Handout #1 in Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry

The Distance Formula

It is important to be able to find the distance between two points in the Cartesian plane. The distance
formula is based on the Pythagorean Theorem, which states that a and b are the lengths of the legs of a
right triangle and c is the length of its hypotenuse if and only if

c2 = a2 + b2
The distance between two points E(x1, y1) and F(x2, y2) is

d ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2

Example:

1. Find the distance between each pair of points:

a. A(-5, 2) and B(4, 2) g. (- 2 , 3 ) and (2 2 , 2 3 )

b. P(-2, -6) and Q(-5, 3) h. ( 2 , -3) and (2 2 , 1)
c. (0, 0) and (6, -6) i. (2a, b) and (4a, -b)
d. (-2, 5) and (5, -2) j. (3, 2/3) and (12, 2/3)
e. (0.5, -1) and (0.5, 4) k. (0.5, 1.2) and (0, 0)
f. (3.2, 5.6) l. (5, 2 ) and (9, - 2 )

2. A stringer is a board that supports a set of stairs. If a staircase is 8 feet high and extends 10 feet
horizontally, find the length of the stringer to the nearest foot.

Angles in the Coordinate Plane

An angle is defined as the union of two rays with a common endpoint called the vertex of the angle. An
angle is formed by rotating a ray about its vertex from one position called the initial side of the angle to
another called the terminal side.

When the vertex of an angle is the origin of the coordinate plane and its initial side coincides with then
positive x-axis, the angle is said to be in standard position.

If an angle is formed by a counterclockwise rotation, its measure is positive. If an angle is formed by a

clockwise position, its measure is negative.

One unit of angular measure is the degree. One full counterclockwise rotation measures 360° and one
full clockwise rotation measures -360°. Note that the initial side and terminal side coincide under a full
rotation.

Handout #1 for Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry of BSIT-1

Second Semester SY 2014-2015
Page 1 of 4
Exercises:

A. Find the degree measure of the angle for each rotation.

a. 1/3 rotation clockwise g. 3/10 rotation clockwise

b. 1/5 rotation clockwise h. 5/6 rotation clockwise
c.1/8 rotation counterclockwise i. 3/5 rotation clockwise
d. 17/12 rotation counterclockwise j. ½ rotation counterclockwise
e. 5/12 rotation clockwise k. 9/10 rotation clockwise
f. 4/3 rotation counterclockwise l. 11/10 rotation counterclockwise

B. Name two angles (one positive and one negative) that are coterminal with the given angles:

a. 40° e. 183°
b. -34° f. 151°
c. 70° g. 97°
d. -62° h. 209°

C. For each of the following angles, find a coterminal angle with measure θ such that 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

a. -100° e. 534°
b. 900° f. -3610°
c. -215° g. -386°
d. 1250° h. -7201°

Angular Measure in Degrees and Radians

If a ray makes a complete 360° rotation about its endpoint, the path of a point on that ray is a circle.
Angles and arcs can be measured in different ways. One common unit of measure is the degree. An arc
of 1 degree is 1/360 of the circumference of a circle. A degree is subdivided into minutes, where 1° = 60’
and a minute is further subdivided into seconds, where 1’ = 60”.

Angle measures can also be given in radians. When a central angle of a circle intercepts an arc that has
the same length as the radius of the circle, the measure of this angle is defined to be one radian,
abbreviated 1 rad.

Note: 2π rad = 360

To express a given number of degrees in radians, multiply the number of degrees by π/180.

D. Express each angular measure using the DMS format.

a. 21.56° e. 160.11°
b. -313.53° f. -381.87°
c. 35.54° g. 280.99°
d. -404.13° h. -555.68°

Handout #1 for Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry of BSIT-1

Second Semester SY 2014-2015
Page 2 of 4
 E. Express each angular measure in radians in terms of π:

a. 450° e. -1035°
b. 630° f. -1125°
c. -405° g. 21°
d. -675° h. -100°

F. In which quadrant does the terminal side of each angle lie when it is in standard position?

a. 4/5 π e. 9/4 π
b. π/3 f. 7/9 π
c. 5/4 π g. 3 π/2
d. π/6 h. 5 π/6

G. Express each angular measure in degrees:

a. 0 e. π/4
b. 3 π f. 3 π /4
c. – π/2 g. π/12
d. -3 π/2 h. -5 π

H. Express each angular measure from DMS format to decimal degrees.

a. 135° 3’ 25” e. 25° 12’

b. 75° 45” 2” f. 100° 36’ 90”
c. 220° 18’ 28” g. 35° 44’ 70”
d. 300° 24” h. -385° 120’ 60”

Applications: Angular and Linear Velocity

A radian measure of a central angle θ can be found by dividing the length s of the intercepted arc by the
radius r of the circle.

θ = s/r

The angular velocity of a point of a revolving ray is the angular displacement per unit time. The Greek
letter ω (omega) is usually used to represent angular velocity.

ω = θ/t

Angular velocity can be expressed in various units, such as revolutions per minute (rpm) or radians per
second (rad/s). Note that there are 2 π radians per revolution.

The linear velocity V of a point on a revolving ray is defined to be the linear distance by the point per unit
time.

V = ωr

Handout #1 for Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry of BSIT-1

Second Semester SY 2014-2015
Page 3 of 4
Exercises:

1. Find the length of the arc intercepted by a central angle of 2.5 radians in a circle of radius 10cm.

2. Find the angular velocity in radians per second of a wheel turning at 25 rpm.

3. The wheel of a truck is turning at 6 revolutions per second. The wheel is 4 feet in diameter. Find
(a) the angular velocity ω of the wheel in radians per second and (b) the linear velocity V, in feet
per second, of appoint on the rim of the wheel.

4. Find the length of the arc intercepted by the given central angle in a circle with the given radius.

a. θ = π/2, r = 10 in e. θ = 5π/6, r = 15 in
b. θ = 3π/4, r = 12 m f. θ = 7π/6, r = 25 cm
c. θ = π/4, r = 8 m g. θ = 3π/5, r = 25 cm
d. θ = 9π/4, r = 20 in h. θ = 9 π /11, r = 20 mm

5. Calculate the linear velocity V of an object rotating at angular velocity ω at a distance r from the
center. Express your answers in centimeters per second.

a. r = 10 cm, ω = 20 π rad/s c. r = 3 cm, ω = 20 π rad/s

b. r = 15 cm, ω = 5 π rad/s d. r = 25 cm, ω = 8 π rad/s

6. Find the angular velocity in radians per second of a second hand of clock. Express the answer in
terms of π.

7. Calculate the angular velocity in radians per minute of a Ferris wheel 250 feet in diameter that
takes 45 seconds to rotate once. Express the answer in terms of π.

8. The Earth spins on its axis every 24 hours. If the Earth’s circumference is 24,800 miles, find the
linear velocity of a person standing on the equator in miles per hour.

9. A car is traveling at 45 mph. Find the angular velocity of a tire in rpm, if the diameter of each rim
is 13 inches.

Handout #1 for Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry of BSIT-1

Second Semester SY 2014-2015
Page 4 of 4