Vector Calculus

Applications
The vector at a point may represent the
strength of some force (gravity,
electricity, magnetism) or a velocity
(wind speed or the velocity of some
other fluid).

A vector Field
Content
1. GRADIENT OF A SCALAR
2. LINE INTEGRAL
3. DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR
4. DIVERGENCE THEOREM
5. CURL OF A VECTOR
6. STOKES’S THEOREM
 GRADIENT OF A SCALAR

Suppose T1( x, y, z) is the

temperature at P1( x, y, z) , and T2
( x + dx, y + dy, z + dz) is the
temperature at P2 as shown.
The vector inside square brackets defines
the change of temperature dT
corresponding to a vector change in position
dL.
This vector is called Gradient of Scalar T.
Physical interpretation of
Divergence
Consider the motion of the fluid
having the velocity
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘෠
Consider a small parallelopiped
with edges 𝛿𝑥, 𝛿𝑦, 𝛿z parallel to
the axes in the mass of the fluid
with one of its corners at P.
The amount of fluid entering one face = the amount of fluid leaving through the
other face . The total decrease of amount of fluid inside the solid per unit time =
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
Thus the rate of loss of fluid per unit volume
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧
= div (𝑣)
Ԧ = 𝜕𝑥𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧
• If 𝑣Ԧ represents the electric flux , then the div(𝑣)
Ԧ is the amount of fix which
diverges per unit volume in unit time.
• If 𝑣Ԧ represents the heat flux, then div (𝑣)
Ԧ is the rate at which heat is issuing from a
point per unit volume
• If the fluid is incompressible , there can be no gain or loss in the
volume element. Hence div(𝑣)=0 Ԧ which is known in Hydro dynamics
as the equation of continuity for incompressible fluids.
• If the flux entering any element of space is same as that leaving it ie
div (𝑣)=0
Ԧ everywhere then such a point function is called a solenoidal
function.
1. Evaluate div (𝐹) Ԧ at the point (1,2,3) given 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑗 +
𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘.
 𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗+𝑧𝑘
2. If 𝑣Ԧ = then show that
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
2
(i) ∇. 𝑣Ԧ = . (ii) ∇ × 𝑣Ԧ
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
• Check whether the following vectors are solenoidal
(i) −𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑥 𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑧 − 4𝑧 𝑘
(ii) 3𝑦 4 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 4𝑥 3 𝑧 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘
• (ii) do your self.
• Line Integral
→
If 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
→ →
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐶 then න 𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 represents the total work done by the force.
𝐶 → →
It also represents the circulation of 𝐹 about C where 𝐹 represents the
velocity of the fluid.
→ → →
• 𝐹 is said to be irrotational if න 𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 = 0.
𝐶
Examples
→ → →
1. If 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧𝑥𝑘, evaluate න 𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 , where C is the curve
𝐶
2 3
represented by 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 , −1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.
• Solution
→ →
We have 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧𝑥𝑘 and 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 then
→
d𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘 and 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
→ →
𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡 5 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡 4 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡
→ → 1 10
3 6
න 𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 = ‫׬‬−1 𝑡 + 5𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = .
7
𝐶
 → →
2. Evaluate න 𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along the curve given by
→ 𝐶
where 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 𝑖 − 14𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 20𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘, along 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 =
𝑡 2, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 .
Solution
→ →
2 2
We have 𝐹→= 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 𝑖 − 14𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 20𝑥𝑧 𝑘 and 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 +
𝑧𝑘 then d𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘 and 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
→ →
𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 14𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 20𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
= (9𝑡 2 −28𝑡 6 + 60𝑡 9 )𝑑𝑡
→ → 1
න 𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 = ‫׬‬0 (9𝑡 2 −28𝑡 6 + 60𝑡 9 )𝑑𝑡 = 5.
𝐶
3. Find the total work done by the force represented by
→
𝐹 = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑥 𝑘 in moving a particle round the circle
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )=4 .
→ →
Solution: Total work done W = න 𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 .
𝐶
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )=4 can be represented in the parametric form
𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 2 sin𝜃 , 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
→ →
W = න 𝐹 · 𝑑𝑟 = ‫ 𝐶׬‬3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑧 =
𝐶
2𝜋
ධ ( 12 cos 𝜃sin𝜃. −2sin𝜃 − 4cos 𝜃sin𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 0
0
Surface and volume integral
• An integral evaluated along a surface is called
surface integral .
• To evaluate the surface integral we have to find
the double integral over the orthogonal
projection of the surface on one of the coordinate
planes..
^
• If 𝑛 is the unit outward normal to the surface S
at P then the integral of the normal component of
→ → ^
𝐹 at P ie 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 over the surface S is called the
→ ^
surface integral. It is written as ‫ 𝐹 𝑆׭‬. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 where
ds is the small elementary area.
Volume integral
• If V is the volume bounded by a surface S and if F(x,y,z) is a single
valued function defined over V then the volume integral of F(x,y,z) is
given by ‫𝑉𝑑 𝐹 ׮‬
Divergence of a vector
 Ԧ at the point (1,2,3) given 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑗 +
1. Evaluate Curl (𝐹)
𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘.
Solution:
3. If A and B are irrotational show that AxB is solenoidal
Gauss Divergence theorem
• It states that the total outward flux of a vector field F at the closed
surface S is the same as volume integral of divergence of F.
→ → ^
• ie., ‫ 𝐹 𝑆׭ = 𝑉𝑑 𝐹 𝑣𝑖𝑑 𝑉׬ ׬ ׬‬. 𝑛 𝑑𝑆
^
Where 𝑛 is the unit outward normal to the surface S .
→ ^
1. Use divergence theorem to evaluate ‫ 𝐹 𝑆׭‬. 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 over the entire
surface of the region above the xy plane bounded by the cone
→
𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 the plane z = 4 where 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗 + 3𝑧 𝑘.
 → ^ →
• Solution: we have ‫ 𝐹 𝑆׭‬. 𝑛 𝑑𝑆= ‫𝑉𝑑 𝐹 𝑣𝑖𝑑 𝑉׬ ׬ ׬‬
Divergence =∇ ∙ 𝐹Ԧ = 4x + x𝑧 2 + 3
→
‫ ׬ ׬‬න 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = ‫ ׬ ׬‬න 4x + x𝑧 2 + 3 dx dy dz = 704π.
𝑉

Where z varies from 0 to 4

Y varies from − 16 − 𝑥 2 to 16 − 𝑥 2
X varies from -4 to 4
𝑥 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎2 −1 𝑥
Note: {‫׬‬ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )}
2 2 𝑎
 →
2. If 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑘 and S is the rectangular Parallelopipped
bounded by x = 0 , y = 0, z = 0 and x=2, y =1 , z= 3 evaluate
→ ^
‫ 𝐹 𝑆׭‬. 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 .
→ ^ →
• Solution: By divergence theorem ‫ 𝐹 𝑆׭‬. 𝑛 𝑑𝑆= ‫𝑉𝑑 𝐹 𝑣𝑖𝑑 𝑉׬ ׬ ׬‬
Divergence =∇ ∙ 𝐹Ԧ = 2y + 𝑧 2 +x
→ 𝑥=2 𝑦=1 𝑧=3
‫ ׬ ׬‬න 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 2y + 𝑧 2 + x 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 30
𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
 • The curl of vector A is an axial (rotational) vector whose
magnitude is the maximum circulation of A per unit area
tends to zero and whose direction is the normal direction
of the area when the area is oriented so as to make the
circulation maximum.
• The curl of the vector field is concerned with rotation of
the vector field. Rotation can be used to measure the
uniformity of the field, the more non uniform the field,
Curl of a the larger value of curl.

vector
Stokes theorem
→
• The circulation of a vector field 𝐹
around a closed path L is equal to the
→
surface integral of the curl of 𝐹 over
the open surface S bounded by L that
→ →
𝐹 and curl of 𝐹 are continuous on S.
→ → → ^
• ර 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = ‫𝑆𝑑 𝑛 · 𝐹 𝑙𝑟𝑢𝑐 𝑆׭‬
𝐶 → ^
= ඵ (∇ × 𝐹 ) · 𝑛𝑑𝑆
𝑆
Green’s theorem
• If R is a closed region of the XY plane bounded by a simple closed
curve C and if M and N are two continuous functions of x, y having
continuous first order partial derivatives in the region R then
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׯ‬+ 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ‫ (׭‬− ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
C R

1. Evaluate using Green’s Theorem in a plane for

‫ ׯ‬3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 over C, where C is the boundary of
the region enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
Solution: find the points of intersection of the parabolas as (0,0) and
(1,1). Let M = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 and N = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −16𝑦; = −6y
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
− = 10y
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝑥 3
Now ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫ 𝑥=𝑦׬‬2 10𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = .
2
2. Evaluate using Greens theorem for ‫ 𝑦𝑥 ׯ‬+ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 over C,
where C is the boundary of the region enclosed by
𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
Solution: Point of intersection (0,0) and (1,1)
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 𝑥 −1
− = 𝑥 − 2𝑦. Hence ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫ 𝑥=𝑦׬‬2 (𝑥 − 2𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 20