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Digital Image Representation - Unit1

The document discusses digital image representation and processing. It can be summarized as follows: 1) A digital image is represented as a matrix where each element corresponds to a pixel location and value. The pixel value indicates the brightness or gray level at that point. 2) Digital images are created through sampling and quantization. Sampling digitizes the spatial coordinates and quantization digitizes the brightness values into discrete gray levels. 3) The key steps in digital image processing are image acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation, representation and description, recognition and interpretation. These steps work to improve image quality and extract useful information.

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745 views

Digital Image Representation - Unit1

The document discusses digital image representation and processing. It can be summarized as follows: 1) A digital image is represented as a matrix where each element corresponds to a pixel location and value. The pixel value indicates the brightness or gray level at that point. 2) Digital images are created through sampling and quantization. Sampling digitizes the spatial coordinates and quantization digitizes the brightness values into discrete gray levels. 3) The key steps in digital image processing are image acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation, representation and description, recognition and interpretation. These steps work to improve image quality and extract useful information.

Uploaded by

renuka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Image Representation

•A digital image is an image


f(x,y) that has been digitized
both in spatial coordinates
and brightness.
•The value of f at any point
(x,y) is proportional to the
brightness (or gray level) of
the image at that point.

•Image is a two dimensional


light intensity function f(x,y)
Digital Image Representation(cont’d)
• A digital image can be considered a matrix whose
row and column indices identify a point in the image
and the corresponding element value identifies the
gray level at that point.

•Elements of matrix are called image elements,


Picture elements ,PIXELS or Pels.

•Usually the size of matrix is power of 2 and is


Square.
•Also the grey levels selected is power of 2 i.e.
generally 255(white)
Fundamental steps in digital
image processing
Steps in image processing
Problem definition : Read the address on each piece of mail
and the desired output is the stream of alpha Numeric
characters.
STEP 1: Image acquistion
•An image is captured by a sensor (such as
a monochrome or color TV camera) and
digitized.
• If the output of the camera or sensor is in
analog form, an A/D converter digitizes it.

STEP 2: Preprocessing
•This step improves the image quality.
•This deals with techniques for enhancing constrast,
removing noise and isolating regions whose texture
indicates a likelihood of alphanumeric information
Steps in image processing (cont’d)
STEP 3: SEGMENTATION
• Computer tries to separate objects from the
image background (most difficult tasks in
DIP).
• A rugged segmentation procedure brings the
process a long way toward successful
solution of an image problem.
• Output of the segmentation stage is raw pixel data, constituting
either the boundary of a region or all the points in the region
itself.
i)Boundary Representation- focus is on external characteristics
eg. Corner and inflections.
ii)Regional representations:-focus is on internal properties
eg: Texture or skeletal shape
In some cases both exists. eg: Character recognition
Steps in image processing (cont’d)
Step 4: Representation &
Description
•This is the way of
Representing raw data in the
form suitable for computer
processing
•Description (feature selection)
deals with extracting features
(basic for differentating one
class of objects from others) in
some quantitative form.
Steps in image processing (cont’d)
Step 5 Recognition & Interpretation
Recognition - the process that assigns a label to an
object based on the information provided by its
descriptors.
Interpretation - assigning meaning to an ensemble
of recognized objects.
Eq. group of 5 numerals is interpreted as –ZIP code
Knowledge base: Knowledge about the problem
domain is coded into an image processing system in
the form of knowledge data base. eg: Information of
regions of image - where processing has to be done.
In addition to guiding the operation of each module , it
controls interaction between modules.
GENERAL STEP IN IMAGE
PROCESSING
Steps in image processing (cont’d)
Image Enchanement: Simplest area, based on human
subjective prefences
This technique brings out detail that
is obscured, or simply to highlight
certain features of interest in an
image.

Image Restoration: Improves the appearance of an image


Tend to be based on
mathematical or probabilistic
models of image degradation
Steps in image processing (cont’d)
Color Image Processing: This forms a bases for
extracting features of interest in an image.
Wavelets:Foundation for representing images in
various degrees of resolution.
Used in image data compression and pyramidal
representation (images are subdivided successively
into smaller regions)
Compression: Deals with techniques for
reducing the storage required to save an image or
the bandwidth required to transmit it.
Example image compression standards : JPEG
(Joint Photographic Experts Group),MPEG,TIFF
image compression standards.
Steps in image processing (cont’d)
Morphological processing:
Deals with tools for
extracting image
components ,that are useful
in the representation and
description of shape.
Simultaneous contrast
This is second phenomenon.
Which small square is the darkest one ?
All the small squares
have exactly the same
intensity, but they
appear to the eye
progressively darker as
the background
becomes brighter.

Thus , region’s perceived


brightness does not
depend simply on its
intensity.
Human Perception Phenomena
Image Acquisition
Using Sensor Arrays
A Simple Image Formation Model
• We shall denote images by two-dimensional light
intensity functions of the form
• As light is a form of energy, f(x,y) must be nonzero and
finite .
•f(x.y) is the light energy reflected from the objects, and it is
characterized by (i) the amount of source light incident on
the scene being viewed i(x,y)
(ii) the amount of light reflected by the objects in the scene
r(x,y)

f ( x, y )  i ( x, y )  r ( x, y )
0  f ( x, y)   where 0  i ( x, y )   (illumination)
and 0  r ( x, y )  1 (reflectance)
r(x,y) 0 refers to total absorption
r(x,y) 1 refers to total reflection
Illumination & reflectance
Typical numerical values of:
illumination i(x,y):
Clear day light 9000foot-candles
Cloudy day 1000foot-candles
Full moon day 0.01foot-candles
Commerical office 100foot-candles
Reflectance r(x,y):
Black velvet 0.01 , stainless steel 0.65
flat white wall paint 0.80 , silver –plated metal 0.90

Intensity of image called Gray level(l) lies in range Lmin  l  Lmax


[Lmax, Lmin ] is called the gray scale . Usually this is [0 ,L]
i.e 0 is black and L =255 is white
Image Sampling and Quantization

• Sampling : digitizing
the coordinate value

• Quantization :
digitizing the
amplitude values
Image Sampling and Quantization

Sampling Quantization
Representing Digital Images
• Digitization in spatial coordinates is image sampling
• Digitization in amplitude is grey –level quantization
• The result of sampling and quantization : matrix
of real numbers
Required total storage :
bits =M*N*k
k (bit per pixel)
Digital
 a0, 0 a0,1  a0, N 1
image  a 
a1,1  a1, N 1
A 
1, 0

    
 
aM 1, 0 aM 1, 0  aM 1, N 1 
Representing Digital Images(cont’d)
• Digitization process requries decision about values
M,N and L.
• Requirement on M and N is that they must be
positive no.’s. L must be integer power of 2 due to
processing , storage and sampling hardware
requirements.
Common practice is to have N=2p, M=2k, L=2m

b (No. of bits required to store the digital image )=N2m


Tables below gives the values in terms of bits and bytes
Effects of Spatial Resolution
1024 512 256

The pixel replication


produced a
checkerboard effect ,
which is visible in
images of lower
resolution

32

128 64
Effects of gray scale Resolution
• Here the no. of gray levels are reduced keeping the
spatial resolution constant at 1024x1024 pixels.
Use of insufficient no. of gray levels results in false
contouring at the smooth areas of a digital image.
Effects of Gray-Level Resolution
• Typical effects of varying the number of gray levels in a digital image

256

2
Some Basic Relationships Between
Pixels
• Neighbors of a Pixel N4 ( p) , N D ( p) , N8 ( p)

• Connectivity : if they are neighbors and if their gray-


levels are equal
• Adjacency : if connected, then adjacent
(a) 4-adjacency
(b) 8-adjacency
(c) m-adjacency
• Region : R(subset of pixels in an image)
R : region of the image if R is a connected set
• Boundary : the set of pixels in the region that have
one or more neighbors that are not in R.
Some Basic Relationships Between
Pixels
• example

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