EE750

Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 5

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Scattering and Connection (the General Lossy Case)

• Six links exist for the general lossy case

• We, however, do not care about the value of the reflected
impulses on the loss stub (energy is just being absorbed)
• Also, no incident wave appear on the loss stub because it
is matched
• It follows that the scattering matrix can be reduced in
dimension by 1 (S∈R5×5)
• Following a similar approach to that used in the lossless
case we derive the scattering relationship

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr

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 Scattering and Connection (Cont’d)

V 1r  2 − y 2 2 2 2 yo  V 1i 
 r  2 2 − y 2 2 2  i 
V 2  1  yo  V 2 
V 3r  =  2 2 2− y 2 2 yo  V i3 
 r y   i 
V 4   2 2 2 2− y 2 yo  V 4 
V 5r   2 2 2 2 2 yo − y  V i5 

σ∆l
Where y=4+yo+go , y o = 4.0(ε r − 1) , g o =
C/L

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr

3
 Modeling of Boundaries

• In establishing the equivalence between Maxwell’s

equations and a network of TLM nodes we noted that
node voltage models the electric field and that link
currents model the magnetic field
• It follows that the boundary resistive load represents the
wave impedance
• Lossless nondispersive boundaries include open and short
circuit (magnetic and electric walls, respectively)

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr

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 Modeling of Boundaries (Cont’d)
• The general expression of the link reflection coefficient
due to a non dispersive load RL is
RL −ηo 2
Γ=
RL + ηo 2

• V
i
For a magnetic wall we have k +1 = V
r
k , link reflection
RL −ηo 2
coefficient is 1, Γ m = Rlim = 1. 0
L → ∞
RL + ηo 2

• V
i
For an electric wall we have k +1 = -V
r
k , link reflection
RL −ηo 2
coefficient is -1, Γ e = Rlim = − 1. 0
L→0 R L + η
o 2

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr

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 Modeling of Boundaries (Cont’d)
• For a lossy boundary with surface resistance Rs the link
Rs − η o 2
Γ
reflection coefficient s = , V
i
k +1 = Γ V
s k
r

Rs η o
+ 2
• For TEM waves propagating in free space, the wave
impedance is ηo regardless of the wave frequency. It
follows that a wideband Absorbing Boundary Condition
(ABC) has an impulse reflection coefficient
ηo −ηo 2
Γ= = −0.17157, Vki+1 = Γ Vkr
ηo +ηo 2
• For TEM waves propagating in a dielectric with εr , wave
impedance is ηo/ ε r regardless of the wave frequency. It
ηo / εr −η o 2
follows that Γ = , Vki+1 = Γ Vkr
ηo / εr + ηo 2
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr
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 Modeling of Boundaries (Cont’d)

• For TEno modes in a rectangular waveguide, the wave

impedance above cut-off is real but dispersive. It follows
that an ABC using a real impulse reflection coefficient is
feasible only at one frequency
( )
λ
η o / εr g −η o 2
λ
Γ= , Vki+1 = Γ Vkr
(ηo / εr )
λg
λ
+ηo 2

λg is the guide wavelength and λ is the open medium

• A wideband ABC is obtained in this case using the John’s
matrix
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr
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 Discrete Time-Domain Green’s Function
EW EW

∞
ABC

EW EW

EW
N
.
.
. EW
2
1
EW
Excite with an impulse at node i and register all impulses
coming out at all links for all time steps
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr
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The Johns Matrix
• This matrix is also denoted as the Johns’ matrix
• The Johns matrix is a three-dimensional matrix
• The ith row of this matrix is obtained by exciting an
impulse at the ith node and registering all impulses
coming out at all links for all time steps
• This is repeated for all links, so N TLM analyses are
required
• Sequences of the form g(m,n,k) are being generated. Here
g(m,n,k) is the reflected impulse at the mth node at the kth
time step due to a unit incident impulse at the nth node at
the 0th time step
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr
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 The Johns’ Matrix (Cont’d)

• Using convolution summation we have

(Vm )k = ∑ ∑ g (m, n, k − k ′) (V in )k ′
N k
r
n =1 k ′ = 0

 g11 (k ) g12 (k ) L g1N (k ) 

 g (k ) . . . 
Alternatively G (k ) =  21 
 . . . . 
 
g N1 ( k ) . . g NN ( k )
k
V ( k ) = ∑ G (k − k ′)V (k ′)
r i
k ′=0

• Johns’ Matrix is utilized in partioning of a large structure

into small substructures and in time-domain modeling of
wideband ABC in non-TEM waveguides
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr
10
 Dispersion in a 2D TLM Mesh

• We first study propagation at 45°

Christos, Transmission Line Modeling (TLM)

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr

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 Dispersion in a 2D TLM Mesh (Cont’d)

• Exciting ports 1 and 2 by 1V results in V1r = V 2r = 0V and

V 3 = V 4 = 1V. These reflected impulses travel to become
r r

incident on neighboring nodes at the next time step. This

will give V1r = V 2r = 1V and V 3r = V r4 = 0V . It took 2 time
steps to travel a distance of ∆l 2
• The network velocity is
∆l 2 vL
vN = = = vo regardless of frequency
2∆t 2
• It follows that no dispersion appears for this case

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr

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 Dispersion in a 2D TLM Mesh (Cont’d)
• For propagation in the direction of one of the axis,
symmetry allows us to represent the network by a cascade
of periodic structures
oc oc oc
zL zL zL
zL z z 0.5zL 0.5zL 0.5zL
oc oc
L L oc oc oc
oc
∆l / 2 ∆l / 2

[T ] = [T 1][T 2][T 3]

0.
5Z
L
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr
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 Dispersion in a 2D TLM Mesh (Cont’d)

• It follows that we have

 Cos θ j Z L Sin θ   1 0  Cos θ j Z L Sin θ 
[T ] =  j Sin θ Cos θ  
  2 j tan θ   j Sin θ
Cos θ 

 1 
 ZL  Z L  Z L 
ω ∆t
θ=
2
• Equating this product to the ABCD of a single section
of transmission line
 Cos β∆l j Z L Sin β∆l 
V1    V 2 
  =  j Sin β∆l Cos β∆l  I 2 
 I1   Z L 

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr

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 Dispersion in a 2D TLM Mesh (Cont’d)

• It follows that we have sin( β∆l/ 2) = 2 sin(ω∆t/ 2)

∆t ω ∆l 2πf ∆l v ∆l ∆l
• But ω = = =π L =π
2 2 vL 2 vL λ o vL λo
ω 2πf 2π v L 2π v L
and v N = = = β=
β β β λo λo vN
• Combining the above equations we obtain the dispersion
vN π (∆l/ λ o )
relationship v L = sin −1 ( 2 sin (π∆l/ λ ))
o

• Notice that vN depends on the ratio ∆l/λo

• Also, for ∆l<<λo , v N ≈ 2 vL

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr
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 Dispersion in a 2D TLM Mesh (Cont’d)

Christos, Transmission Line Modeling (TLM)

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr

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 3D TLM

• The symmetric condensed node (SCN) is the most

widely used node
12
4
7
2

3 11
6 10

9
1
5

• The SCN has 6 branches with 2 transmission lines in each

branch
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr
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 3D TLM (Cont’d)

• For modeling free space S∈ ℜ12×12

• Components of S are determined through conservation of
energy
• Open and short circuit stubs are used to model the proper
capacitance and inductance in the x,y and z directions
• In this case S∈ℜ18×18

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr

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