The document discusses various techniques for identifying bacteria such as bacteriophage typing, nucleic acid-based detection methods, and gas-liquid chromatography. It also covers topics like antimicrobial drugs, their classifications, mechanisms of action, and bacterial resistance.
The document discusses various techniques for identifying bacteria such as bacteriophage typing, nucleic acid-based detection methods, and gas-liquid chromatography. It also covers topics like antimicrobial drugs, their classifications, mechanisms of action, and bacterial resistance.
The document discusses various techniques for identifying bacteria such as bacteriophage typing, nucleic acid-based detection methods, and gas-liquid chromatography. It also covers topics like antimicrobial drugs, their classifications, mechanisms of action, and bacterial resistance.
The document discusses various techniques for identifying bacteria such as bacteriophage typing, nucleic acid-based detection methods, and gas-liquid chromatography. It also covers topics like antimicrobial drugs, their classifications, mechanisms of action, and bacterial resistance.
2. Bacillus polymyxa Polymyxin ■ These are chemical substances produced by a microorganism with the capacity to inhibit 3. Streptomyces nodosus Amphotericin B. other microorganisms (bacteriostatic) or 4. Streptomyces venezuelae Chloramphenicol destroy/kill the organisms (bactericidal), They 5. Streptomyces erythraeus Erythromycin can also be synthesized by means of chemical procedures independent of microbial activity. 6. Streptomyces noursei Nystatin 7. Streptomyces fradiae Neomycin ■ Some antimicrobial drugs are: 8. Micromonospora Gentamicin – narrow-spectrum (bacitracin, purpurea clindamycin, dapsone, erythromycin, 9. Cephalosporium Cephalosporins gentamicin, isoniazid, penicillin, 10. Penicillium notatum Penicillin polymyxin B and vancomycin) and effective against a limited number of 1. BACTERIPHAGE TYPING pathogens, ■ Is based on the specificity of phage surface – broad-spectrum (ampicillin, receptors for cell surface receptors. cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, ■ Only bacteriophages that can attach to surface ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, sulfonamides, receptors can infect bacteria and cause lysis. trimethoprim and tetracycline) and ■ Bacteriophage: is a virus that attacks bacterial destroy different kinds of organisms. species. ■ Procedure: that bacteria to be tested is Antimicrobial Therapy inoculated on petri plate and a drop of 1. Narrow spectrum – only certain group is suspension from the different phages is used. covered 2. Broad spectrum- gram positive and gram A. NUCLEIC-ACID BASED DETECTION METHODS negative coverage DNA probe technology identifies a 3. selective toxicity – actions on certain microbial microorganism by probing its genetic structure ( ribosome, cell wall) composition. 4. Bacteriacidal action – Kills bacteria without host A single-stranded sequence from one organism help (probe) is used to search for other 5. Bacteriostatic action – reversible inhibition microorganism having the same sequence. ( destruction depend on the host) It is utilized for purified DNA preparations, 6. Drug combination – bacterial colonies and specimens such as 1. Synergism – sputum, tissue, serum and pus. 2. Antagonism Ribotyping – a form of strain typing; ribosomal RNA is used to type bacterial strains by probing Antibiotic Interactions: chromosomal DNA in Southern blotting. ■ Autonomous or Indifferent ; results obtained with two combined drugs is equal to results with most effective drug by itself B. GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ■ Antagonist – results obtain is significantly less It involves analysis of microbial metabolites, than the autonomous results: combined action cellular fatty acids, products of pyrolysis of is less than that of the more effective agent whole bacterial cells. when used alone C. PLASMID FINGERPRINTING ■ Additive – result with two combined drugs is It identifies microbial isolates of the same or equal to the sum of action drug when used similar strains. alone/separately It is useful for E.coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter ■ Synergistic – result with two combined drugs is and Pseudomonas strains. significantly greater than the sum of both effects: drugs combination has an effect which is both qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of the single components.
■ Hypersensitivity ■ Toxicity ■ Suppression of normal Flora
Chemotherapeutic agents like antibacterial drugs are
classified as natural, semisynthetic or synthetic drugs: ■ A. NATURAL DRUGS - Produced by bacteria or fungi EX. Amphotericin B, erythromycin, kanamycin, neomycin, nystatin, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, vancomycin, bacitracin, gentamicin, polymyxin, griseofulvin, penicillin and cephalosporin ■ B. SEMISYNTHETIC DRUGS - These are chemically modified natural drugs with added extra chemical groups EX. Ampicillin, cabenicillin and methicillin ■ C. SYNTHETIC DRUGS - Chemically produced drugs EX. Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, isoniazid and dapsone
