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Modified Motor PDF

This document describes a project to design a DC motor speed controller circuit using pulse width modulation. The circuit uses an IC 555 timer configured in astable mode to generate a PWM signal. A potentiometer is used to vary the duty cycle and control motor speed. Simulation and hardware testing showed that increasing the duty cycle increases motor speed while decreasing it reduces speed. The circuit provides a low-cost way to control DC motor speed using basic electronic components.

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MD. SHAEKH ZAHAB CHOWDHURY
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81 views11 pages

Modified Motor PDF

This document describes a project to design a DC motor speed controller circuit using pulse width modulation. The circuit uses an IC 555 timer configured in astable mode to generate a PWM signal. A potentiometer is used to vary the duty cycle and control motor speed. Simulation and hardware testing showed that increasing the duty cycle increases motor speed while decreasing it reduces speed. The circuit provides a low-cost way to control DC motor speed using basic electronic components.

Uploaded by

MD. SHAEKH ZAHAB CHOWDHURY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Independent University, Bangladesh

Course Title: Circuits Simulation Lab


Course Code: EEE-222L
Session: AUTUMN
Year: 2019

Project Topic: DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER USING PULSE


WIDTH MODULATION (PWM) METHOD .

Submitted to

Mr. SAURAV DAS

Dept. of EEE
Independent University, Bangladesh

Submitted By:

Malobika Mukherjee ID: 1822252

Md. Shahriar Wahid ID: 1730080


TABLE OF CONTENTS:

• INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------

• COMPONENTS IN THE CIRCUIT -------------------------------------------

• WORKING MECHANISM --------------------------------------------------------

• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ----------------------------------------------------------------

• SIMULATION RESULT ------------------------------------------------------------

• HARDWARE OF THE CIRCUIT ------------------------------------------------

• DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------


TOPIC: DC MOTOR SPEED CONTOLLER USING PWM (PULSE WIDTH
MODULATION)

INTRODUCTION:
A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy using
a DC power source attached along with it to provide a specific voltage for the motor to rotate. A
DC motor has a major advantage that its speed can be controlled which is quite important to
perform any mechanical work that mainly depends on the variation of speed. The speed of the DC
motor can be controlled using various techniques such as armature control method, flux control
method etc. Here the aim of this project was to design a circuit that could control the speed of a
DC motor using pulse width modulation method. the design of the circuit that has been selected
is quite reliable and can be plotted and used in various electrical machines such as spinning
machines ,fans, lifts, weaving machines etc. The main electrical component that is responsible for
conducting the overall operation of a DC motor is an OP-AMP (operational amplifier) which is an
integrated circuit (IC) that operates as a voltage amplifier. It generally has two inputs (inverting
and non-inverting) that are of opposite polarity. Even though an op-amp has a differential input
but it has a single output and a very high gain, which means that the voltage of the output signal is
quite higher than the voltage of the input signal. The general characteristics of an op-amp includes
that it has an infinite voltage gain, an infinite high impedance , a zero output impedance, its gain
is independent of input frequency and has a zero voltage offset.

COMPONENTS USED IN THE CIRCUIT:


• Resistor 10 ohm
• IC 555 timer
• Battery of 9volt
• DC motor
• MOSFET
• Capacitor (0.1uf , 0.01uf)
• Diodes (IN 4007)
• Variable resistor (1k)
WORKING MECHANISM OF THE CIRCUIT:
Pulse width modulation: we can control the speed of the DC motor by controlling the input
voltage of the motor for that purpose we use pulse width modulation (PWM). It is a method
through which we can generate variable voltage by turning “ON” and “OFF” the power that is
being supplied to the motor connected in the circuit at a faster rate. The average voltage depends
on the duty cycle of the signal, or the amount of time the signal is “ON” versus the amount of
time the signal is “OFF” in a single period of time.
The circuit was setup using a potentiometer also known as variable resistor that instantly controls
the frequency and duty cycle of the output wave. Here DC 9volt was directly fed to the DC motor
using a battery of 9volt that was eventually connected with the potentiometer. The circuit also
consists of an IC 555 timer which is an integrated circuit working in an astable mode to produce
an output which is used to rotate the motor. In this astable mode the IC 555 becomes an oscillator
or also called “FREE RUNNING MULTIVIBRATOR”. In this condition it doesn’t have a stable
state and continuously switches between “High and Low” with an application of an external
trigger. The operation of the circuit is conducted by the passive components such as resistors,
capacitors and diode that are connected along with it. The purpose of these components is to
regulate the charging and discharging of the capacitors and thus establish the time that the 555 IC
has its output high and low.

FIG: CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF THE CAPACITOR.


ASTABLE MODE OF OPERATION:
With the output high (+Vs) the capacitors are charged by the current flowing through the
resistor in the circuit. The threshold and trigger inputs of the IC 555 monitors the capacitors
voltage and when it reaches 2/3Vs (threshold voltage) the output becomes low and the discharge
pin is connected to 0V.

The capacitor now discharges with current flowing through the resistor into the discharge pin.
When the voltage falls to 1/3Vs (trigger voltage) the output becomes high again and the
discharge pin is disconnected, allowing the capacitor to start charging again.

FIG: ASTABLE OPERATION.


FIG: IC 555 TIMER. FIG: PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 555 TIMER.

FUNCTION OF DIFFERENT PINS:

1. Ground: Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V).


2. Trigger: As we can see that the voltage at the non-inverting end of the
comparator is Vin/3, so if the trigger input is used to set the output of the F/F
to ‘high’ state by applying a voltage equal to or less than Vin/3 or any
negative pulse, as the voltage at the non-inverting end of the comparator is
Vin/3.
3. Output: This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +Vcc, or to GND.
4. Reset: A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the
timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts.
Overrides TRIG which overrides threshold.
5. Control voltage: Provides “control” access to the internal voltage divider (by
default, 2/3 Vcc).
6. Threshold: The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at
threshold is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 Vcc if CTRL is open).
7. Discharge: Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between
intervals. In phase with output.
8. Supply: Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V
depending on the variation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG: DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER CIRCUIT.

• Firstly, we had simulated our circuit design in proteus software.


• Then after circuit designing was completed we had implemented it in
breadboard to check the working.
• Actually it worked in breadboard and then circuit was implemented on
printed circuit board (PCB).

CIRCUIT SIMULATION RESULT:


FIG: PCB DESIGN OF THE CIRCUIT.

FIG: 3D VISUALIZATION (TOP VIEW)


HARDWARE OF THE CIRCUIT:

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:


• One of the bes thing about this circuit is that you can make it work as an astable
multivibrator and is quite affordable.
• If you want a sophisticated pulse width modulator which works more accurately and which
can have more adjusting capabilities then it is better to use a microcontroller based pulse
width modulator than the one which is described above.
• However, the circuit or the application for which we are using a pulse width modulator is
not so sensitive and hence does not demand so much accuracy. In such a case, the circuit
which we are using with a bare IC 555 is better as it saves our monetary as well as space
resources in building the circuit.
• The duty cycle of the circuit can be changed by changing the value of the potentiometer. If
we increase the duty cycle, the speed of the motor increases and if we decrease the duty
cycle, the speed of the motor decreases.
PRECAUTIONS:

• Care must be taken while soldering the circuit on printed circuit board (PCB) because
we had experienced so many problems while soldering.
• We should aware of choosing a battery of a certain low voltage of a range of 6-12 volts
to get rid of any overloading conditions.

RESOURCES:

• Wikipedia
• Electronics Tutorials Website : http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/blog/pulse-width-
modulation.html
• Certain You Tube videos.

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