Outline

• Properties
• Darcy's Law

Darcy's law • Hydraulic Conductivity

• Heterogeneity and Anisotropy

Groundwater Hydraulics
• Refraction of Streamlines
• Generalized Darcy's Law
Daene C. McKinney

Úo~/e~;/r;
..{lÁ- Ley ck .¿Jd rC ;¡
(1 v/ ~~ech,*f
/I¡{J~'eú- dz 4~ L¡ de ~6/(1 . '.

C~l~e r:Y~;:/ j{at~~

~6/er~~e(A.;
!Ie/e/'or'k('~dM/ 4~i:;,;to/Í~
de~~ Le .&~M /e tX;/?'7'e,,¡(
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 Darcy ~\rl'.l·("11
l·¡~ . 3.
tIc,t,n"::' a,:¡~",,,:,,,,,",, l. 1". Darcy's Experiments
• Discharge is
i u ~ 1I
Proportional to
P,ly ~. ~ I h+e _ -

I
- Area J. - . L~
- Head difference

~ ~~~ ~'--,I/~ ¡J~~

~ P/y
Inversely proportional to
- Length
• Coefficient of
z, :~~n )
/
~: z
_~ L_.
·'s ¡

proportionality is Datum

K = hydraulic conductivity j 1 _____ ---.- I .-

plane
;/../

Q __
2

-thM -e
le
------- ¡- ~hlt?JlCltv
, 'l'.:. ,,."jrm..1l1LL
~¡~·;;':~;:;;;:::=::: QOCA h¡-h2 h -ht ) O=-KA f..h
T rr
; , ..,,'l...."' . , . ~~,.'j< - ~
L O=-KA T \. c:lédre~
aN~~
http://biosystems.okstate.edu/Darcy/Englishlindex.htm

,.¿~ Ex¡{en '~ X-~> ck ¿j.;,"''J}

})órc¡ - Á-
_
h~7~ (~d) ~ r~~ ~
~O--
:
- tk'fiK~~ k ¿/v/zA..­
Q ob ; / ~.
L)
q;>~ - kI/1;¡-Át
- L ~
k d¿ r=?,,,,, ¡é,~->-<j,,·f/ i2J á<yCV i'o... .,....e.,AJf

~h~o~~:
Q ~ - kll~ -- ¿uy'ke/
L - ~I Coef'Ct'eu/e '&rfo,ee~~'~c/~ :
k= (!~Kketv~~/ ¿~.~
~
2;

 Darcy's Data
> "­
35 o Set 1, Series I
Hydraulic Conductivity
~ 30 o Set 1, Series 2 <> • Has dimensions of velocity [LIT]
~ ~25 t::.. Set 1, Series 3 • A combined property of the medium and the fluid
.:: • Ease with which fluid moves through the medium
~ ! 20 O Set 1, Series 4

, o :.: Set 2
K =k~
~ ~15 ¡¡.

ti-,. 10 k = cd 2 intrinsic permeability } Porous medium property

5 P = density
J1 = dynamic viscosity } Fluid properties
o r = specific weight
o 5 lO 15 20

Gro-/;:e~~!~~)
Gradient (m/m)

Q
q =-= - K ­
A
dh
dl
~ &~Aa¡;j/¿~cI A{/~/~

¡¿eKe ~ ~·~u~o~ ~ ~
Aa ¡;; s- de jJ dr7 ve,~;h¡ [~]

k /w-n 'e~d rJV--6-- r/-'e~ol&~fe-~4 ~

~ k ~ \ IV /.:f- tJ:
tofO yoJr
~ / ~p'o// ) ~-4'o lfo/VIO)1 z/ //v/'dG
K ~ e cI:z , ;d'r9v..f!o.-~·I{~ ¿J<¡;'wCecj és de- r~·t:.~ ~ & el r
f~ LeKR'~ . ~'4 .fe ?'UVe: Ve '" /~ hfl
rCc ::: Ylj'C6y'M ¿'7Á--o."~' ~ fo/'e~ ~ ~h~ / j-o/~io)
y!- ~fo e~& '';:-'Co _' hf~~
o

 Hydraulic Conductivity
Rocks I
deposlts
Uoconsolidaled
1< k K K K
Groundwater Velocity
.......- - - - . - - ' - - -, (darey) (cm 2) (cmIS) (mis) (gaUdayIll2)

10 5 10 J 1 ' 02

[ I ,-lO"
t- • q - Specific discharge
~~tA
, 104 10 - 4 10 10 - 1

I I ¡' I 2
Discharge from a unit cross­
.¡;pt ~¡d:
g ti 10" - 10-' I
1 ' 10­ 10"

O , >
;;; I I ¡;; ~ " 10" - 10- 6 1"' 10-' 10-'
section area of aquifer
I
~ ~ 'O ~ ~
I
I ~
103

~
ª
in 2 i5
~ ~-5
~ g~ ~
!l; ~
a I
G
~ 1
10 10- 7

10- e
1 10 -2
¡
10- 4

102

formation normal to the

direction of flow.
~
10- 3 10- 5

É ~E § ~

~
10

~ ~~ ~ (/J U) , _ 10-1 10-¡ 10 -.1 10-6

o'sEro: 1?n:
~ 'O n:
I ~
'G.Q
~ I
~
~
I
I

,.~ 10--2 ,_ 10 -10 10 - 5 10 -:­

• v - Average velocity
0=
Y­
t
ti.. E .9 ~ ~ ci5 ! L- 10- 1

"'''
rx: e I -~ -
.~ ,I I;""'10-3 10-11 t- l 0-6 10-6
Average velocity of fluid

:5 ~ ~
~ li
~
;;
g
I
¡ I
r 10'-4 10-"
.
i-- 1O-' 10 -'
L10
- 2
' flowing per unit cross­

g~ ~ L sectional area where flow is Q

00
~~ S i 10 - 5 10- 13
I
~ 1O - ~
¡-10-3
q=A v=CJ. =SL
4rpve(~
_ 10 -10

~ , 10 ,,4

~5 ~ 1-, 10- 6 '" 10-" 10 - 9 10-" r

ON LV in pores.
.g~
~.-
{ñ :--10-
I 1 ... 10- 15 10- '0 10 - 12 l.
L,o-s
,

~ (et&',4.,( M ~ .0~/'~~
c"g
:;¡ ro
r I !
! , -5­
1 '- 10 8 10- 11,5 l.- 1O- ~1 10--1:3 - 10

10-'

¿ a~kczlj/c¿/ ffi/~&~ -1 7 tleS'Cár ~U) /2~<zfCó I

f' ¿J ~ d}~~r (~¿4~ /.edé tU/C ~

locas Je¡o y¿¡;;5'
t!oxro t. 'ch~I k k k K « yu'n
1'c:4 ,(.e ~ .Ieee¡t7Y-- tN Uf'¡I~~,¿'e'f~
~~ fn~~'~ U a-~/T) ~/'~

'VGO
I ::::> , / ~
-4
(dar;) {eJ«~ (eis) (lU-IsJ !fNrKÁ~J"- ~ /t~cC/D>A N / r

J" -; ~ V,¡ -i> ve/oCc'tMf /e JUCj

~
( jRfljd't;/¡re') V - tletu~ r~~o
¿s.e.f foUdNé ..& ~ ¡/e~et~APjPeu~
~ &~ ~f&J~) ?,tTY e/~
~')<Á-\~~ k & .LéeC-/~ (Ú,.¡,<s-f/€
~
el ~4-f (~/ fZt -h~Uti2}<.7f ~ ~r
~
folV~ .
 Example Hydraulic Gradient
~/rVeJ.r
K = 1x1 0-5 mIs
h1 = 12m h'=r -? p;/t COS tlh
lim Al = Vh
61--+0
Ll
;= 0.3
Find q. Q. and v
I~ 11 "~'~'"m ;km I Flow fN;o /e,-PI ah ah ah_

Vh = grad(h) = axi+ ayJ+ az k

Gradient vector points in the direction of greatest rate of increase of h

L = 100m
q = -KVh

rro>o
dh=(h 2 - h¡)=(1O m-12 m) =-2 m \,.)

q = qxl. + qyJ + qzk

J = dh/d.x = (-2 m)/1 00 m = -0.02 mlm fJv.J2- chb ah ah ah_

q = -K-i-K-J-K-k
ax ay az
q= -KJ= -(lxIO- s mi' .) x (-0.02 mlm) = 2xlO- 7 mis
ah, K ah,
= - K ax l; =-
º = qA = (2x 10- 7 mis) x 50 m2 = IxlO- 5 m3/s

qx qy ay'

v=q/;=2xI0- 7 m1s/0.3 = 6.6xI0- 7 m/s Specific discharge vector points in the opposite directiqn of h

b/'O-~v---fo /¡{~~
re¡d ,
-- ~Lh<.~/;"Vc~ L~jú>-- ):;: / X 10 -s 'J<-<j

k !-c/ok'dM 7/= f::: D· 55 -:> 50¡:

4vet~ ; ~MtZre0'f~/ t?~c6~ & )'

f
----------------------------------
~ ve;0~'~ v' - l / ~4 t2yec.e}t-'eo fJ-? rdc 4'/;;1'rJ'~
'ó- ,& ~ 'yek fo;-fr~r' .'
J<-iGt-€Xú $ 11! 0 =: - K 7{e'} ~ -(/x 1()-S~)xft.i2~)::
1:: V.o :; .2 >( /0 . 72 ¡f
~ (10 - /~) ::: -
dA :=: Ih<. -~/) 2~
<?-<--<

- é/~ ~ A~I'f/JePa~~ ~-::'t¡j.=rD.1/

~ r~~fr- L'~'~ :
J;¿~- -2
;; - t). ~2
~U{
Q ;. (2 XIO - 7'7«¡S/ y (lO X ~ k<'J):;. (X (o - SJ1{ ft
J ~ fe/oc/'~ a,c~ v' ~ 7'/17 /oIbX'U~ch~
?1.(
/(J{)

5 v;;. ~Xjo -!. z [, ' 0)(10 -:r 'Jet ~

o· ~ /~
 Well Pumping in an Aquifer Validity of Darcy's Law
I~~h~ Le ~ / Hydraulicgradient

~ i.:~~r ~'e~ . _J
• We ignored kinetic energy (Iow velocity)
Circular hydraulic ~
..... . ........... ~h j ,i¿~~ f- - • We assumed laminar flow

head contours ~./""""'~....__ ........ } r.........t1h

• We can calculate a Reynolds Number for the flow
/ ...... ". ~

, . ,// 1/'/ / /.... ::'--':;':... '. ~..~ -.!i\l

K, conductlvlty, ¡ ! / qx ,\ . ax \ N R = pqdlO

tles~T4ui~)

Is constant f ( ( l~ q Specific discharge

f1
I I • ./J i ------r--:---; x
k ~~ - \ \ ~~.I,Q qy,/../ /
q =Specific discharge
, _O 1;. - \\ \.. . ............___..5J~ ~

, A
dlO = effective grain size diameter
CV(,~CA. K fZ1 ' \'" ""'" /~ J~ • Darcy's Law is valid for N R < 1 (maybe up to 10)
~ CD- ......,.... ......- ----......... ......./. h 1 < h 2 < h3

~d~ -:~~::;;:~~:v;ew) -:" ~Fo (v't;¡;1 4 ,,1.)

El 6o~.ec M 4}0 ~ át<. '~r-o

(,Já~j ~ ~ 7',(é J~r/

_..:t'}.{.C>~ u..t-e '" ~ (1{D &n<fi d~ ~ !

t2~ &'~fr~ (Yé¡{~'4af,-vt7~J
.JfU17.AA: ~J' ~ t:..J-u.tX.v ry
¡{LQuu>s ~~~ ee Icv '~ k .
4¡~R,Is ~ d~
NRe _ I,do
.-a.,
_ ?-:: ~~/~~) .e~~~co
e/:to :: Á~~h e/ich~ 4/ ~~~
¿ J /r~u..c
r

 Specific Discharge vs Head Gradient

Estimating Conductivity
Kozeny - Carman Equation
Kozeny used bundle of capillary tubes model to derive an
--" G</€I<~#~ ·
-\1h
expression for permeability in terms of a constant (e) and
;d I Ir! ft"- ñ
rrft Re = 1
Re =10
;';'
~ Experiment
shows this

"~ Darcy
Law
/e~c-fo- eqb
.., L.-/~,a jJfDf
the grain size (d)

2(
k = cd = ]2
<jJ3 2 d Kozeny - Carman eq.
predicts this 180(1- <jJ)
r¡¿~ eslo k :: /er ~t:L~¡;c/'.;p-f 1'x.0'-xr:e~
f~ ~K'dX~~
f-
~

tan-1 (a)= (1/K) q • So how do we get the parameters we need for this
equation?

C~Ml.l?es;~p.) E~~¡;'~ Vi"' ~~¡f~cv:v.. h ~ ~~e7f)~?;/~

411v~ -4 t'o.- C~Á-e?A-té E~C<.·"", h
r
KoXf?¡ _ C.9'')q2K

Kb-ze aiÍlf)o P-~ ~yl)¿ft/t'o 4

K)

~JIe~5 /e ~~s ~ ~'~r<-~~

h/7'~r?<-~ ~~/~~ ~r~­
~'.&',&d (ZcA ¡tk;-~'jq)s h ~ ~!";?/e
(e/ ) el Ú~~ áfpko( ¿/J

t1x-' I eo~ ,,~/e~~) 4?~~j;r;s

~e.R.rc.,.f7·Of ~ {2~r evu-~' ~ .

 Measuring Conductivity Measuring Conductivity ~#o

Permeameter Lab Measurements Constant Head Permeameter ffc;¡O ~ I
,
• Darcy's Law is useless unless we can measure the
parameters • Flow is steady
• Sample: Right circular cylinder
,ti
();
r¡z ~
fUI'
1Vr>'-' ~
'f
¡ - I- - - - ,

• Set up a flow pattern such that

- We can derive a solution
-
-
Length, L
Area A
)
head difference T

- We can produce the flow pattern experimentally • Consta~t head difference (h) is rx.~ .
• Hydraulic Conductivity is measured in the lab with a applied across the sample {I(JJo'c;e. .' ~re~{e
/ r~
permeameter producing a flow rate Q
A~b
- 5teady or unsteady 1-D flow
• Darcy's Law ¡:¡
- Small cylindrical sample of medium L
IQ=KAj IK= QLI
Ah
Sample P.
~ ?"Uue;l~
L--J

~4&~ ,¿ t- ~~~YldS¿:( Jfe~'~~ Le ~ gx~7JY¿~c/

*k'~oxef 0/ tt-~~~h ~ 4.¿;'¡-dTohe

(]ó)1.
~~~Jfv Le diP'/lJ,.. ~K5J§u;t

4 /,. A- Jó/; e¡ ¿~h~ I A?'<-<-€~ ~ - 6( f? El Oox~'~

k ~if/7:J.- : ~¡(~ et~,rec7&
.

~~~S {ULeAr 45 ~~~~ _ kvc}<-'fo~1 L

~ .;f..cÁ~CR.r ~ ~c.~~¡jc..¿. k f ry>!J?,rz : ~ I I!
~1ctK.M)S o6¡;~ ~ ~cy~
-
- _ ~ dfu/TJ.- &M- SflRJ6 (~jete;<-(Y~) !;
~ ¡gA~ ~L-u...d,r ú--; ~C~M:-t~tf~ t / I

Ld ~ ~~R~~KJf fZt ~ t{ t~ ,té ~ /'Vú/ea~ I

k L20x-~dYI'~/ k~'~ t:t ~A'4 ~ F~~~ Z;~h~g¿·

d ~~/\,' () C!4r- UK ~~~~ k- / , ..té ~;;y'Cl
~ 7/V~ ~~ ()/ Q4) L0zt.r¡f~ ~ ;1d,~Á~~ eQ~ Kili!.. J' K= QL
- kURd/r>... d~'~ ~reXa. ~:;v.Q~ L Al-¡
 Measuring Conductivity Heterogeneity and Anisotropy
Falling Head Permeameter ~fo.~
• Flow rate in the tube must equal that in the column ~ 1--r¡.J­ Homogeneous

2 ~
IOtube = 7r1"tube {1t
I I
Initial head
ft1 1I
~ ~
- Properties same at every
point
Heterogeneous

!~um:~~umKB ~ ~_"'"
Properties different at every
_11 bo point
Isotropic
- Properties same in every
¡fuJ¡ 1)l1J¡ i'i--->
direction
Anisotropic
Ih=ho@t=O; h=ht@t=tl - Properties different in different
directions

K = (r;UbB)2 (~)ln( ho) L Often results from stratification

during sedimentation
rcol . t ht
&I(/p.~ Kh'
onzonta ¡>KverIlea
. ¡
---:>
WWW.usgS.gov

,yeLe.C-e'~ 4 ~ ~~~~J~iv/~oI

IkIe~r%«'c4/ l /'~¿"OP;~~
;t~r1A4!Á; A ;te/c;",- JestPx~1e

J¡(~Je~o
el ~ /C'a<..Ld'o-f) A.t d C~ I ~ ./<'.r
_ //V~~ /~ "'v- ~~
L~r~~~~~
- /frfo/()?e~~
.--: A~~ ,úfY-e~4 <"u ~~
- "!50~¡-o¡k.~
~ fe~)(.dt:L I ~ d'f~fo-~r- 4¡h ... hof<-eh4 ¿~Á ~ ~ '¿;;;eCd~
~ e~Ñvf"~'~~~ ~íe e..­ __ ,,(~'<;o -0¡<~
fL./' -1 ,
~~"'l-'\....T~~·tfTV'...
í

;::-k n.r-¡;P > J:ve---h'J

_/~ ~rel-t~ ~ ~recc/~
~~
~

9
 Layered Porous Media ~CI~~
Layered Porous Media (Flow Perpendicular to Layers)
___ ____ L
/7 !,er
':iezometric surface
(Flow Parallel to Layers) ------f i h: i
I ~~~~~ t f.h2' ~h
3 3
Q) (L¡)
¡ :~ 1~~3~ ~
Q= I
¡=1
(Q¡) = I(
¡=1
-b¡K¡ ~~) tlh¡ = (b K¡
¡ - - - - - . ' - - - - 1 -1

~ . ,., ". .~ I

[
N N

Q ~- [t, (b¡K,J] (\;;h,) tlh = I (tlh¡) = (i) I (i.)

~
¡=1 ¡=1 1

C2; h1) flh _(M) b ....... ~.~

Q = -(bK) Q = b ¿~=1 (~) = bK T

_=
K ¿31=1 (b ¡K¡) L
K= L _
1 L ' .....; .1;$[ ,',,, 1.', ,..',:',1
b lo( W )1 N (--1.)
K¡ I( )( )( )1
~kd-.o
¿1 = 1 Ll L2 L3
( )
L

(}¿;Lfos dé ;;/eh'o ¿mso

¿!LId.! de ,y~ ¡fr(Jfo
:rIJo A/tL/~/. ¿z 45 ~tlSfe~fn.-I.s )
T/ v¡o :ft7en- ~Jr ~ )3.('
k-- :o. eo=~i"-.¡{vc'dWl ~~~ (]tJ..ICA-~ je.J-;t.JOs)

k:: ~~oi'Vt:kR ~~

ID

 Groundwater Flow Direction

~<-H(!C/~ dd? T7~ /3z ~ .s:;6/er,rd~
• Water level ¡J,'rel ¡e;/r'c,o
measurements from I
Water table

th ree wells can be used elevation

to determine ~
61 .2 Groundwater
groundwater flow contours

direction J '1
r¡<-; vele" fet>J I';{
~~. ~\~ d ~y.e/ » ~~ Direction of
_J
,eeJ ex-r ¡tdf~;-&.
h.r4> ¡Ú.es frP / /o~s/ /ve",G}( groundwater flow
.f 60.8

Jér ~s ;I~/?A-- A¡&~'xa-/

~ Á\reclC4'~ hP ~ -IR a~

L-" ,
~¡-ecC)(nA.
r ",.f)
~
/

~ h ~r- fc..-b~rn..JAR.cL

kbk~;,d!tA- '

~(

 Water Movement in Soil

o Henry Darcy 1856

o French hydraulic engineer
o Report on the water supply for the city ofDijon
o Birth of quantitative groundwater hydrology
o Laboratory experiment to analyze water flow thru sand
o Derived an empiricallaw -+ Darcy' s Law
o Darcy's Law -+ Q == KA[(H 1 - H 2)/L]
O The flowrate of water through sand is proportíonal
to the difference in head (H¡ - H2)
 Darcy's Law

o Q == KA[(H 1 - H 2)/L], where:

o Q == flowrate through the sand column (cm 3/hr)
o A == cross-sectional area (cm2)
o L == length ofthe column in direction offlow (cm)
o H 1 and H 2 are hydraulic heads at the ends of

column (cm)

o K == proportionality constant termed hydraulic

conductivity or permeability

4 ~ h .dore;:
Q - k ¡) [r lit - ft()]; ~~>'<-.@
kJe :
_ Q" ¿:~ 4 ~ 1~4f / ~ ~ .4 ~ t:4<?¿
( tJ,-}U~/~)

_4 ~ ~ A ~ kC4~ ;t~~st/(l/,~ ¡(!M 2 )

_ f., ~"-pc/t<d -4 ~ ~-k_C><-"- ~ ~ A.~CQ~h-e

~ le~) /' ,
lIí 1 #.i '" k ,::J?fÚh>-? ~..ér~~ f'-« ¿s /er?>"'~
AR 4... eA'XA-~
_ k';o ~ke.¡f'v/cIá,e ~h~Ccc; Cbvt.s~ -e.e
~~¿~ ~ ~~4--~ /~Á~) ~
.p.~~. &~. I
H, L

Figure 2-1. Illustration of Darcy's law for flow in a soil column.

 Transmissivity (T)

• Def: Capacity of an aquifer to transmit water

• It's a measure of how easily an aquifer transmits
water
• T = Kb, where:
• K = saturated hydraulic conductivity
• b =aquifer thickness
• T = L2/T
• T defined in terms of a unit hydraulic

gradient

• Same for hydraulic conductivity

• If the aquifer consists of layers:
• T =¿Ti

frCl'U5:'?UA- s/V/chd (T)

_ .tf2efi·~4~ : E, ~ ~<k~ P'k. ?<><- a.cd,Aro
~ ~h-c%¡- ~ . '
_ ES' ~~ ~'~ Le ao~ (U.JA- ~'¡bo~
~2Ñfr {k/k~ ~
~ 7= K. b
_ Kc: tJ~c*'y,.~o/ k'h~'c.."... .¡;..Z~
e;k.k,r ~ ~~ro
_ Él o
_ /::- L:¿ /r
_ T , /e ¡C-'v..e (hA.. . lé;n<..<.-~s ,& ~ ;r~J
~'4-~'Co-.- ~'XA-'R/1~ ~
_ ~ ~Lu-(2.»- 'yc-~ k'Ú~~ (K) ~ ~ Ju<.~~ I

¡¡, ~.f ~f/OS ~(7G'stéM- A? y~~j es;~f¿s (~J I

-- / = 2~\
¡S
 Transmissivity (T)

• Darcy's law + q =KA(dh/dl), where:

• A =bw, where:
• b = aquifer thickness
• w = unit width of aquifer
• q = K(bw)(dh/dl)
• q =Tw(dh/dl)
• Q =Tw(W)(dh/dl), where:
• W =total width
• But it is generally recognized that T applies to a
unit width (w), therefore the equation is written as:
• Q = TW(dh/dl)

fr~S' J1-M h-'6-Úh/ ( T )

~ L '7;té J~C; -7 ., = .k1l/d/¡jd.E); 4~ :

-r A ~ ~ 6. LV / ~N
_ 6 ~ o/e~í ¿ d ~~¡&-o I

_ ¡¡;:: c2><d.tJ p-~~r/~ ¿d? ~Jé/7)

~ j ~ k (b'W) (c/,{/d f )
- f :: TtU (r/h//f)
_ 6{ ~ Tv (w) (c/~/t/f'l ~,,& .'
~ w~ ~~ ¿()~
~ ~s /e~~ /€C-oJ<-o(k'4 ~ T:.Le ~~
A ~ A-uk ~-M7SI1~ ItJ) ~? ~ é'~~,
(21 ¡2k-h'~ ~ .'

_ (Q ~ iN !c/J/r/~)
 dI = 1000 m
I
r'1 8
M - - - _' - ~
-
_ _.-...J

.,'1.:" ­

·.. ,.. • •• • • • • tt

••
.'.• •
0CONFINED."'
.
.'
· · · O· . · 0 ··
• • O • .' • O• '.
•
•
• %
. • :AQUtFER·· ...... •
., '. b =
. . .
.. ., . 100
m ..-----:~
·. . ." . S o n d ·K· 5' • . .'. . o o. I q' .'

.'_' . () .. . ' =. •O•m• . •d-1•

'0 .•'• 0 .' .. ~/, I

CONFINING - SED -==-CI ay-- -- -_ __' ­ ~ L _

(1 )

7~
_ ik<-~cr;Y¡,/A L~'~ k
k = 5 o ¿fe> : cr 1­ 'YIA/ )"0 nA.

~ é'fRM ;Uf~'fro I ,6" lo~ ?lA-

_ ¡j><-~ d ~fvo I W-= jMO ~

_ d<."frú cJA ,
ruJé fu; r~s IJ '" .tOl?O w(
_ ÁFJ<C/~ J 6; k<ye~ M /,;; /<'j"s
dh -;. i 'n/L
 - T­ k.6

- eX ~ T 11) (0)

Ji

Ir

 Calculation of

Transmissivity

• Transmissivity can be calculated if:

• Water discharging (Q) is known
• Can get from stream flow measurements during
baseflow only conditions
• Aquifer depth (b) is known

(}J~ h ~ /rd.~){S'lU<,:riJlz'¿c/(T)
_¿ ¡t-j'-Ctxs:?vU-'~'v(¿/~ ~4! .fe¡- MeaA-4- / ,Cc' :

_ {/ ~ la) iR ~ -tRrco.-r Á' ~ f!1 CbuouA

4¿ Ot-<-eh'u~ h
_ /t<€A Ob/eV@/'.-e '¿;'¡h Jlito
~ , ~ &/Yé'e')0!f: ~~ #«/Ctj.C!E> 4; a,.A' ­
&~ .foh~~ de ~M ~u
- ti! ~J4r a ~~feN e¡ {1,;'lLé! 1!A-'4 (b)

17
Calculation of Transmissivity

Water table­
 Calculation of Transmissivity

and Hydraulic Conductivity

• T = (Q/w) / (dh/dl)
• T =[(5,616 m 3/d) / 5,000 m] / (0.0005 m/m)
• T = 2,246 m2/d
• The saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) can be
back-calculated as:
• K=T/b
• K = (2,246 m 2/d) / 50 m
• K =45 m/d
• Range of transmissivity in principal aquifers:
• 1 m2/d for fractured sedimentary aquifers
• 100,000 m2/d for karst cavernous limestone aquifers

/J ÍJ /J /_ ~ ~ • , . /_p(TI L/_ //
~~ A.€ ~ ./~KS~RV,c~Z. ~ ~
~~IlY¿d~ 4~~~ (k)

~ r~ (~) I ftA) '" ~(s,6It ?<vi1..¡ ~1 %: 2/ 2fb:C

/ L-; 5;tl(70 %t ~~/O 51:] M

T= 2,;Z L/e, ?t-1Jd

~~d;'v'-~ '-'-/l~'~ ~#4 (k) , ~
r' r

_ lo- J?if

~~ ~",-~;r¡- ~ '.

k ~ T ~ c/ 2 !/b 1t12./~.... 15" Jr,(/cI

--6 -- So ~ ­
- t;.! ?0-"jO.4 ~/"'-"'-''hA 'x'y~'f'¿~ ~ ts r
'~c...~ ¿Pcu<-'¡C/OS'
- i <=)1,(2 leI ~ at:<A-fe;os- ¡ec&~~~~r faclv/tlhs
_ ho/ OC/O x-t 2¡V ~ acWftttJ.f &lIer]C()HJS ~ M~
 ~d/1<A-tL1 ¿~'<;S Le 4.. 7~ ry
Darcy's Law Praclice Problems

j- jc' j e~'~ ¿d é}'U're! ~tCo

~ vE'~
j e-r 3:;-?<-{, 1 ~ e~~ 14-< d r4 ¿ e¡:f
Hy

'Y1A. í ch-4 R--; ~Á 7fo-kJe ~~<?o-.~'

,,
:,
?- M~¡ák~;~ ~ d r
Jo 1. dlr~ :¿ ~
1. 1
,,
h., L ___ _ _

==--:1
j":{
_L
K>tA
~qOY1. ~:
, .
¿ ~ .T~ --
Á,- A~
~--
3~-1
¡flhe elevalion ofHI is 35m and Ihe elevalion ofh2 is Om, whal is Ihe hydraulic gradienl iflhe
dislance from hIlo h2 is 5.6 km? (Answer in mlkm) L- S.b~
\
rl:.·
3)?7-(
,... ::- ~ . :¿:) I tIkM
Eqllation: Whut \\ ~ kllv\\.
1-(112-11 1I'L h~-h 1~ .'5m L ,.(, km
5tk'"u
:z-I/JY<U' ~ ye,dÚ'./,?{ ,ed' ~ ~~~(/e/Uc..
1 /
Answer: 1=6. 251ll 'klll

2. Find Ihe velocity oflhe waler in Ihe picture below iflhe hydraulic condllclivity is 1141ll/day.

I)"', o, ,,d,- 1000 m / ,

'. /·,....;_.n~ (eI/
~"'" t<-....-,
~S~ / R L ~e7fY/~ ~~
1
-' ~,;""-'" \ . et l/L/ 'J"A-/~ .
. ~ L >~f-':Y<?fs
(Yf./­
y/"P-#'
fJ' (M

_ ~f-e}(.~ A. '}V'reir fe;jú r :

6h ;:: hO 1M­
. (J!lP~ ItU A ·.J~l-<J;tA ~ N> ~ ~?J -> el (1)t)O Jbl
~ <ytÁ;te '[ r V

k'= lit¡ t?ü//

¡!ebO:M.Jry ¡e/: /It( ~
K(if)"- _)C
dt¿
(bO UI.)
~
/,~óo"'"
Eqllation. \\ ha¡ \I'e kno\\':

\'~KI or V~K(h2-h 1 L) 1\. II-lm da) (112 -1 ,1 ) (JOIl\ l IOOllm

SOllltiol1 '
IlyJr;lldl( gradJ-:nt \11 Ob

- V~~ b.~t¡~/o1J
V=114mday * .06

V=6 ,X-l mday

1- 1;;;
 3- l~ JleJ~ 4i' ~ j(d~~
3. Ifthe velocity of groundwater between two wells is 3.4 m per day and the hydraulic gradient

between the two wells is .005, what is the hydraulic conductivity ofthe aquifer between the two wells
~ d'v? t>ojol "'1 3 JI ?U¿;"/ k /) ~
(assuming it is homogenous throughout)?

,9A-~)(.~ ~~.~ ~ k ~r}4:J c?:t

Equalioll. \\"h"r \\e kn,'\\
()o5 .",-A!w.. CJ ~/~ ; ~~ r:6- &x.~7jÍ/I;¿;,q ~l
-(JOS
D·
~~ /< ¿¿e ~í.em ~ e~~~sr­
V=KI 01" V-K(h2-h I L¡ \' \.-1111 el", 1- 00"

Sollllion :

3AIll/day = K ( 005 ¡ 'rJlye/ ?t

!~~r r
4 k?-<A-<>;e~ ~ h, ~ ) J'

K(3 . ~111 ·day) ' 005 ~fr~ '" 4. ¡/¿PU~ ¡¿:: k l ' . K _ Y.ó ~ _ ~.4")o-(/~
K= 6¡Wmday --;>Q., / JI ) / : //_ • ~_ l - O, oóS ~/~
~ ~kcTlY/~ A-<.-A::./~
4. An aquifer is 2045 wide and 28 m tall. lis hydraulic gradient is .05 and its hydraulic conductivity is

145m/day. Calculate the velocity of the groundwater as well as the amount ofwater that passes

1:: tfo ?<A/~

through the end ofthe aguifer its day ifthe porosity ofthe aguifer is 32%.

f - ¡/'}i ~--jlu-o L/e><p- ,u"'- a.~ ,p¡k -U/ tf ~ ?<-{ J

Equatlon'
\'-KI nr \" K( 112-h 1 L; ancl Q \'*\\'*0
\\ 11:11 \\"~ tl"l\\

1-.. 1~';1l1 Je" I (J)

U'i<- ~~.Jor ~ ;Z f ~. ~ ya-4~ k'~ ~
?M-fr,./;, kc ~e.*'y/,*,,/ k;'¡~c......
" r . .. .. u
t(J,¡e~\\ 2()~5 D 2;-; <.>1"<1"t\.'_"
(2¿ IN?>

p~~ ik~S~ L4 /~~QCÁ/~ - &PJ~~ Yd'et'~~~

Solution :

First we Illust solve for V

V= I ~5m/day * ,05 Pcd~/77A- '~ a fe' ~ ~ ~¡:"~ ¿- ~ ~

I
V=7.25m/day
F "\ é~ R(e/l alX-<-<'f'e-It> ?V- ,«.x ~ i PG' e.-­
~/Vc<',ú,f Ld' ~¡e..
No\\ that we kno\\' V IVe can determine the ulscharge (Q) ofwater through the end orthe aqulfer

Q= 7.25m/day • 20~5m • 28m

fZ1 3 27­
Q=~ I S, 135 111' !day. _ Ie;;o:~ 4 R~'! ! ~ ~ j¿ ¿ :::. /~..r?!!- x D . 05" :3.=
~ / /..' c( ')i(
This Illeans thar each da}". ifrhe agulfer had a poros lty of 100"0, like a river. that -l 15.135m3/day .

Howe\er. 1110st ofthe aquifer is not made up of Clllpty space. only 32'~o IS (porosity of 32 U,u).
,... ~C#IC~Vd;: 7 - ~r~/k
So we mu st multipl y ~15.135 m' 'da)' by .32 to get the amount 01' water that flo"s through the aquifer
él ~ -te a~ r- rfo..- r d ékCt-v- '.fo¡t>
\\'ith a porosiry of 32 0 ' 0 .

Q. <! ~ Jf 'ID X l{'I'cftv>'- ;- Heo 7. ~ r#,,-­

lx (; ;{r;;¡).. !~): /3,,)'1).
415. \35 m3day • .32 = 132:-\-B .2 m 'day

~ o [Z04 r ><-<- J( 28,," b~

Ydt:<Uflc-i:.f:: y,. o 5. .::
-/
7·25
~')2
~ 22. t" ?<.<
IR
~ tf
~r
 7e¿~<:e¡~í &'-"",;f.2;h;7Vi?S á-d~
QUANTITATIVE EXERCISES USING THE GROUNOWATER SANO TANK MOOEL

Oarcy's Law
d /70~ ¿if Zi~ ~ ~ Ú~~
In 1856 Henri Oarcy, a French engineer, discovered a relationship thal govems fluid flow through

) helZ<A
geologic material s. He detennined that flow through a sand-filled pipe was proportional to the
change in head (the height to which the water rises in a s mall tube) divided by the length ofthe
pipe (dh/dl). K (the proportionality constant) is known as the hydraulie conduetivity and is a
measure ofthe capacity for a porous medium to transmit water. It has high values for sand and
lower values for rock and clay. The relationship of discharge to head, known as Oarey 's Law,
can be written as:

Q= -KiA
{;(-=- !::¿A
Where: Q = the volume of water discharged in a given time periodo (Iength cubed/time; e. g.

~~ e/~~~ A- ¿t~Le~~
ft'/day)
K = the hydraulic conductivity ofthe aquifer matrix. (Iength/time) The negative sign is to show
flow from higher head to lower head.

Ux- fén~4 k 7/e~~

i = the gradient of tt" water table or piezometric surface (dh/dl or rise over run or slope)
(unitless)
A = the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the flow direetion (Iength x length)

k::- ~ ~~C'-liv¡~ iC~·Co-~

~ ""'-"-4) bR ~f-ro (ry:JJ-rjV "7'1
(l~~"'-~~ ,b la
R

U;~ fUe?-IrV'PtZ7 ~ ~~fi'-y-e/

~ ú ~ atfr/'k- ~ ft- ~ ?tA-e~
Q

'" J¡ Á /)drc¡
t :: th ~ ;na ~~ h/ ~'Ye/fte~¡;~ ­
0 ~/pC?~ ~r~;;r~ 101ft/e/e)
1

'"
Figure illustrating Oarey's law.
'/1.= el ~ ~ ~ !eco;' ~~»Y~1rAP
With your groundwater model you ean measure the hydraulie eonductivity ofthe material in the ~ ~Á~C4~ dd~
model and then make and eheek predietions oftravel times in the modeled aquifer.

{]~ /o.- ~~ 4 aJP-"- ~fr~~, /'e ~A

~~ keP1A-~a¡;'yc~ k·~~~~~-;k~
~~~M~7~~~/Yercf~ ~
~AC!cI~~ Lk. t/~~D.r vte ~CO/YT-~ ~ d~AU!o
dd~~ .
.t. 2J
 'j:are.;c./o j ¡)e7&-~·'><-Af¡~ 4 ~
Exercise t Oetermination of bydraulic conductivity.

'~~-h'v¡4/ k'/~~ 1<

Have water entering the model from only the left end (near the injection wells - see figure of the
model) and drain out of either the river drain (outlet 1) or the right end (outlet 2). r
f(f)~) 111 8 t.",eI#- ,

. A B S"$'J?--fe ,fd'¡10

~ ~~::=,:,::).~.•·:·:: : ·:· =~",._·_·_·tll . _. -._. ~? {)efrr·r'e~ lfe Ir I

o-CO
h. l .
; '\ waler lable ?C/
t
re

. (¡d~erMD; /

....d:=rz ~

wiel ~~ev:CI~ a+---0---+b '"'"

Measure the di seharge (Q) by eolleeting the draining water over a specified time, then measure
the volume of water eolleeted. Q = volume colleetedJtime

Volume eolleeted _ _ _--,-,--_.,--­

Time during whieh water eolleeted _ _ _ _ _ __

Measure the gradient (slope) at that diseharge rateo This is the differenee in the level of water in

wells A and B divided by the distanee between those two wells. You could also use lhe

differenee between water levels at the reeharge and diseharge points divided by the distanee

between those two points. Note: the slope will be a negative number for this exereise.

height of water at a (h, ) _ _ _ __

height of water at b (hb) _--,_-:-:-:­

horizontal distanee between the wells (dl=b-a)

gradient = (hb-h, )/dl = _ _ _ __ _ .

Measure the eross-seetional area of lhe model aquifer. Only measure lhe par! ofthe aquifer that

is eondueting waler. The unsaturated portian and ¡he clay are not part ofthe aquifer so they

shouldn 'l be included. The height varies sorne so you will ha ve to decide how to estimate a

representative height.

width ofmodel aquifer (w)

height ofmodel aquifer (h) -:-::-:-_ __

cross-sectional area = k=(w)(h) = ________

~e~
Salve Darey equation for K. K= -Q/iA

For example,
----;;>
Q = 100 mi in 10 minutes = 100cm'/600sec = 0.167 cm'/sec
i = 1 em/l2 cm = 0.083
A = 2.54em x 25 .4em = 64.5em'
K = -Q/iA = (0.167 cm'/sec)/(0.083 x 64.5cm' ) = 0.03 ¡ cm/sec =3.1 x 10" cm/see

Thi s is right in the range ofhydraulie conduetivity for well-sorted sand on the lable below .

.2f
.2
 Hvdraulic Cond -_ ..... .,_ .. ...... _...... ..., ".-._. . .....
4> A (k..~c'¡;.id5.,f ¿~~ ~

~~17~ /.íZO¿~J
-~~ ~ ~

Unconsolidated sediments K cm/sec Consolidated Rock K cm/sec

Clay 10- _ lO-o Shale 10-10 _ 10­
Sil! 10.6 - 10- Fractured Igneous Rock 10-6 - lO-­
Fine Sand 10-5 - 10- Limestone 10- - 10­
Well Sorted Sand 10-3 - 10- Sandstone lO-K _ 10-4
Gravel --
10-- - I Karst Limestone 10- - I -

Measurements can be done in any unit and then converted using the conversion table shown
below. Be sure to keep trae k of units and be consistent in using units through a particular
exercise. Hydrogeologists typically work in units of centimeters per seeond (cm/s) or feet per
-- \'-~-

To convert fram: Multiply by: To get:

Feet 0.3048 Meters
Meters 3.28 Feet
Inches 2.54 Centimeters
Centimeters 0.3937 Inehes
Feet 30.48 Centimeters
Centimeters 0.0328 Feet
Gallons 0.1337 Fee!'
Feet 7.48 Gallons

K ~ 3.1 x 10·1cm/sec x 86400sec/day x 0.0328 fl/cm ~ 85fl/day

Additionaloplions

Raise one end ofthe model an ineh or so, determine the new values and redo aboye calculations.

Or restrict the Oow out ofthe discharge tube by raising it up, thereby reducing both the Q and the

gradient.

How do the values for K compare? (The values shauld be very clase ifno/ iden/ieal.)

Why are they similar? (K is a proper/y al/he aquifer ma/erial and no/ dependen/ on gradien/.)

You can determine K for the confined system by using a siphon to pull water out ofthe artesian

f46;k~~
pumping well to determine Q, measuring lhe gradient and cross sectional area of the artesian

aquifer and redoing the calculations.

---;;>
Ú?je;;';';"I H 3¡'-'-"-
Groundwater velocity

The velocity of graundwater Oow in an aquifer system can be determined for the model system.

Velocity is a function ofthe conductivity (K), the gradient (i) and the effective porosity or

interconneetedness ofthe pore spaces (ne). Q/A would be the velocity ofthe water ifthe aquifer

was all water or moving through a pipe. Because the sand takes up space, only the area of the

pore spaee, ne, is available for the water to move through. The velocity ofthe water must

increase by l/ne times so that Q amo un! of water is still moving through the sand. The following

equation will give an estimate of groundwater flow veloeities.

v ~ Q/An, ~ -Ki/ n,

Where:

V ~ velocity (Iengthltime)

K = hydraulic eonduetivity (Iength/time)

i = gradient (unitless)

n, = effective porosity (use .30 for medium sand, .33 for coarse sand, .27 for fine sand) (unitless)

3 :Zf

 For example,
From exercise 1
K~ 85ft/day

,(~ >,-,;;1 "'/~cfv><-ud'-~\~;1tiJo1VWY"1

i = 0.083
n, = 0.30

V= (85ft/day x 0.083)/ 0.30 = 24 ftlday

'¡uv
(h-#~
...--?
------- - - - - - - •• ''"O:; - - - _ •••••• __ . - _ •• _ • ••• _ - _ •• _ - _

Unconsolidated sediments n(%) Consolidated rack s n(%)

Clay 45- Sandstone 5-30
55
Sil! 35- Limestone 1-20
50
Sand 25- Shale O-lO
40
Gravel 25- Granite O-lO
40
Sand and Gravel mixes 10- Basalt lO-50
35
Glacial till 10­
25

V= Kvne =________________

~ Uc S' I)D-v---/!o el l/eU+ ,A- ~

_) y~t4VD:Z
Exercise 2 Predicting groundwater travel time and velocity

Measure the distance fram an injection well to a discharge point (or sorne other intermediate

ry-f'C-D/TL'~ Le}? ~ ~67e//21~ J

ye¡;u¿~ '
point) and prediet Ihe time il will take for the dye to make it to that point.

Predieted time ~ distanee/velocity. Use the velocity you calculated aboye.

Measured distance from injection well to discharge point _______________

Estimated time = measured distaneelvelocity =

InjecI dye and monitor time it takes for dye lO reaeh point. __________________

How was Ihe predietion?

Why might there be a difference? (allenuation, diffusion/dispersion, preferentialflow, estimate of

n, is off. n, will change over Ihe lije ofthe model due 10 biofilm development and sellling in
transport, gradient difJerentthan the water lable used lo calculate K)

Injeet and measure the time it takes for the dye lO reaeh an actively pumping wel1. Measure Ihe
new gradient. Is it faster or slower than the nonpumping situation? (7his will be fasler due lO Ihe
increased gradienl. K and n, remain Ihe same.)

'1 21
 What implieations does this have for water management? (PlImping will accelerale Ihe
movemenloigroundWGler and any conlaminants loward lhe pumping well. Pumping may diverl
grollndwaler Ihal would normally discharge lo a river, lake or wet/and, Ihereby reducing Ihejlow
in Ihal surface water body.)

Other oplions
Find or make a water table map (eontours of head) of your area or use the one from the aetivity
Go with lhe Flow (from lhe Groundwater Study Guide) and measure lhe gradient (dh/dl). Have
the students draw a flow path (perpendicular to head eontours) and caleulale how long it would
take for eontamination from a landfill or septie tank (piek a souree) lO reaeh a well or the river.
Choose different geologie materials and see what differenee il makes in the travel time. For eaeh
different geologic material, you'lI need to seleet an appropriate hydraulie eonduetivity and
effeetive porosity from lhe tables above. For whieh geologie material is the travel time longest?
For whieh is il shortesl?

The sec/ion beloH' is for advanced sluden/s

Aquifer Transmisslvity
/';;)( S" ;x.a'H ',--;'ch/ ~ /!-uu.'r¡-r)
Mueh ofthe time groundwaler flows horizontally so we can rewrile the equation for flow as
Q~K.iA~Kibw where b is lhe aquifer lhiekness and w is lhe aquifer widlh. We can lump K and
be togelher as transmissivily, T~Kb so the Q~Tiw . Transmissivity is the ability ofan entire
aquifer to transmit waler. The besl way to delennine T is to pump a well and measure water
levels in olher moniloring wells - more dala than is usually available. Another way to estimate T
is by using pump test dala from a well eonstruction report (WCR). These WCRs are required for
all wells in Wiseonsin . On the bottom ofthe WCR are data on Ihe statie water level, pumping
water level, and pumping rateo The ratio of pumping rate over the drawdown, Ihe differenee
belween statie and pumping water levels, is the speeifie eapaeity, Se, ofa wel!.
Sc~Q/(statie level-pumping level).

A well that is in a high transmissivity aquifer will have little drawdown during pumping so it will
have a high speeifie eapaeity . A well in a low transmissivity aquifer will have a large amount of
drawdo\Vn during pumping so it will have a low speeifie eapaeity. A general empirieal rule
relating specific capacity to transmissivity is:
T~Sc x 2000 where T is in gpdlft and Se is in gpmlft.
The factor of 2000 eontains the conversion from gpmlft lO gpdlft and would need to be adjusted
for other units.

3" 27

 This is the lower portion of a well eonstruetion report, whieh has the pump test information at
the bott~~!fi,,!_,,",,
8. lrShortliN):: Swimmir.gPool l. Ck.oo"""'~J::"'1'
:' oa.llrt.tl ~ ""u. :'.-.av.

~_ DiIIhGle~~,~~4 Úo'i."' ~loBtob.~l c;.... .. v l~ c~. n'\IO.~,Itc!I.llfAllw".t PMm h

lltuILl 1ft, ,' p, --1 fM"rI" JoI..t CJl~ QlIu. -_--_-- __ n.- _C_ CLAY 10 ...

x··, ,••".,~ -----_._ .... _-----_._--_ .._.

I~
8..0 , ,'llJÍlltt
----j---t---t ~~! l;::;~;:;.~=:~::;'-'-'--'-
SANOSTONE 10 :ll

0.0 42 230 .. ' r. ~.. It. b'llJj­

-; c..U.· ...Ub' .. 0.--_._.

--- i!::;..~. 'tJJI!.I.(- .. olM_.t.~fll-l----------------_t

oe..,
, ('.,.:L..~r~ c ~' Lú.Dll "\'n4LI. ::¡",= .. o.lo. l'U¡¡o t•

:r.t.a.nf,o,~lI'IUl:';: u. .....! Am1Al\l- •fl o .{t.

OD HEi~m-; HD -' P.D ~TEEL ~.~ PL

EIIDV>;'flOED .:!(I'-N,t.lLIIU:U:::P .f

,..fu. I 42

, :Ut.:- '\'}, ~· r..\'.1

11 . \'~ IIl:" A 1M'"
166.0 Ú.f B p'f..t , Úr.o 12 m. ,..=...\t~ ~J.w
_o-J_...,.======_-+,,;;::-+-;:---t;;-;;;;;;,;--:~:---:IDHd'l"'¡~
11 PIiI.,T'f:t y

IhII,IIL. 1<; mJa !o'!"lIIAlll»l."n ltll_ Pw.z-r.....ll10'OfU... ,..r'IW ~. Dr!Wt.. ,r y

~}IIIo(.1 10 .0 GP 2.00& c..l'l"ol~

For example, using information from this well eonstruction report (WCR)

Pump rate ~ 10 gpm

Drawdown =Pumping Level-Statie Level ~ 170-166 ~ 4 ft

.--­
hKS" ;H-UP¡'¡llcIlJ /
Es¡¡~C/~ /R (
Sc = 10 gpm/4 ft= 2.5gpm/ft

T = Se x 2000 = 2.5 x 2000 = 5000 gpdlft (use the eonversion in the table to go from gallons to

ftJ)

5000gpdlft!7.48gals/ft' ~ 668 .5 ft'/day

Exercise 3 Estimating Transmissivity

71-u'o3
What is the transmissivity ofthe model?

Example ealeulations:Transmissivity is K x b, where K, from Exereise 1, is in feet per day and b

is in reet (approx imately 0.8 feet).

T =(85ft!d)(0.8ft) ~ 68 ft'/d x 7.48 gals/ft' ~ 509gpdlft

In other words ifthe model were to run all day and the discharge was the entire right side ofthe

model, 509 gallons would discharge from the modeI in one day (24 hours).

Find several welllogs from your area and estimate the T from the pump test data. Or look at the

WCR info on your eity's public well at http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/dwg/DWS.htm.

Choose publie systems and type in eity na me, seleet water supply system by name then scroll

down and ehoose entry points . Cliek on a well number and then ehose well eonstruetion data, the

speeifie eapaeity for the well is near the bottom right of the form before the tables on casing and

geology.

~ 30

 Why do the Ts differ for wells in the area? (The reason Iransmissivily differs is relaled primarily
lo Ihe hydraulic conduclivily oJlhe aquijer in Ihe immediale area around Ihe \Vell. In sand and
gravel \Vells one well mighl hil a larger more continuous seam oJhigh porosily malerial and Ihus
have o higher K and resullant higher T. In bedrock wells a majar injluence an K ond Ihus T
would be ji-ocluring or bedding planes in Ihe rack Ihol ollowJor increosedjlaw. Tronsmissivily
will olso be ajJecled by Ihe deplh Ihe \Vell penelrales inlo Ihe oquijer ond lo sorne degree Ihe well
ejJiciency.)

What is the hydraulic conductivity, K, ofthe municipal wells in your area?

Using the estimated T for your municipal well, convert it to tl'/d and divide by lhe thickness of
the aquiferto find K. ¡fthe Sc oflhe well were 12.5 gpmlft then the estimated Twould be 12.5 x
2000 = 25000 gpd/tl. Then convert this lo ft'/d by dividing by 7.48 gals/ft' = 3342.25 ft'/d. ¡fthe
aquifer, from the water table lo lhe bottom ofthe well is 290 feet then the average K ofthe
aquifer is 11.5 ftld.

TCUESS Program
A computer can also ... used to estimate transmissivity. Tguess is a program written by Ken
Bradbury and E. R. Rothschild which uses basic information from a well construction report or
other pump test data to estimate the transmissivity ofthe aquifer being tested. The program is
available from the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey and from the ¡ntemalional
Ground Water Modeling Center in Golden, CO. The program code is available in the March­
April 1985 issue ofGroundwater.

References
The following paper is downloadable from the web and has more information on the concepts of
groundwater flow.
Basic Ground-Water Hydrology, RC Heath, USGS Water Supply Paper 2220
http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wsp/wsp22201

Groundwater, Freeze and Cherry, 1979, Prentice Hall

Applied Hydrogeology, Fetter, 1988, Merrill

Groundwater and Wells, Driscoll, 1986, lohnson Filtration Systems

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