COMPOUND & COMPLEX

SENTENCES

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Jhonier Hernán Sarasty Posada
 ENGLISH

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 TYPES OF SENTENCES

1. Simple sentences.
2. Compound sentences.
3. Complex sentences.

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 COMPOUND SENTENCES
DEFINITION
STRUCTURE
CLASSIFICATION
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 DEFINITION
In the book “Writing Academic English” (n.d.) is stated that a
Compound sentence is the joint of two or more independent clauses
(p. 165).

Examples:
• Dr. Watson explained his theory, and Sherlock Holmes listened quitely.
• He had several chocolates, but he didn’t share them.

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 INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
An independent clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can
stand alone as a sentence by itself. An independent clause is formed with a subject and a verb
and often a complement.
Examples:

Subject Verb Complement

The sun rose.
The water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones.

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 STRUCTURE
Clauses
“A clause is a group of words that contains (at least) a subject
and a verb” (“Writing Academic English”, n.d., p.162).
 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES = My mom is reading in the garden.
The dog barks.
S V (Complement)

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 CLASSIFICATION
Compound sentences are classified according to the way they are
joined.
They can be linked by:
• COORDINATORS (and, but, yet, etc)
• CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS (however, therefore, also, etc)
• SEMICOLON (;)

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 COMPOUND SENTENCES JOINED BY COORDINATORS
A compound sentence can have the following structure:
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE , COORDINATOR INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

What is a coordinator?
According English Oxford Living Dictionaries a coordinator is “A word
used to connect clauses, sentences, or words of equal syntactic
importance (e.g. and, or, for)”

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 There are seven coordinators or coordinating conjunctions:
For And Nor But Or Yet So

To add reason To add a To add a To express To add an To show To add expected

matching idea negative opposition alternative unexpected result
equal idea idea continuation

(FANBOYS)

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 Examples
1. Charlie trained hard for a whole month, yet he didn’t win the race.
2. Some students are good at languages, and others are good at math.
3. Martin is going party tonight, for today is his birthday.
4. My brothers don’t eat candy, nor do they eat fast food.
5. You can go to the library, or you can look for online resources.
6. Mary is good at sports, but her mother wants her to be a lawyer.
7. Sam have studied all week long, so he passed the exam.
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 BUT & YET
The meaning of but and yet is similar: they both announce an
opposite idea coming. The difference is that, while but is used when
the clauses are directly opposed. yet is used to introduce a surprising
continuation or result of the first clause.

• Too much sun damages the skin, but too little sun also causes health
problems.
• Too much sun damages the skin, yet many people still do not use
sunscreen.

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 COMPOUND SUBJECTS AND COMPOUND VERBS
The subject of a sentence is generally defined as the noun or pronoun engaging in the activity
of the verb.
Beth reads very slowly.
She reads very slowly.

When a sentence has two or more subjects, that's called a compound subject. The individual
subjects are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, neither… nor).

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 AND
When the subjects are joined by "and," the verb agrees with the pronoun "they.“
Joanie and Chachi love each other.
Mr. Madison and the students are leaving soon.

OR" OR "NEITHER/NOR
When the subjects are joined by "or" or "neither/nor," the verb agrees with the
subject that is closest to the verb.

The piano or the bookcase has to go.

either the pillows nor the curtains match the couch.

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 ACTIVITY TIME
I. Think in an original sentences with any coordinator.

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 COMPOUND SENTENCES JOINED BY CONJUNCTIVE
ADVERBS
Another structure that compound sentences can have is the following:
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
• People complain too much about their lives; however, they don’t do
anything to change them
What is a conjunctive adverb?
Conjunctive adverbs are words used to connect ideas in a stronger and more
specific way. They point out the relationship between clauses.

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 TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
•SIMILAR IDEA: besides, moreover, in addition, furthermore, etc.
•UNEXPECTED CONTINUATION: however, still, nonetheless, etc.
•COMPLETE CONTRAST: in contrast, on the other hand, etc.
•RESULT: therefore, as a result, consequently, etc.
•CRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF IDEAS: then, meanwhile, afterward,
etc.
•GIVE EXAMPLES: for example, for instance.

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 TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
• SIMILARITIES: similarly, likewise.
• Indicate “the first statement is not true; the second statement is
true”: instead, rather, on the contrary.
• POSSIBILITY: alternatively, on the other hand, otherwise.
• EXPLANATION: in other words, that is.
• STRONGER STATEMENT: indeed, in fact.

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 Examples:
1. Jeremy kept talking in class; therefore, he got in trouble.
2. She went into the store; however, she didn’t find anything she wanted
to buy.
3. I like you a lot; in fact, I think we should be best friends.
4. Your dog got into my yard; in addition, he dug up my petunias.
5. You’re my friend; nonetheless, I feel like you’re taking advantage of
me.
6. My car payments are high; on the other hand, I really enjoy driving
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 ACTIVITY TIME
Choose the correct conjunctive adverb for each sentence.

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 1.You need to put more effort into your work; ________________, you won’t get a passing the subject.
 Moreover
 Otherwise
 Unless
 Instead

2. We wanted to spend the day at the beach; ______________________, it rained so we stayed home.
 Moreover
 Unless
 However
 Additionally

3. She is a very smart girl; __________________, it’s not at all surprising that she gets such good grades again
 Besides
 Contrarily
 Therefore

4. Jared is a millionaire; __________________, his brother Jeremy is always flat broke.In contrast
 Accordingly
 Again
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 COMPOUND SENTENCES JOINED BY A SEMICOLON
Compound sentences can also be formed by connecting the clauses
with a semicolon in this way:
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE ; INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

• Joe made the sugar cookies; Susan decorated them.

It is advisable to use semicolon to join the two independent clauses

only when they are closely related in meaning.
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 Examples
1. Check back tomorrow I will see if the book has arrived.
2. He said he was not there yesterday many people saw him there.
3. I am happy to take your donation any amount will be greatly
appreciated.
4. She only paints with bold colors she does not like pastels.
5. She works two jobs to make ends meet at least, that was her reason
for not having time to join us.

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 COMPLEX SENTENCES
 DEFINITION
 STRUCTURE
 DEPENDENT CLAUSES
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 DEFINITION
In English, a Complex sentence is the linking of one independent
clause and one or more dependent clauses (“Writing Academic
English”, (n.d), p. 172).

This type of sentence contains one more relevant idea, which is

located in the independent clause, and other less important idea(s),
which are in the dependent clause(s).
.

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 DEPENDENT CLAUSES
A dependent clause is a clause that can not stand as a sentence by itself,
for it doesn't express a complete thought, and it usually begins with a
subordinator (“Writing Academic English”, (n.d), p. 163).
DEPENDENT CLAUSES

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 There are three types of clauses:

1. NOUN CLAUSES
CLASSIFICATION
OF DEPENDENT 2. ADVERB CLAUSES
CLAUSES 3. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

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 Relative pronouns
Who  Whoever
Whom  What
Whose  Whomever
Which  Whatever
That  Whichever

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 NOUN CLAUSES
A noun clause is a dependent sentence that acts as a noun and is usually part of
an independent clause.

As a subject: What you do in your free time is your business.

Subject complement: Tom isn’t what you call friendly.

Object: She said (that) she was sorry.

Object of Prep. I don’t worry about what others think.

Object of verb: I really want to believe that tomorrow will be better.

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 ACTIVITY TIME

Complete the following sentences by adding suitable

noun clauses.
1. I cannot understand …………………………
2. They said …………………………
3. I think …………………………
4. He told me …………………………
5. ………………………… hurts me.
6. You can eat …………………………
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 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause—also called a relative clause—will meet three requirements:
It will contain a subject and verb.

It will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a
relative adverb [when, where, or why].

It will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How
many? or Which one?

.
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 Defining relative clauses
We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or
something. Information that we need in order to understand what or who is being
referred to.

They’re the people who want to buy our house.

Here are some cells which have been affected.

They should give the money to somebody who they think needs the treatment
most.

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 Noun, subject of Relative Verb + rest of Verb + rest of main clause
the main clause pronoun relative clause

The woman that spoke at the meeting was very knowledgeable.

The woman (that) the man loved was living in New York.

The relative pronoun can only be

OMITTING THE omitted when it is the object of
RELATIVE PRONOUN the clause. When the relative
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clause, it cannot be omitted.
 Non-defining relative clauses
We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about the person
or thing. It is not necessary information.

Clare, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year.

Doctors use the testing kit for regular screening for lung and stomach
cancers, which account for 70% of cancers treated in the western world.

Alice, who has worked in Brussels and London ever since leaving
Edinburgh, will be starting a teaching course in the autumn.
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 ACTIVITY TIME
1. An elephant is an animal that you must know
2. Yesterday I met a woman named Susan, whose husband works in London.
3. John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren.
4. Children who hate chocolate are uncommon.
5. My friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-selling novel.
6. My grandmother, who is dead now, came from the North of England.
7. We stopped at the museum, which we had never visited before.
8. Let's go to a country where the sun always shines.
9. They live in a house whose roof is full of holes.
10.I've just come back from London, where John lives.

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 ADVERB CLAUSES
These are dependent clauses that act as an adverb; that is, they can express
when, where, why, how far, how often, and for what purpose; they can also
show contrast.
They always begin with a subordinator that points out the relationship
between the independent clause and the adverb clause. According to this,
adverb clauses are classified in the next categories:
• Time • Frequency • Contrast
• Place • Purpose o Direct opposition
• Manner • Result o Concession
• Condition
• Distance
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TIME CLAUSES

This kind of adverb

clauses answers to the
question when?. It means
that it tells when the action
described in the
independent clause takes
place.

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 PLACE CLAUSES

These clauses tell where the action described by the main verb takes
place.
The subordinators wherever, everywhere and anywhere are similar in
meaning so they are interchangeable.

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 DISTANCE, FREQUENCY AND MANNER CLAUSES
They answer to the questions how far?, how often? and
how? respectively. Distance, frequency and most manner
clauses follow the independent clause

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 REASON CLAUSES

These answer the question why?. They can go either before or after the
independent clause in a sentence.

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RESULT CLAUSES

These clauses express

the consequence or
effect of the
information in the
independent clause,
and go right after it.

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 PURPOSE CLAUSES

They state the purpose of the action in the independent clause. A

purpose clause generally follows the I.C., but we can fronting it when
we want to emphasize.

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 DIRECT OPPOCISION CLAUSES (CONTRAST)

In this kind of clause, the information in the adverb clause and

the one in the independent clause are in direct contrast.

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 CONCESSION CLAUSES (CONTRAST)

In this case, the information in the independent clause is surprising or

unexpected based on the information in the concession clause.

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 Identify the adverb clause and its category

Whether you like it or not, you have to go to bed now.

Because he loved her, he didn't believe she was having an affair.
Before we go on vacation, we must make reservations
My sister, when she is angry, will turn red in the face.
Elephants, although they are large, are not predators.
Chocolate, because it has a low melting point, can be difficult to bake with.
We can swim in the pool as soon as you put on sunscreen.
We need to find the bar where they asked us to wait.
Marty kept his schedule open in case his wife went into labor.

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 THANKS

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