Fuzzy Decision making

FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS (FIS)

 Fuzzy rule based systems, fuzzy models, and fuzzy expert systems are
also known as fuzzy inference systems.
 The key unit of a fuzzy logic system is FIS.
 The primary work of this system is decision-making.
 FIS uses “IF...THEN” rules along with connectors “OR” or “AND” for
making necessary decision rules.
 The input to FIS may be fuzzy or crisp, but the output from FIS is
always a fuzzy set.
 When FIS is used as a controller, it is necessary to have crisp output.
 Hence, there should be a defuzzification unit for converting fuzzy
variables into crisp variables along FIS.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FIS

Rule Base − It contains fuzzy IF-THEN rules.

Database − It defines the membership functions of fuzzy sets used in fuzzy
rules.
Decision-making Unit − It performs operation on rules.
Fuzzification Interface Unit − It converts the crisp quantities into fuzzy
quantities.
Defuzzification Interface Unit − It converts the fuzzy quantities into crisp
quantities.
TYPES OF FIS
There are two types of Fuzzy Inference Systems:

 Mamdani FIS(1975)

 Sugeno FIS(1985)
 MAMDANI FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS (FIS)

Step 1 − Determine a set of Fuzzy rules

Step 2 − Make the input fuzzy using input membership functions
Step 3 − combine the fuzzified inputs according to fuzzy rules for
establishing the rule strength
Step 4 − Determine the consequent of rule by combining the rule
strength and the output membership function.
Step 5 − For getting output distribution combine all the consequents.
Step 6 − Finally, a defuzzified output distribution is obtained.
SUGENO FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS (FIS)
The main steps of the fuzzy inference process namely,

1. Fuzzifying the inputs and

2. applying the fuzzy operator are exactly the same as in MAMDANI FIS.

The main difference between Mamdani’s and Sugeno’s methods is that Sugeno
output membership functions are either linear or constant.

The rule format of sugeno form is given by

IF x is A and y is B THEN z=f(x,y)
Where AB are fuzzy setin the antecedents and z=f(x,y) is a crisp function in the
consequent.
Eg:
“IF 3=x and 5= y then output is z=ax+by+c”
SUGENO FIS
 SUGENO FIS

Sugeno methods can acts as an interpolating supervisor for

multiple linear controller, which are to be applied, because of the
linear dependence of each rule on the input variable of a system.
Advantages:
1. It is computationally efficient
2. It is compact and work well with linear technique,
optimization technique and adaptive technique
3. It is best suited for mathematical analysis
FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEMS

An expert fuzzy system is concept that is much like an expert for a particular
problem in human.
There are two major function of expert system
1. It is expected to deal with uncertain and incomplete information
2. It posses user interaction function, which contain an explanation of
systems intentions and desires as well as decision during and after the
application has been solved.
FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEMS
An expert system contains three major blocks:

 Knowledge base that contains the knowledge specific to the domain of

application.

 Inference engine that uses the knowledge in the knowledge base for
performing suitable reasoning for user’s queries.

 User interface that provides a smooth communication between the user

and the system.
 FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEMS

• Fuzzy expert systems effectively handle both

uncertainty and vagueness(imprecision)

Example fuzzy expert system

• MILORD

• Z-II

• SPERIL
 Expert systems
• MYCIN is an expert system for diagnosing and recommending
treatment of bacterial infections of the blood

• PROSPECTOR is an expert system which was designed for

decision making problems in mineral exploration
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
 Fuzzy Logic Control(FLC)
FLC is the most active research area in the application of fuzzy set
theory, fuzzy reasoning and fuzzy logic

FLC extends industrial process form biomedical instrumentation to

securities

FLC has been utilized in complex problems which can be

controlled by efficient human operator without knowledge of
their underlying dynamics.

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 CONTROL SYSTEM
Any system whose outputs are controlled by some inputs to the system is
called a control system.

Open loop – input control action is independent of the physical system output.

Closed loop- input control action depends on the physical system output.
FUZZY CONTROL
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS (FLC)
ARCHITECTURE OF FLC
 Steps involved in designing a fuzzy logic
controller
1. Locate the input, output and state variable of the plant
under consideration.
2. Split the complete universe of disclosure spanned by each
variable into a number of fuzzy subsets, assigning each
with a linguistic label.
3. Obtain the membership function for each fuzzy subset.
4. Assign the fuzzy relationship between the inputs or states
of fuzzy subsets on one side and the output of fuzzy
subsets on other side, thereby forming the rule base
5. Choose appropriate scaling factor for the input and
output variable for normalizing the variables between
[0,1] and [-1,1] interval
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 Continue…
6. Carry out the fuzzification process
7. Identify the output contributed from each
rule using fuzzy approximate reasoning.
8. Combine the fuzzy outputs obtained from
each rule.
9. Finally, apply defuzzification to form a crisp
output.

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 FLC
The following design elements are adopted for designing a general FLC
system
1. Fuzzification strategies and the interpretation of a fuzzifier
2. Fuzzy knowledge base:
 normalization of the parameter involved;
 partitioning of input and output spaces;
 selection of membership function of a primary fuzzy set
3. Fuzzy rule base
 selection of input and output variable
 source from which fuzzy control rules are to be derived;
 Types of fuzzy control rules;
 Completeness of fuzzy control rules

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 FLC
4. Decision making process
 proper definition of fuzzy implication;
 interpretation of connective “and”
 interpretation of connective “or”
 inference engine
5. Defuzzification strategies and the interpretation
of a defuzzifier

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DESCRIPTION OF FLC COMPONENTS
A Fuzzy Logic Controller usually consists of:

 A fuzzification unit which maps measured inputs of crisp value into

fuzzy linguistic values to be used by a fuzzy reasoning mechanism.
 A knowledge base (KB) which is the collection of expert control
knowledge required to achieve the control objective.
 Fuzzy rule base
 Decision making logic
 A defuzzification unit which converts the inferred fuzzy control action
into the required crisp control values to be entered into the system
process.
ADVANTAGES OF FLC
APPLICATIONS OF FLC
DECISION MAKING
 DECISION MAKING

• Making decision is undoubtedly one of the most fundamental

activities of human beings
• We all are faced in our daily life with varieties of alternative
actions to take
• The beginnings of decision making, as a subject of study, can
be traced, presumably, to the late 18th century, when various
studies were made in France regarding methods of election
and social choice
• Since these initial studies, decision making is based largely on
Theories and Methods developed in this century is enormous
 DECISION MAKING CONTD…
The subject of decision making is
– The study of how decisions are actually made and
– How they can be made better and more successfully
• Much of the focus in developing the field has been in the area
of management in which the decision-making process is of key
importance for functions such as
• Inventory control
• Investment
• personnel actions
• new product development
• allocation of resources and
• many others
 DECISION MAKING CONTD…

• Decision making is an integral part of management planning,

organizing, controlling and motivation processes.
• The selection of one strategy over others depends on some
criteria, like utility, sales, cost, return etc.

• The decision should be made whenever the organization or

an individual faces a problem of decision making or
dissatisfied with the existing decisions or when alternative
decisions are specified.
 DECISION MAKING CONTD…

Classical decision making generally deals with

• A set of alternative states of nature (outcomes, results)
• A set of alternative actions that are available to the decision
maker
• A relation indicating the state or outcome to be expected
from each alternative action
• A utility or objective function, which orders the outcomes
according to their desirability
 DECISION MAKING CONTD…

• A decision is said to be made under conditions of certainty

when the outcome for each action can be determined and
ordered precisely

• The alternative that leads to the outcome yielding the

highest utility is chosen

• That is, the decision making problem becomes an

optimization problem, the problem of maximizing the utility
function
 CLASSES OF DECISION MAKING PROBLEMS

• Several classes of decision-making problems are usually

recognized. These classifications depend upon their criteria
for doing so
Individual decision making and Multiperson decision making
• This classification depends upon the number of decision
makers
• Whether it is only one person or a group of decision makers
involved in the process
 CLASSES OF DECISION MAKING PROBLEMS

Single criterion decision making and Multicriteria decision

making
• This characterisation depends on whether a simple
optimisation of a utility function is done under constraints or
an optimization is done under multiple objective criteria
Single stage decision making and multistage decision making
• This classification is decided on whether decision making can
be done at a single stage or can be done iteratively in several
stages
FUZZY DECISION MAKING

The decision-making process involves three steps:

1. Determining the set of alternatives,

2. Evaluating alternatives,
3. Comparison between alternatives.
 Individual Decision Making

A fuzzy decision situation in this model is characterised by the

following components:
• A set of possible actions: A
• A set of goals-Each goal is expressed in terms of a fuzzy set
defined on A
• A set of constraints - Each of which is also expressed by a
fuzzy set defined on A
Thus, in this process of decision making,
• Relevant goals and constraints are expressed in terms of fuzzy
sets
• A decision is determined by an appropriate aggregation of
these fuzzy sets
 Individual Decision Making
• Consider a set A . The goal and constraints for this set are given by

The fuzzy decision in this case is given by

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 Individual Decision Making
• Once a fuzzy decision has been arrived at, it may be necessary
to choose the "best“ single crisp alternative from this fuzzy
set.
• This may be accomplished in a straightforward manner by
choosing an alternative that attains the maximum
membership grade in D.
• Since this method ignores information concerning any of the
other alternatives, it may not be desirable in all situations.

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MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING
In making a decision when there are several objectives to be realized, then the
decision making is called multiobjective decision making.

Many decision processes may be based on single objectives such as cost

minimization, time consumption, profit maximization and so on.

The main issues in multiobjective decision making are:

 To acquire proper information related to the satisfaction of the objectives

by various alternatives.

 To weigh the relative importance of each objective.

 MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING

• Multiobjective decision making involves selection of one alternative

ai from universe of alternative A given a collection of objectives{o}
that are important for a decision maker.
• Evaluate how best each alternatives satisfies each objectives
• Combine the weighted objectives into an overall decision function
• The decision function represents a mapping of alternatives in A to
an ordinal set of ranks
• To make suitable decision, the process need to weight the relative
importance of each objective.

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MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING

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MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING

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MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING

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MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING

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MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING
 The evaluation of alternatives can be carried out based on several
attributes of the object called multiattribute decision making.

 The attributes may be classified into numerical data, linguistic data and
qualitative data.
MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING
The problem of decision-making structure in multiattributes deals with
determination of an evaluation structure for the multiattribute decision making
from the available multiattribute data xi (i = 1 to n) and alternative evaluations
y shown in the table.
MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING
It can also be said multiattribute evaluation is carried out on the basis
of the linear equation and determination of the weight of each
attribute

It is necessary to determine the coefficient Ai for linear multiattribute

evaluation which best estimates the evaluation of the alternative for
the given object. A few vector expressions are given below
MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING
MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING
Here x={x1,x2,…..xn}, a={a1,a2….an) and f=(f1,f2..fn)and xT gives a transposition of
vector x. Note that here y and Ai are fuzzy number. Additionally, for y such
that cT|x|<|y-xT a|, μ(y)=0. for determining this kind of possibilistic
evaluation function, a measure for minimizing the possibility width is used.

To determine the possibilistic evaluation , the following linear equation has to

be solved

Where k=[0,1]indicates the congruence of the possubilistic regression model.

Thus for evaluation of multiattribute decision making , possibilistic regression
analysis is effective.