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4.6 Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model: Mobile Communications Lecture 5

The two-ray ground reflection model approximates the total electric field at a receiver as the sum of the direct line-of-sight (LOS) path and a ground reflection path. It derives an expression for received power as a function of transmit power, transmitter and receiver antenna gains and heights, carrier wavelength, and distance. Diffraction occurs when the radio path is obstructed by a surface with sharp irregularities. In knife-edge diffraction geometry, the excess path length is defined as the difference between the diffracted and direct paths and can be calculated using angles and distances in the diagram.

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Qusai Hammash
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109 views

4.6 Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model: Mobile Communications Lecture 5

The two-ray ground reflection model approximates the total electric field at a receiver as the sum of the direct line-of-sight (LOS) path and a ground reflection path. It derives an expression for received power as a function of transmit power, transmitter and receiver antenna gains and heights, carrier wavelength, and distance. Diffraction occurs when the radio path is obstructed by a surface with sharp irregularities. In knife-edge diffraction geometry, the excess path length is defined as the difference between the diffracted and direct paths and can be calculated using angles and distances in the diagram.

Uploaded by

Qusai Hammash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mobile Communications Lecture 5

4.6 Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model

Ground

The total electric field at the receiver ETOT is given as


ETOT  E LOS  E r
4 E 0d 0 ht hr
ETOT  ……….(1)
d 2
Derivation of the received power at the receiver can be
obtained as follows.
The power flux density at d 0 is given by
2
PG E
Pd (d 0 )  t t2  0
4 d 0 
4 E 02d 02  PG
t t ……....(2)
2
ETOT 2
ETOT Gr 2
Pr (d )  Pd Aer  A  ...……(3)
 er  4

1
Substitute (1) in (3),

 4 E 0d 0 ht hr 
2

  G  2 (4 ) 2 E 2d 2 h 2 h 2 G  2
Pr (d )    d2  r  0 0 t r r
 4 d
2 4
4
4 E 02d 02 ht2 hr2G r
Pr (d )  … ….……..(4)
d 4
Substituting (2) in (4) gives

t t ht hr G r
2 2
PG
Pr (d ) 
d 4
2 2
PG G h h
Pr (d )  t t r4 t r
d
Pt Pt
PL (dB)  10 Log  10 Log 2 2
Pr (d ) PG
t t G r ht hr
d4
The power path loss is expressed as
d4
PL (dB)  10 Log
G tG r ht2 hr2
=40Log d  10Log G t  10Log G r  20Log ht  20Log hr
Example 3.6
A mobile is located 5 km away from a base station and uses a

vertical monopole antenna with a gain of 2.55 dB to
4
receive cellular radio signals. The E-field at 1 km from the

2
transmitter is measured to be 103 V/m. The carrier frequency
used for this system is 900 MHz.
(a) Find the length and the gain of the receiving antenna.
(b) Find the received power at the mobile using the 2-ray
ground reflection model assuming the height of the
transmitting antenna is 50 m and the receiving antenna
is 1.5 m above ground.
Answer:
d = 5 km
E 0 = 1 V/m
d 0 = 1 km
f c = 900 MHz

c 3 108 1
(a)     m = 33.333 cm .
f 900  10 3
6

 33.33
The length of receive antenna =   8.333 cm .
4 4
G r (dB)  2.55 dB = 10 LogG r
2.55
LogG r   0.255  G r  100.255  1.8
10
4 E 0d 0 ht hr 4 103 1000  50  1.5
(b) ETOT  
d 2
0.333  50002
ETOT  113.1 V/m

3
2
ETOT 2
ETOT G r  2 (113.1106 ) 2 1.8  0.3332
Pr (d )  Aer  
  4 120 4
Pr (5000)  5.4 1013 W  122.68 dBW .

4.7 Diffraction
Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the
transmitter and receiver is obstructed by a surface that has
sharp irregularities (edges).
Knife-edge diffraction geometry:

Diffracted path
α
h
β γ

Direct path
No LOS

Transmitter d1 d2 Receiver
TX RX

The excess path length  is defined as the length difference


between the diffracted and direct paths. It can be obtained as
follows.
  1   2
1  d 12  h 2  d 1 ,  2  d 22  h 2  d 2

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