Desulfation of Lead-Acid Battery by High Frequency Pulse: June 2017
Desulfation of Lead-Acid Battery by High Frequency Pulse: June 2017
Desulfation of Lead-Acid Battery by High Frequency Pulse: June 2017
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Wuttibhat Jamratnaw
Khon Kaen University
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Wuttibhat Jamratnaw
Department of Electronics and Computer Technology
Faculty of Industrial Technology
Loei Rajabhat University, Loei 42000 Thailand
[email protected]
Abstract— Lead-acid batteries are widely used in the industry which the resonant frequency of the sulfate molecule caused
because of their high efficiency and low cost. One of the major oscillation in the sulfate salt molecules, causing the sulfate
disadvantages of lead-acid batteries is sulfation, which decreases molecules to return to the sulfuric acid electrolyte solution.
batteries’ efficiency. Sulfate results in higher internal resistance
and capacity reduction. This article presents desulfation of lead- II. LEAD-ACID BATTERY
acid battery by using high frequency pulse. The results showed
that after the lead-acid battery was charged with high frequency A. Working principle of lead-acid batteries [2]
pulse, the battery had lower internal resistance. The voltage of the
The working principle is essentially the chemical reaction
fully-charged battery and the cold cranking amps were higher,
resulting in better battery performance.
shown:
𝑃𝑏𝑂 + 2𝐻 𝑆𝑂 + 𝑃𝑏 ⇌ 2𝑃𝑏𝑆𝑂 + 2𝐻 𝑂 (1)
Keywords: component; lead-acid battery; desulfator; charger control
When the battery is in discharging state, the active materials
I. INTRODUCTION of positive electrode, lead dioxide, will be converted into lead
sulfate. Similarly, the negative electrode, which is made up of
Environmental problem is a major problem the world is
currently facing, for example, global warming or natural lead will be converted into lead sulfate as well. The electrolyte,
disasters. People are more concerned and realize the importance sulfuric acid will be consumed by reacting with the active
environment has on their living. As a result, like many green materials. The electrode reaction equations of positive electrode
projects, green energy has also come into consideration[1]. and negative electrode in discharging state are demonstrated
below.
Solar electricity is an example of green energy. The use of
solar electricity for electricity generation is popular nowadays Positive: 𝑃𝑂 + 4𝐻 + 2𝑒 ⇌ 𝑃𝑏 + 2𝐻 𝑂
because it is clean and environmental friendly. However, the (2)
limitation of solar electricity is its unstable production because Negative: 𝑃𝑏 ⇌ 𝑃𝑏 + 2𝑒
the energy cannot be produced during the nighttime. Therefore,
for the continuous and stable use of solar energy, there is a need When the battery is in the charging state, the lead sulfate will
for energy storage, that is, the battery. Batteries are popular with be converted back to the active materials.
solar cells, mainly lead-acid batteries because of its high Positive: 𝑃𝑏𝑆𝑂 + 2𝐻 𝑂 ⇌ 𝑃𝑏𝑂 + 𝐻𝑆𝑂 + 3𝐻 + 2𝑒
efficiency, low cost, and ability to supply high surge currents,
which means that the cells have a relatively large power-to- Negative: 𝑃𝑏𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻 ⇌ 𝑃𝑏 + 𝐻𝑆𝑂 (3)
weight ratio. Nonetheless, a major problem that can arise in the
lead-acid batteries is sulfate, which occurs because of improper Theoretically, a lead-acid battery can be used for a very long
charging and discharging. Sulfate results in the decrease of time if the chemical reaction equation shown in the Eq.(1) can
batteries’ efficiency, higher internal resistance, small fraction of completely proceed. It is shown that the chemical reaction
normal discharge current, longer charging times, incomplete proceeding in the lead-acid batteries is ,somehow, reversible. As
charging, higher battery temperatures, and so on. There are a result, the lead sulfate will gradually crystallize and deposit on
various methods in desulfation, for example, the chemical the electrodes. This phenomenon is known as the sulfation. This
process responsible for the function of lead acid batteries has usually leads to a short lifetime of the lead-acid batteries [5].
several competing chemical processes ongoing in the cell. The
most familiar and desirable process is the production of electric B. Sulfation [6]
current due to ion exchange in the acid electrolytechemical and
When lead-acid batteries are subjected to insufficient
electrical methods [2,3,4].
charging during normal operation, they impede recharging;
This article aimed to develop lead-acid battery desulfation sulfate deposits ultimately expand, cracking the plates and
by high frequency pulse, which high frequency voltages sent destroying the battery. Eventually so much of the battery plate
into the battery. The frequency of the voltages was the one with area is unable to supply current that the battery capacity is
C. Battery Tester
In this research, the QUICKLYNKS BA101 battery testers
were used to measure internal resistance: SOH; SOC; and CCA Figure 7 Internal Resistance
as shown in Figure 5. The system voltage was 12 Volts. The
input voltage range was 9V-15V. The testing range was 100 -
2000 CCA, and the AH range was 30-220 Ah.
D. Battery
The batteries used in this experiment were lead-acid batteries
FB EB125, which had been left unused for more than 6 months
so sulfate built up on the plates of batteries resulted in an
internal resistance higher than 20 mΩ and the fully-charged
voltage dropped to 12.35 volts.
IV. EXPERIMENT
This experiment aimed to compare the effect of lead-acid
batteries with sulfate on plates when charged with high
frequency pulse. The experiment was divided into two phases. Figure 8 Cold Cranking Amps
The first was battery charging with conventional chargers and
the second was charging with high frequency pulse.
Figure 6 Experiment
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B. Discharging State
The results of the battery charging experiment showed that VI. CONCLUSION
the rechargeable battery had a longer power supply and the
This experiment was a comparison between lead-acid battery
internal resistance was in the range of 8 to 13 mΩ as a typical
charging with conventional chargers and lead-acid battery
battery, as shown in Fig. 10-12.
charging with high frequency pulse. The purpose of this study
was to determine the effect of desulfation by high frequency
pulse charging method.
The results showed that after charging with high voltage, the
internal resistance was lower. The fully-charge battery voltage
and cold cranking amps were higher, resulting in better battery
performance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to Loei Rajabhat
University, the Dean of the Faculty of Industrial Technology and
my colleagues for all the support.
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