between residential and funerary genres had characterized Mughal architecture of this style. In the charbagh at the taj mahal, each of the four parts contains sixteen flower beds.
Samarra did not survive well.
from the beginning. In the Taj Mahal the aim was to perfect the riverfront garden and enlarge it 30+ amazing futuristic architecture that can inspire you. Amazing futuristic architecture that can
to a scale beyond the reach of ordinary mortals, to create here on earth and in the Mughal city inspire you 51 there are lots of great architects and designers in the world, and some of their floor The outer walls
paradisiacal garden palace for the deceased. plans and architectural creations or artist renderings are nothing short of amazing. Ac2/p4
medieval architecture mughal sultanate domes. Use of water in mughal architecture charbagh
The great mosque of Samarra was built as a part of the great urban program of Samarra. It was The great mosque of Samarra had a deep prayer hall. The prayer hall had twenty-five naves had large central peg holes in which bronze or iron pegs connected the stacked segments. the mosque of Samarra. For the decoration in the great mosque of Samarra, they used stucco and
one of the most magnificent imperial projects ever undertaken. The great mosque of Samarra supported by the octagonal pillars and marble columns at the four corners. At the same time, gap between both supporting surfaces had also been filled with molten lead and a number of carved wood to decorate the mosque. These decorations used in residential buildings widely
was immense dimensional urban complex. The great mosque of Samarra was used symmetrical there are no arches connected to the pillars. Meanwhile, they used the wooden beams as the smaller peg holes on the outside of the base showed that the joint between two shafts was before, but practically not found in Muslim architecture. The Stucco decoration was found to be
layout. And its enormous dimension made the great mosque of Samarra still one of the biggest timber framework in the prayer hall to support the roof. The flat root was of teakwood beams, stabilized by a metal ring. In the great mosque of Samarra applied load-bearing wall system. used in the mihrab and the exterior facades in the great mosque of Samarra. The walls between
mosques today. there are still standing on the outside of the facade. The main prayer room contains twenty-five the semicircular buttress have a large frieze which made by a recessed square with a shallow
aisles and these all perpendicular to the qibla wall. The central aisle was a little wider than the Minaret In the great mosque of Samarra, the minaret is the most famous and spectacular saucer-shaped medallion. And covered with stucco and elaborate detailing.
The great mosque of Samarra was 240 meters long from the north to south 156meters wide others. And surround the Sahn (the courtyard) were Riwaqs had different depths, on the eastern building. The minaret has already become one symbol of the great mosque today. The unique
from east to west. The total area is more than 40000 square meters. That included an open and western sides there are four aisles and, on the north, only three. All enclosing walls, spiral shape of the minaret is the most eye-catching features. It has a high artistic value and In Samarra, a special kind of stucco decoration was being used and that known as the “Samarra
courtyard – 110m*130m. The great mosque of Samarra has a rectangular shape with a central including that of the qibla, had sixteen doors totally. Because of the immensity of the mosque historical and cultural value. The minaret of the great mosque was constructed in 848-852. The style”. This kind of Stucco decoration is more deserve to Islamic. The technic of making the
axis pointing towards the direction of Mecca. This kind of shape of the courtyard was an area. Large square piers of the burnt brick were totally destroyed, they were used to support a minaret of the great mosque of Samarra, also known as the Malwiya Minaret stands in the “Samarra style” stucco was different from the other two styles. The “Samarra style” stucco
innovation in Islamic architecture history. Traditionally, enclosure of the mosque should be a wooden roof. On the east, west and north the mosque was surrounded by courtyards, (Ziyadas) square of the great mosque of Samarra. The minaret stands apart from the north wall, located was made with the model and carve. The carving aimed to produce sloping margins known as
square, that was The most distinctive form in Arab. But in the great mosque of Samarra that was and the whole complex thus obtained was again placed within a larger enclosure of great 90 feet from the north side of the mosque and faced to the gate. Its axis coincides with the bevelled carving. In addition, the vegetal theme was popular in the “Samarra style” stucco
abandoned. The outer walls were built by the burnt brick. They are all load-bearing wall. Its dimensions. mosque. And it connected the mosque by a bridge originally. The total Hight of the minaret decoration like acanthus leaves, blossoms, twining tendrils. The “Samarra style” spared to the
architectural form and basic appearance became a template of the mosque at that time. The more than 165 feet. The basement of the minaret is a square shape 30 meters long for the side whole central Asia by the massive presence of Turks in the army of the Abbasid caliphs. The
entire mosque is surrounded by tall, heavy brick walls with a semi-circular tower arch every 15 The Mihrab length and two floors high. On the upper platform of the basement, there is a huge cylindrical “Samarra style” influenced central Asia by the Abbasid culture.
meters on the wall the long side of the enclosure had 12 semicircular towers and the short side tower, which is thinner as it goes up. The spiral stairway around the circle to the small round hall
have 8 semicircular towers and 4 towers on the 4 corners of the outer wall. These towers stood In the centre of Mecca facing the other side, there is a small god as a symbol, called “Mihrab.” at the top of the tower. This unique shape of minaret combined the architectural style of the simultaneously, in the excavations of the great mosque of Samarra, archaeologist found a large
on the rectangular basements of courses of brick. This kind of architecture technology The mihrab was a rectangular niche (a characteristic of the early Mesopotamian mosques) – Assyrian temple tower and influenced by the observatory built by the Sumerians. That revealed amount of the application of mosaic. The mosaic decoration of the great mosque of Samarra
supported the tower strongly. Moreover, the foundation of the wall and tower were separate, defined by superposed arches supported by marble columns. Mihrab was in the centre of the a pristine ancient beauty and reappears the ancient Mesopotamian tower. Meanwhile, the spiral could contend that of the great mosque of Damascus. Some of the decoration in the great
the outer walls and the towers could not influence each other. These towers were decorated Mosque, that was only a little bit wider than others. The mihrab was richly decorated, and it shape of the minaret was designed for an external spiral ramp and modelled on the Babylonian mosque of Samara can be used as important evidence in the development of the Islamic
square panels on the top and with a round medallion in the centre the lined with stucco. formed the fragments of gold mosaic on the spandrels. In the Great Mosque of Samarra, the ziggurat. On the top of the minaret was a cylindrical shape room with niches, and supported by aesthete.
Mihrab adopt rectangular shape instead of the round shape. Furthermore, it supported by two the wooden pavilion. The spiral shape of minaret of the great mosque is unusual in Islamic
The mosque has a total of 13 gates and five on each of the long sides and three on the entrance pairs of rose colour marble columns from Aintab. They were put on the clock shape bases and Conclusion However, the dimension of the great mosque of Samarra was immense, it was the
architecture. Additionally, it is the first time in Islamic history, a new style reflecting the
side. The main entrance is to the north. There is a wooden frame on each door hole, and the arch two concentric arches set in a rectangular frame had the same height as the mosque. And the largest mosque in the world. It was used a primitive form of the earlier mosques of Iraq.
contribution of external influences was created.
on the girders is decorated with reliefs. spandrels had traces of gold mosaic. Meanwhile, the innovation of layout was used in the great mosque of Samara. The great
The spiral minaret and the great mosque of Samarra made a huge contrast, made the tower mosque of Samarra adopted the new rectangular shape. At the same time, the appearance of
The great mosque of Samarra is an Iraqi type. An innovation of the layout of the Muslim Interior more upright. But the material and the decoration used in the minaret were consistent with the the rectangular shape layout influenced the mosque in future. Additionally, the decoration
architecture was found in the great mosque of Samarra that is the great mosque of Samarra no entire mosque. It made harmonious and unified. High and low, peaceful, chaotic and applied in the great mosque of Samarra can be used as strong evidence to excavation the
longer connected the government palaces. Although, the great mosque of Samarra was destroyed. We still can find the wreckage of the decoration development in the Muslim architecture in the Abbasid Caliphate period. The
magnificent, strange and regular, contrasting and contrasting, made the Samara Grand Mosque
columns in the plan of the great mosque of Samarra. Through that, the layout of the great geometric pattern and mosaic used in the great mosque of Samarra. And a large amount of
extraordinary and magnificent, showing the great appeal and cohesion of Islam. Perhaps this
Haram mosque of Samarra replaced from a square shape to regular. In the interior of the Great Mosque mosaic, gold, marble used in the mosque. Even today, the survived minaret was the first-time
design also means that the caliphate at the time declared the ambition of establishing a world-
of Samarra, the ceiling height is 11m. And the single row of the windows on the wall may give spiral shape used in Islamic architecture history. Moreover, this also can be seen as a result of the
To suitable with the size of the huge enclosure, the haram was nine bays deep, and the Riwaq wide empire hegemony. And the reason for the unique spiral shape of the minaret is the
enough illumination supply. The roof is flat rectangular shape supported by the larger baked architecture influenced by the changing of society and the location. The materials used in the
consisted of four rows along the long side of the courtyard. Moreover, the short side (the minaret of most mosques in the world was built the stairs interior, but the stairs of the minaret
bricks. These baked bricks were connected with each other. Half of the Great Mosque of Samarra great mosque of Samarra mixed sun-dried brick and baked brick, and the roof was made by
entrance side) only had three rows. There is a side-circle courtyard in the middle. It is 145 meters of the great mosque of Samarra was built outside of the minaret and hovering up. This unique
is covered by a wooden roof supported by 464 pillars. The pillars of the temple are complex, wood. In the mihrab used marble and gold. Furthermore, from the study of the Great Mosque of
long and 100 meters wide. The side hall is oriented towards Mecca. That was designed shape also came form is the embodiment of the fantasy of the desert people.
with marble octagonal brick columns and a pilaster on each side. The column directly supports Samarra also proved how the decoration spared to the other parts in the world.
depending on the Qur’an, believers must head towards Mecca. Samara located north of the flat roof of the wooden structure. The mosaics originally set on these wooden tops and The Decoration The decoration used in the great mosque of Samarra can be seen as
Mecca. So, the centre of the entire mosque, the temple of worship is located on the south side of walls. In the construction method also had a huge change in the Great Mosque of Samarra. To experimentation of architecture. Some decorations were used in the great mosque of Samarra
the monastery. The size of the temple is also the largest in the world. increase the stability, the row of pillars was connected by a continuous brick slab on the that was first time appearance in Muslim history. This new style of decoration mixed foreign
foundation level. The foundation of the walls situated on and supported by the solid rock. both sources, no longer purely local tradition, created a kind of special decorative style in the great
The prayer hall