Cash and Marketable Securities Management

Chapter 9
Cash and Marketable

Securities
Management
9.1 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer.
After Studying Chapter 9,
you should be able to:
1. List and explain the motives for holding cash.
2. Understand the purpose of efficient cash management.
3. Describe methods for speeding up the collection of accounts receivable
and methods for controlling cash disbursements.
4. Differentiate between remote and controlled disbursement, and discuss
any ethical concerns raised by either of these two methods.
5. Discuss how electronic data interchange (EDI) and outsourcing each
relates to a company’s cash collections and disbursements
6. Identify the key variables that should be considered before purchasing
any marketable securities.
7. Define the most common money-market instruments that a marketable
securities portfolio manager would consider for investment.
8. Describe the three segments of the marketable securities portfolio and
note which securities are most appropriate for each segment and why.
Cash and Marketable
Securities Management
• Motives for Holding Cash

• Speeding Up Cash Receipts
• S-l-o-w-i-n-g D-o-w-n
Cash Payouts
• Electronic Commerce
Cash and Marketable
Securities Management
• Outsourcing
• Cash Balances to Maintain
• Investment in Marketable
Securities
Motives for Holding Cash
Transactions Motive – to meet
payments arising in the ordinary
course of business
Speculative Motive – to take advantage
of temporary opportunities
Precautionary Motive – to maintain a
cushion or buffer to meet unexpected
cash needs
Cash Management System
Collections Disbursements
Marketable securities
investment
Control through information reporting
= Funds Flow = Information Flow

Speeding Up
Cash Receipts
Collections
• Expedite preparing and mailing the
invoice
• Accelerate the mailing of payments from
customers
• Reduce the time during which payments
received by the firm remain uncollected
Collection Float
Mail Processing Availability

Float Float Float
Deposit Float
Collection Float: Total time between the mailing

of the check by the customer and the availability
of cash to the receiving firm.
Mail Float
Customer Firm
mails check receives check
Mail Float: Time the check is in the mail.
Processing Float
Firm Firm
receives check deposits check
Processing Float: Time it takes a company

to process the check internally.
Availability Float
Firm Firm’s bank

deposits check account credited
Availability Float: Time consumed in clearing

the check through the banking system.
Deposit Float
Processing Float Availability Float
Deposit Float: Time during which the check

received by the firm remains uncollected funds.
Earlier Billing
Accelerate preparation and
mailing of invoices
• computerized billing
• invoices included with shipment
• invoices are faxed
• advance payment requests
• preauthorized debits
Preauthorized Payments
Preauthorized debit
The transfer of funds from a payor’s
bank account on a specified date to
the payee’s bank account; the
transfer is initiated by the payee
with the payor’s advance
authorization.
Lockbox Systems
Traditional Lockbox
A post office box maintained by a firm’s bank
that is used as a receiving point for customer
remittances.
Electronic Lockbox
A collection service provided by a firm’s bank
that receives electronic payments and
accompanying remittance data and
communicates this information to the
company in a specified format.
Lockbox Process*
• Customers are instructed to mail their
remittances to the lockbox location.
• Bank picks up remittances several times
daily from the lockbox.
• Bank deposits remittances in the customers
account and provides a deposit slip with a
list of payments.
• Company receives the list and any additional
mailed items.
* Based on the traditional lockbox system
Lockbox System
Advantage
Receive remittances sooner which
reduces processing float.
Disadvantage
Cost of creating and maintaining a
lockbox system. Generally, not
advantageous for small remittances.
Concentration Banking
Cash Concentration
The movement of cash from lockbox or
field banks into the firm’s central cash
pool residing in a concentration bank.
Compensating Balance
Demand deposits maintained by a firm
to compensate a bank for services
provided, credit lines, or loans.
Collections Improvements
Accounts Receivable Conversion
A process by which paper checks are
converted into ACH debits at lockboxes
or other collection sites.
So what is the Benefit of ARCs?
Reduces availability float associated
with check clearing.
Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act
“Check 21”: US, Federal law that facilitates
electronic check exchange by enabling
banks to exchange check image files
electronically and, where necessary, to
create legally equivalent paper “substitute
checks” from images for presentment to
banks that have not agreed to accept
checks electronically.
Check 21
• Driven by September 11, 2001 attacks
• Meant to foster innovation and encourage the move from
paper checks to electronic payment processing to create
cost and time benefits for financial institutions
• Requires banks to accept substitute checks (a paper
copy of an electronic image of both sides of the original
check) as the legal equivalent of the original paper check
• Cleared the legal path to allow ‘remote deposit capture’
Concentration Banking
Moving cash balances to
a central location:
• Improves control over inflows and
outflows of corporate cash.
• Reduces idle cash balances to a
minimum.
• Allows for more effective investments
by pooling excess cash balances.
Concentration Services
for Transferring Funds
(1) Depository Transfer Check (DTC)
Definition: A non-negotiable check

payable to a single company
account at a concentration
bank.
Funds are not immediately available
upon receipt of the DTC.
(2) Automated Clearinghouse
(ACH) Electronic Transfer
Definition: An electronic version of the
depository transfer check
(DTC).
(1) Electronic check image version of
the DTC.
(2) Cost is not significant and is
replacing DTC.
(3) Wire Transfer
Definition: A generic term for electronic
funds transfer using a two-
way communications system,
like Fedwire.
Funds are available upon receipt of the
wire transfer. Much more expensive.
S-l-o-w-i-n-g D-o-w-n
Cash Payouts
• “Playing the Float”
• Control of Disbursements
• Payable through Draft (PTD)
• Payroll and Dividend
Disbursements
• Zero Balance Account (ZBA)
• Remote and Controlled Disbursing
“Playing the Float”
Net Float -- The dollar difference between
the balance shown in a firm’s (or
individual’s) checkbook balance and the
balance on the bank’s books.
You write a check today, which is subtracted from
your calculation of the account balance. The check
has not cleared, which creates float. You can
potentially earn interest on money that you have
“spent.”
Control of Disbursements
Firms should be able to:
1. shift funds quickly to banks from which
disbursements are made.
2. generate daily detailed information on
balances, receipts, and disbursements.
Solution:
Centralize payables into a single (smaller
number of) account(s). This provides better
control of the disbursement process.
Methods of Managing
Disbursements
Payable Through Draft (PTD):
A check-like instrument that is drawn against the
payor and not against a bank as is a check. After
a PTD is presented to a bank, the payor gets to
decide whether to honor or refuse payment.
• Delays the time to have funds on deposit
to cover the draft.
• Some suppliers prefer checks.
• Banks will impose a higher service charge
due to the additional handling involved.
Methods of Managing
Disbursements
Payroll and Dividend Disbursements
The firm attempts to determine when payroll and
dividend checks will be presented for collection.
• Many times a separate account is set up to
handle each of these types of disbursements.
• A distribution schedule is projected based on
past experiences. [See the next slide]
• Funds are deposited based on expected needs.
• Minimizes excessive cash balances.
Percentage of Payroll
Checks Collected
100%
The firm may plan on
Payroll Collected
75% payroll checks being

Percent of
presented in a similar
50% pattern every pay period.
25%
0%
F M T W H F M and after
(Payday)
Methods of Managing
Disbursements
Zero Balance Account (ZBA):
A corporate checking account in which a zero
balance is maintained. The account requires a
master (parent) account from which funds are
drawn to cover negative balances or to which
excess balances are sent.
• Eliminates the need to accurately
estimate each disbursement account.
• Only need to forecast overall cash needs.
Remote and
Controlled Disbursing
Remote Disbursement – A system in which
the firm directs checks to be drawn on a bank
that is geographically remote from its customer
so as to maximize check-clearing time.
This maximizes disbursement float.
Example: A Vermont business pays a Maine

supplier with a check drawn on a bank in Montana.
This may stress supplier relations, and raises ethical
issues.
Remote and
Controlled Disbursing
Controlled Disbursement – A system in
which the firm directs checks to be drawn
on a bank (or branch bank) that is able to
give early or mid-morning notification of
the total dollar amount of checks that will
be presented against its account that day.
Late check presentments are minimal, which
allows more accurate predicting of
disbursements on a day-to-day basis.
Electronic Commerce
Electronic Commerce – The exchange of
business information in an electronic (non-
paper) format, including over the Internet.
Messaging systems can be:

1. Unstructured – utilize technologies
such as faxes and e-mails
2. Structured – utilize technologies such
as electronic data interchange (EDI).
Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI)
Electronic Data Interchange – The
movement of business data electronically
in a structured, computer-readable format.
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)
EDI
Financial EDI (FEDI)
Electronic Funds
Transfer (EFT)
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) – the electronic
movements of information between two
depository institutions resulting in a value
(money) transfer.
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

EDI Society of Worldwide Interbank
Subset Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT)
Clearinghouse Interbank Payments
System (CHIPS)
Electronic Funds
Transfer (EFT)
EFT Regulation
In January 1999, a regulation that required
ALL federal government payments be made
electronically.* This:
• provides more security than paper checks and
• is cheaper to process for the government.
* Except tax refunds and special waiver situations

Financial EDI – The movement of financially
related electronic information between a
company and its bank or between banks.

EDI Examples include:
Subset Lockbox remittance information
Bank balance information
Costs and Benefits of EDI
Costs Benefits
• Computer hardware and • Information and payments
software expenditures move faster and with
greater reliability
• Increased training costs
to implement and utilize • Improved cash
an EDI system forecasting and cash
management
• Additional expenses to
convince suppliers and • Customers receive faster
and more reliable service
customers to use the
electronic system • Reduction in mail, paper,
and document storage
• Loss of float costs
Outsourcing
Outsourcing – Subcontracting a certain
business operation to an outside firm,
instead of doing it “in-house.”
Why might a firm outsource?*
1. Reducing and controlling operating
costs
2. Improve company focus (close 2nd)
3. Freeing resources for other purposes
* The Outsourcing Institute, 2005
Outsourcing
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
A form of outsourcing in which the
entire business process is handed over
to a third-party service provider
• Entire function such as accounting might
be handed over to the BPO
• Typically found in low labor cost countries
• Many are owned by large multinationals
Cash Balances to Maintain
The optimal level of cash should
be the larger of:
(1) The transaction balances required
when cash management is
efficient.
(2) The compensating balance
requirements of commercial
banks.
Investment in
Marketable Securities
Note regarding the management
of marketable securities.
• Marketable Securities are
shown on the balance sheet as
“Short-term Investments”
The Marketable
Securities Portfolio
Ready Cash
Segment (R$)
F$
Optimal balance of
R$ marketable securities
held to take care of
C$ probable deficiencies
in the firm’s cash
account.
The Marketable
Controllable Cash
Segment (C$)
F$
Marketable securities
R$ held for meeting
controllable
C$ (knowable) outflows,
such as taxes and
dividends.
The Marketable
Free Cash
Segment (F$)
F$
“Free” marketable
R$ securities (that is,
available for as yet
C$ unassigned
purposes).
Variables in Marketable
Securities Selection
Safety
Refers to the likelihood of getting back the
same number of dollars you originally
invested (principal).
Marketability (or Liquidity)

The ability to sell a significant volume of
securities in a short period of time in the
secondary market without significant price
concession.
Variables in Marketable
Securities Selection
Interest Rate (or Yield) Risk
The variability in the market price of a
security caused by changes in
interest rates.
Maturity
Refers to the remaining life of the
security.
Common Money
Market Instruments
Money Market Instruments
All government securities and short-term
corporate obligations. (Broadly defined)
• Treasury Bills (T-bills): Short-term,
non-interest bearing obligations of
the US Treasury issued at a discount
and redeemed at maturity for full face
value. Minimum $100 amount and
$100 increments thereafter.
T-Bills and Bond Equivalent
Yield (BEY) Method:
BEY = [ (FA – PP) / (PP) ] *[ 365 / DM ]
• FA: face amount of security
• PP: purchase price of security
• DM: days to maturity of security
A $1,000, 13-week T-bill is purchased for $990 – what is its

BEY?
BEY = [ (1000 – 990) / (990) ] *[ 365 / 91 ]

BEY = 4.05%
T-Bills and Equivalent
Annual Yield (EAY) Method:
EAY = (1 + [ BEY / (365 / DM) ] )365/DM - 1
• BEY: bond equivalent yield from the previous slide
• DM: days to maturity of security
Calculate the EAY of the $1,000, 13-week T-bill purchased
for $990 described on the previous slide?
EAY = (1 + [.0405/(365 / 91)])365/91 - 1

EAY = 4.11%
Common Money
Market Instruments
• Treasury Notes: Medium-term (2-
10 years’ original maturity)
obligations of the US Treasury.
• Treasury Bonds: Long-term (more

than 10 years’ original maturity)
obligations of the US Treasury.
Common Money
Market Instruments
• Repurchase Agreements (RPs; repos):
Agreements to buy securities (usually
Treasury bills) and resell them at a
higher price at a later date.
• Bankers’ Acceptances (BAs): Short-
term promissory trade notes for which
a bank (by having “accepted” them)
promises to pay the holder the face
amount at maturity.
Common Money
Market Instruments
• Commercial Paper: Short-term, unsecured
promissory notes, generally issued by large
corporations (unsecured IOUs). The largest
dollar-volume instrument in US. Maturities
don’t exceed 270 days to preclude SEC
registration.
• European Commercial Paper: See above,
except maturities extend to one year and
more active secondary market.
Common Money
Market Instruments
• Federal Agency Securities: Debt securities
issued by federal agencies and government-
sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Examples:
FFCB, FNMA, and FHLMC.
• Negotiable Certificate of Deposit: A large-

denomination investment in a negotiable time
deposit at a commercial bank or savings
institution paying a fixed or variable rate of
interest for a specified period of time.
Common Money
Market Instruments
• Eurodollars: A US dollar-denominated
deposit – generally in a bank located
outside the United States – not subject
to US banking regulations
• Money Market Preferred Stock:

Preferred stock having a dividend rate
that is reset at auction every 49 days.
Selecting Securities for
the Portfolio Segments
Ready Cash
Segment (R$)
F$
Safety and ability to
R$ convert to cash is
most important.
C$
Select US
Treasuries for this
segment.
Controllable Cash
Segment (C$)
F$
Marketability less
R$ important. Possibly
match time needs.
C$ May select CDs,
repos, BAs, euros for
this segment.
Free Cash
Segment (F$)
F$
Base choice on yield
R$ subject to risk-return
trade-offs.
C$ Any money market
instrument may be
selected for this
segment.
TWO MODELS OF CASH
MANAGEMENT
 Baumol Model
 Baumol noted that cash balances are very similar to inventory levels,
and developed a model based on the economic order quantity(EOQ).
Assumptions:
 cash use is steady and predictable
 cash inflows are known and regular
 day-to-day cash needs are funded from current account
 buffer cash is held in short-term investments.
 The formula calculates the amount of funds to inject into the current
account or to transfer into short-term investments at one time:
BAUMOL MODEL
where:
CO = transaction costs (brokerage,commission, etc.)
D = demand for cash over the period
CH = cost of holding cash.
The model suggests that when interest rates are high,

the cash balance held in non-interest-bearing current
accounts should be low. However its weakness is the
unrealistic nature of the assumptions on which it is
based.
Example using the
Baumol model
 A company generates $10,000 per month
excess cash, which it intends to invest in
short-term securities. The interest rate it can
expect to earn on its investment is 5% pa.
The transaction costs associated with each
separate investment of funds is constant at
$50.
Required:
 (a)Whatis the optimum amount of cash to be
invested in each transaction?
 (b)How many transactions will arise each
year?
 (c)What is the cost of making those
transactions pa?
 (d)Whatis the opportunity cost of holding
cash pa?
Miller-Orr
 The Miller-Orr model of cash management is
developed for businesses with uncertain cash
inflows and outflows. This approach allows
lower and upper limits of cash balance to be
set and determine the return point (target
cash balance). This is different from the
Baumol-Tobin model, which is based on the
assumption that the cash spending rate is
constant.
Assumptions
 The cash inflows and cash outflows are stochastic. In other
words, each day a business may have both different cash
payments and different cash receipts.
 The daily cash balance is normally distributed, i.e., it occurs
randomly.
 There is a possibility to invest idle cash in marketable securities.
 There is a transaction fee when marketable securities are
bought or sold.
 A business maintains the minimum acceptable cash balance,
which is called the lower limit.
MILLER-ORR
 A is when the actual cash balance drops to the lower limit. A
company’s management should replenish it to reach the return point,
which can be done by selling investments in marketable securities.
 B is when the actual cash balance touches the upper limit. In such
cases, it is necessary to buy marketable securities and restore the cash
balance down to the return point. The amount to be invested is the
difference between the upper limit and return point.
 The lower limit, L is set by management depending upon how much
risk of a cash shortfall the firm is willing to accept, and this, in turn,
depends both on access to borrowings and on the consequences of a
cash shortfall.
 As mentioned in the previous slide,
the lower limit or safety cash balance
is set by a company's management, but
both the upper limit and return point
depend on the spread. The return point
under the Miller-Orr model is a cash
balance that has to be restored if the
actual cash balance reaches
a lower or upper limit.
EXAMPLE:
 The management of Stilmill Inc. has set a
safety cash balance of $50,000. The standard
deviation (σ) of the daily cash balance during
the last year was $37,500, and the
transaction cost was $75. The company also
has the opportunity to invest idle cash in
marketable securities at an annual interest
rate of 8%.

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Chapter 9

Cash and Marketable

• Motives for Holding Cash

Control through information reporting

= Funds Flow = Information Flow

Mail Processing Availability

Collection Float: Total time between the mailing

Mail Float: Time the check is in the mail.

Processing Float: Time it takes a company

Firm Firm’s bank

Availability Float: Time consumed in clearing

Processing Float Availability Float

Deposit Float: Time during which the check

Definition: A non-negotiable check

75% payroll checks being

Example: A Vermont business pays a Maine

Messaging systems can be:

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

* Except tax refunds and special waiver situations

Financial EDI (FEDI)

Marketability (or Liquidity)

A $1,000, 13-week T-bill is purchased for $990 – what is its

BEY = [ (1000 – 990) / (990) ] *[ 365 / 91 ]

EAY = (1 + [.0405/(365 / 91)])365/91 - 1

• Treasury Bonds: Long-term (more

• Negotiable Certificate of Deposit: A large-

• Money Market Preferred Stock:

The model suggests that when interest rates are high,

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