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Cylinder T (K) P (Bar) V (M)

1. Three cylinders containing helium gas at different initial temperatures and pressures are allowed to exchange gas and heat. The maximum work that can be extracted from these interactions is calculated. 2. Helium gas flows into an expansion engine but is diverted to tank C during an emergency. The time for pressure in C to reach 2.8 bar and for the safety valve to open is calculated. The pressure, temperature, and valve area over time needed to maintain a constant mass in C are determined. 3. The entropy changes for the gas and surroundings during two processes are calculated. The minimum work to restore tank C to its original evacuated state is determined. 4. Claims about two "black box" devices

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Harshit Mittal
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209 views

Cylinder T (K) P (Bar) V (M)

1. Three cylinders containing helium gas at different initial temperatures and pressures are allowed to exchange gas and heat. The maximum work that can be extracted from these interactions is calculated. 2. Helium gas flows into an expansion engine but is diverted to tank C during an emergency. The time for pressure in C to reach 2.8 bar and for the safety valve to open is calculated. The pressure, temperature, and valve area over time needed to maintain a constant mass in C are determined. 3. The entropy changes for the gas and surroundings during two processes are calculated. The minimum work to restore tank C to its original evacuated state is determined. 4. Claims about two "black box" devices

Uploaded by

Harshit Mittal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. We have three cylinders designated as A, B and C, filled with pure helium gas.

The
initial temperatures, pressures and volumes are as follows

Cylinder T (K) P (bar) V (m3)


A 1000 10 10 x 10-3
B 500 1 50 x 10-3
C 100 0.1 100 x 10-3

The three cylinders are allowed to exchange gas and heat among themselves. No
heat is exchanged between the cylinders and the surroundings. Calculate the
maximum amount of work that can be extracted from these interactions.

2. Consider the following set up as shown in the figure below.

Under normal operating conditions, helium gas flows at 50 g/s from a large reservoir
at 300 K and 7 bar into the expansion engine, E. During an emergency, the engine
has to be shut down and helium is proposed to be diverted to tank C. The volume of
tank C is 4 m3. This is achieved by closing valve B and opening valve A. When the
pressure in C rises to 2.8 bar, the safety valve D operates, venting gas. Initially tank C
is evacuated to a very low pressure. We shall assume that when gas enters this tank,
it is well mixed but has negligible heat transfer with the tank walls. Also assume that
helium is an ideal gas with a constant Cv = 12.6 J/mol/K.
a. How long will flow enter tank C before the pressure increases to 2.8 bar and
the safety valve opens
b. If the safety valve on tank C should operate, we would like to maintain a
constant mass of gas in this tank equal to the mass at the time the safety
tripped. The mass flow rate into the tank is, as noted above, 50 g/s; the flow
rate m out of the safety valve may be expressed as
˙ κ aP
m ( g / s )=
T
where κ is a constant, a is the valve throat area, P and T are the pressure and
temperature in tank C. To keep the tank mass constant, the valve flow area a
will be varied. What are the pressure and temperature in tank C, 10 s after
the safety valve opens? What is the variation of a with time necessary to
keep the mass of the gas in the tank C constant?
c. What is the total entropy change of the gas, the surroundings and the
universe during the time between the opening of valve A and just prior to the
opening of relief valve D?
d. What is the total entropy change of the gas, the surroundings and the
universe during the time between the opening of the relief valve D and a time
10 s later? The vented gas mixes with an infinite amount of air exterior to the
tank and cools to 300 K. Leave the entropy change of mixing as an
undetermined constant.
e. Ten seconds after venting begins, the original expander comes back into
operation so that valves A and D are shut and B is opened. It is desired to
restore the tank C to its original evacuated state with the least possible work.
You are free to select any technique that you deem feasible; all heat is to be
rejected to surroundings at 300 K, and the final state of the gas should be 1
bar, 300 K. What is the minimum work required?

3. Nitrogen is available at 2.53 bar and 305.5 K. One engineer, Rocky Jones, has devised
a black box that will produce equal amounts of a hot stream at 500 K and a cold
stream at 111 K and thus satisfy simultaneously some heating and cooling
requirements (see Figure below). He also claims that the device is self-sustaining,
requiring no additional heat or work.
Another engineer, Barry Goldfinder, has claimed that he can design another black
box that can produce equal amounts of hot stream at 533.3 K and a cold stream of
77.7 K.
a. Are either (or both) of these devices possible? Explain
b. Describe a process that will satisfy the requirements of Rocky’s black box.
Calculate all heat and work interactions for each device used in this process
and indicate how the devices should be arranged so that no additional heat
or work need be supplied by the environment.
Assume Cp = 29.3 J/mol/K.

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