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sustainability

Communication
COVID-19 and the UN Sustainable Development
Goals: Threat to Solidarity or an Opportunity?
Walter Leal Filho 1,2, * , Luciana Londero Brandli 3, * , Amanda Lange Salvia 3 ,
Lez Rayman-Bacchus 4 and Johannes Platje 5
1 European School of Sustainability Science and Research, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences,
Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, Germany
2 Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street,
Manchester M1 5GD, UK
3 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEAR), Postgraduate Program in Civil and Environmental
Engineering (PPGEng), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo 99052900, Brazil;
amandasalvia@gmail.com
4 The Business School, University of Winchester, Winchester SO22 5HT, UK;
lez.rayman-bacchus@winchester.ac.uk
5 Faculty of Finance and Management, WSB University in Wrocław, ul. Fabryczna 29-31,
53-609 Wrocław, Poland; Johannes.platje@wsb.wroclaw.pl
* Correspondence: w.leal@mmu.ac.uk (W.L.F.); brandli@upf.br (L.L.B.)

Received: 27 May 2020; Accepted: 17 June 2020; Published: 1 July 2020 

Abstract: COVID-19, as a pandemic, is impacting institutions around the world. Its scope and
economic dimensions also mean that it poses a major threat towards achieving the UN Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). This article discusses how the coronavirus pandemic may influence
the SDGs and could affect their implementation. The methods used entail an analysis of the
literature, observations and an assessment of current world trends. The results obtained point
out that, while COVID-19 has become a priority to many health systems in developing nations,
they still need to attend to many other existing diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and others.
Further, the study shows that strong concerns in dealing with COVID-19 are disrupting other disease
prevention programs. As a result, problems such as mental health are also likely to be overlooked,
since the isolation of social distancing may mask or lead to an increase in the percentage of suffers.
The paper suggests that, due to its wide scope and areas of influence, COVID-19 may also jeopardize
the process of the implementation of the SDGs. It sends a cautious warning about the need to continue
to put an emphasis on the implementation of the SDGs, so that the progress achieved to date is
not endangered.

Keywords: SDGs implementation; COVID-19 pandemic economic impact; UN Sustainable


Development Goals

1. Introduction
The Sustainable Development Goals were approved by the United Nations in 2015. They have
been in place for five years, and already many nations seem to be falling behind in meeting their
targets [1]. There are signs that the impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy will be more intense
and long-lasting than those felt during the 2008–2009 global financial crisis [2]. These impacts pose a
serious threat to the development prospects of less industrialized nations, and to the realization of the
UN SDGs by 2030. Nevertheless, the UN remains optimistic, as it launches a plan to “defeat the virus
and build a better world” [3]. The plan calls for international solidarity, for the leading economies
to develop “coordinated, decisive, inclusive and innovative policy action” especially financial and

Sustainability 2020, 12, 5343; doi:10.3390/su12135343 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability


Sustainability 2020, 12, 5343 2 of 14

technical support to the world’s most vulnerable and poor [3]. The UN has also launched an appeal to
raise USD 2 billion to fight COVID-19 [4]. This is necessary as the pandemic can, for example, lead to a
“famine of biblical proportions” [5].
The pandemic of the Spanish flu in 1918–1920 shows that after a sharp economic decline in the
initial phase in the USA, the early reaction and strict policy reduced the death toll and prevented the
negative effects to persist over time [6]. In hindsight, the economic effects of SARS-1 may have been
lower than was predicted or presented in the media [7]. Very often, the effects of a pandemic are most
strongly felt by the weakest, such as people who are in a lockdown without paid leave, and thus having
difficulties with buying the daily necessities. In particular, women, low-wage employees and part-time
workers are hurt [8]. The problems in the management of pandemics are not only limited to the late
reaction of policy makers due to the ignorance of threats. In the case of the Spanish flu and SARS-1,
the potential threat of these pandemics was ignored or not taken seriously [8,9]. Further, in the case of
the current pandemic, there were signs of potential trouble already in November 2019, while only in
January 2020, action was undertaken in China [10]. Thus, even with experience of SARS-1, and the
relatively quick action in China, Taiwan, etc. [11], the reaction was delayed. Downplaying the threat
of COVID-19 by comparing it to a “normal flu” could be widely observed in politics and the media
during the first months of 2020 [9].
This paper explores how the coronavirus pandemic may affect addressing societal issues at the
heart of some of the SDGs. The rationale behind the decision of not to examine all SDGs in this paper is
because the focus is on those more directly affected by COVID-19, and where there is a pressing need
for urgent action. This is the case for SDGs such as 1 (No poverty), 2 (Zero hunger), 3 (Good health),
4 (Quality education), 5 (Gender equality), 8 (Decent work), 10 (Reduce inequalities) and 16 (Peace,
justice and strong institutions). There are other SDGs whose relevance to COVID-19 are not as pressing,
such as 7 (Affordable and clean energy), 14 (Life below water) or 15 (Life on land), hence they were not
considered in this study.
It first outlines the origins of the virus in Wuhan, an industrialized city in China. The paper
then presents the approach, materials and methods used in organizing and constructing the
arguments presented. It highlights the approach of combining (a) impact as the phenomenon
under study, (b) the economy as an ecosystem and (c) a critical reflection on economic development.
The first two parts provide insight, while the third draws on this insight to call for action in order to
better achieve the SDGs. Following this methodological framework, and by way of providing a wider
contemporary context for exploring the impact, Section 3 outlines some of the immediate economic
impacts of the virus, touching on international trade, financial markets, air travel and employment.
This is followed by a discussion of the likely unfolding direction of impact of COVID-19, drawing on
recent analyses, research and informed observations about the future world economy and possible
consequences for implementing the SDGs.

COVID-19: The Origins of the Problem


The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered
coronavirus. The infection originated in the Hubei province of Wuhan, China, in December 2019.
Reports of a pneumonia-like condition were issued in the first week of December 2019. During the
initial stages of the pneumonia-like condition, patients often suffer from severe acute respiratory
infection symptoms, while other patients may experience respiratory failure [12].
On 7 January 2020, the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) successfully
identified and classified the novel COVID-19 from a throat swab of a patient [1]. COVID-19 has a
coronavirus-specific nucleic acid sequence that is different from previously known human coronaviruses,
and is similar to those found in bats [13].
The virus is highly infectious and is mostly transmitted in droplets emitted from an infected
individual’s mouth or nose. COVID-19 induces multiple effects on its human host, with respiratory tract
infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5343 3 of 14

(MERS) being more prominent. Most symptoms are mild, whereas other patients experience more
severe symptoms such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema and organ failure, which may lead to
death [12].
The virus was initially confined to China, but it quickly spread to other parts of the word.
The first countries to report cases of COVID-19 were Japan, South Korea and Thailand [12]. Most cases
out of China were initially a result of international travel rather than local transmission. As of
30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency after an
extensive assessment of the epidemic [14].
Following the official WHO warning, the number of global cases rose rapidly, with over 100,000
confirmed cases in 114 countries by early March 2020. The incidence of local transmissions is still
increasing at an alarming rate. The severity of the problem led WHO to characterize the situation as
a pandemic as of 11 March 2020 [15]. Since then, the epicenter of COVID-19 shifted to Europe and
to the United States, with more reported cases and deaths than the rest of the world. The United
Kingdom has, so far, recorded the most cases and deaths in Europe [16].
As of 19 March 2020, approximately 176 countries and across all regions have been affected by
COVID-19 with over 6.2 million confirmed cases worldwide, and over 380,000 deaths [16]. Alternatively,
China has managed to reduce the spread of the disease within its borders [17], and the current epicenter
of the problem is in Europe and in the Americas, though it is expected that the African continent will
soon be affected, with South Africa having the most cases on the continent so far.

2. Conceptual Approach, Method of Data Collection and Materials


In order to better understand the unfolding economic and social impacts of COVID-19, including
the impacts on the SDGs, and potential strategic responses, a critical, evidence-based assessment
was performed. First, this exploratory study, employs a critical contextual approach grounded in
a systems theoretic, in order to examine, and respond to, the macro impacts (economic, social and
environmental) in context [18,19]. Impact here means the effects an event (i.e., COVID-19) has on
trade and employment, social and public health and the environment. The approach combines (a) a
constructed focus on impact (economic, social, environmental), (b) set in context (the contemporaneous
economy as ecosystem), and (c) a critical reflection on the notion of economic development. From a
systems theory perspective: first, the phenomenon under investigation, impact, always exists within
a context, and the latter inherently influences the former; second, the modern industrial economy
(i.e., capitalism) is arguably humanity’s largest socially constructed ecosystem, and which shapes our
entire way of life [20]; and third, as an ecosystem, the global economy self-organizes through learning,
but suffers structural irreversibility and a tendency for growth to slow down, leading to the loss of
continuity and uncertainty in the future [21].
This approach helps organize the understanding of the pervasive influence of, and unreflective
commitment to, a singular paradigmatic notion of economic growth (i.e., GDP), and the general
economic impact assessment below (Section 3) asserts this observation. Going further, critical reflection
helps raise awareness of potential alternative paradigms of growth, such as one that includes equity
and well-being. This critical reflection also invites engagement with an alternative paradigm, in order
to better realize the achievement of SDGs. A critical awareness helps everyone, from policy makers
to individuals, become more accountable and to secure the social influences and resources needed to
promote positive change (i.e., achieve the SDGs) [19].
The data collection method involved the collection and review—both rapid and scoping [22]—of
online sources between March and May 2020. In the review, we juxtaposed a wide range of materials,
including policy and media reports, and blogs, in the search for patterns on emerging economic impacts,
as well as on potential policy responses to the crisis. We also reviewed published research on
fundamental social themes (including collateral harm from the crisis, including the specter of rising
poverty, the vulnerability of health care systems, the threat of (nationalist) patriotism to global solidarity,
and calls for a new capitalism). In addition, an online search for “COVID-19 and impact” was carried
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5343 4 of 14

out in June 2020, in order to assess any pattern of search showing interest in economic, social and
environmental issues.
The review categorized references to COVID-19 into (a) economic, (b) social and (c) environmental.
We identified three key stakeholder groups attached to all references: concerned policy makers
(e.g., UNCTAD), market share-dealing participants (e.g., S&P 500) and informed observers (e.g., Forbes).
A content analysis of these published materials identified overlapping concerns and arguments,
representing a convergence of thinking among stakeholders about the nature of (a) the economic
impact (in particular financial size of impact and scope, sectors facing immediate collapse, including
impact on international supply chains), and (b) the social impact (including public health and public
health systems, loss of employment and poverty, education, gender). These analyses were mapped to
the SDGs, highlighting which SDGs would be adversely affected. The review also identified potential
challenges to overcoming the pandemic (unlikelihood of an early vaccine) and possible technological
solutions (tracing using electronic surveillance).

3. General Economic Impacts of COVID-19


The initial concerns among key stakeholders confirm their preoccupation with the impact of
COVID-19 on economic growth. Reports highlight that the social and economic impacts of COVID-19
are unprecedented, and continue to unveil themselves.
The expected global recession is expected to be worse that the 2007–2009 financial crisis, while the
longer-run effects depend on when the virus peaks [23]. The UN Trade and Development Agency
(UNCTAD) estimates the cost to the global economy in 2020 will be around USD 1 trillion [24]. However,
this may be optimistic due to the uncertainty of the length of the epidemic, its spread and impact and
differing government policy responses.
In the first quarter of 2020, global financial markets collapsed, due to—or accelerated by—a
global economic shutdown, fear and uncertainty about the future. During February 2020, the USA
S&P 500 fell over 30% [25]. Contributing factors include: interruptions to international supply chains
and reduced trade due to business closures in China, Europe and elsewhere as the virus spreads;
and disruption to economic activity through removal of the labor force (infection, mortality, social
distancing, lockdown), aimed at interrupting the transmission of the virus. This forced jump to remote
working may herald positive and permanent change for some, but not all work can be done remotely,
e.g., in travel, agriculture and manufacturing.
International travel has enabled the rapid spread of the epidemic, highlighting the
interconnectedness of economies. Travel restrictions have grown significantly, with many governments
imposing either a total or partial border closure, while airlines are grounding flights, further reducing
international trade and tourism. Indeed, many airlines may face bankruptcy [26]. Unprecedented
levels of unemployment loom, and the need for government support may force governments to take on
uncomfortably high levels of debt, as many sectors in the economy require support. A pandemic causes
huge uncertainty, and makes the vulnerabilities and fragilities of the current economic system visible.
The high uncertainty makes it difficult to predict what the long-term effects of the pandemic will
be [27,28]. Since the emergence of the virus approximately six months ago, the economic impacts
of COVID-19 have received by far the greatest concentration of attention to date (to June 2020).
An online search for “COVID-19 and impact” returned 4,280,000,000 hits. Among the first 100 hits,
68 (68%) referred to impacts on the economy and business, with some sources focused on sector
impacts, including aviation, tourism and retail, among others (Table 1). Of the first ten hits, eight were
economic/business/financial. From a systems theoretical perspective, this concentration of attention to
economic and business concerns in relation to other factors confirms the centrality of the economy as the
ecosystem of everyday life, and the context for any assessment of impact thereon. Further noteworthy
is the complete absence of the ecological environment from the top 100 hits.
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5343 5 of 14

Table 1. Top 100 online hits for “COVID-19 and impact”: non-economic impacts.

Top 100 Online Hits for “COVID-19 and Impact”: Non-economic Impacts (Google), 9 June 2020
1–50 51–100
Economic + Business Economy 0.5, 0.5
Business 0.5
Labor/work 1
Social Health/medical 1,1 1, 1, 1, 1
Education 1 1, 1
Individual mobility 0.5
Gender Women 0.5, 1 0.5
Children 1, 1
Environmental
Administrative and Other Air traffic (Europe) 1
Legal services 1 1
EU projects admin 1
Weather forecast infrastructure 1
Info + Research Aggregator (Wiki) 1 1
Mass media 1
Socio-econ Socio-econ 1, 1 1, 1, 1
Social 1 1
Global poverty 1
TOTAL (1-50 + 51-100)
Non-econ: 32% (14 + 18)/100 14/50 18/50
Econ only: 68% (36 + 32)/100 36/50 32/50
Note: A score of 0.5 means a particular hit straddles two categories: impact on women in small fishing businesses;
econ impact on women; econ impact on individual mobility; econ impact on women entrepreneurs.

4. Findings and Discussion: Non-financial Impacts


In addition to the aforementioned economic impacts of COVID-19, the pandemic poses a threat to
sustainable development. In particular, it may endanger the implementation of the UN Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), which are set to be reached by 2030. Such impacts are already negative
to rich countries, so they are likely to be felt more strongly across developing nations, which do not
have the capacity or the resources to cope with the many economic and social challenges inflicted by
the disease. A recently published working paper [29] estimates that the COVID-19 economic shutdown
will push 420–580 million people into poverty, causing global poverty to rise for the first time since 1990.
Based on this report, Oxfam is calling on world leaders to agree an economic rescue package to support
vulnerable economies and their communities [30]. There can be little doubt that this “poverty tsunami
. . . in developing countries” [31] is intimately bound up with other social ills, including health, conflict,
loss of livelihood and inequality. Nevertheless, the first direct reference to (global) poverty in the top
100 hits was at number 97. Some of the potential impacts of COVID-19 on the SDGs are summarized in
Figure 1.
The impacts of the coronavirus disease on the social aspects of sustainability are not only limited to
SDG 1 (No poverty) and SDG 2 (Zero hunger). Moreover, pandemics in the past teach us they can leave
a significant psychological impact [8], which is undoubtedly amplified by embedded socio-economic
inequalities and uncertainty of the future. Millions of people around the world have no income security,
no unemployment insurance or sick pay [32] and often very limited savings, whose living conditions
will be worsened by the pandemic. The lockdown in many countries has been preventing people
from going to work, and this will persist for an unknown length of time, potentially the rest of 2020
and beyond.
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5343 6 of 14
Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 15

Figure
Figure 1. Some
1. Some of the
of the mainimpacts
main impactsof
of COVID-19
COVID-19 on
onthe
theSustainable
SustainableDevelopment Goals.
Development Goals.

As any The other


impacts of the coronavirus
disease, diseaseare
the first effects on the
feltsocial
in the aspects
healthof sustainability
systems, posing are not only limited
a threat to SDG 3
to SDG 1 (No poverty) and SDG 2 (Zero hunger). Moreover, pandemics
(Good health and well-being): hospitals and other health facilities in many countries are overloaded in the past teach us they can
leave a significant psychological impact [8], which is undoubtedly amplified
and people may not seek medical care (in case of real need) for being afraid of getting infected in by embedded socio-
economic inequalities and uncertainty of the future. Millions of people around the world have no
these places. The lack of equipment and infra-structure in weak health systems means that the level of
income security, no unemployment insurance or sick pay [32] and often very limited savings, whose
mortality may be high.
living conditions will be worsened by the pandemic. The lockdown in many countries has been
Further,
preventing while COVID-19
people from going has tobecome
work, aandpriority to many
this will persisthealth
for ansystems
unknown in developing
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they potentially
still need to theattend to many
rest of 2020 other existing diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and others.
and beyond.
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other disease, thethat
firstdealing with
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in the health is systems,
disrupting other
posing disease
a threat to prevention
SDG 3
programs
(Good[33].health The
andhealthcare
well-being):systems
hospitalsofand most
otherdeveloping countries
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ill-equipped to cope with
are overloaded
and people
an array of public mayhealth
not seek medical care
problems, due(intocase
lackof of
realfunding,
need) forequipment
being afraidand of getting infected
qualified in
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these places. The lack of equipment and infra-structure in weak health
Mental health problems are also likely to be overlooked, since the isolation of social distancing maysystems means that the level
maskoformortality
lead to an may be high.
increase in the percentage of suffers.
Further, while COVID-19 has become a priority to many health systems in developing nations,
Companies around the world have been forced to shut down and suspend activities. Even though
they still need to attend to many other existing diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and others.
examples from countries which already experienced the worst phase (as China) show that activities
Indeed, there is strong concern that dealing with COVID-19 is disrupting other disease prevention
progressively
programs [33]. returnTheto normality,
healthcare systems many small
of most businesses
developing may are
countries notill-equipped
survive this difficult
to cope with anperiod.
Additionally, employees may be furloughed (temporarily suspended)
array of public health problems, due to lack of funding, equipment and qualified personnel. Mentalwhile the economy recovers,
or be health
made problems
unemployed [34].likely
are also The tocurrent pandemic
be overlooked, notthe
since only depresses
isolation the economy
of social distancing(and mayconsequently
mask or
the scope
lead to ofanSDG 8 (Decent
increase in the work and economic
percentage of suffers. growth)) but also increases the likelihood of conflicts
(within and Companies around the
across borders) andworld have jeopardizes
therefore been forced to theshut
goaldown and suspend
of global peace and activities.
justiceEven
(SDG 16:
Peace,though
justiceexamples
and strong frominstitutions).
countries which already experienced the worst phase (as China) show that
activities progressively return to normality, many small businesses may not survive this difficult
According to [35], more than 130 countries have implemented nationwide closures of schools
period. Additionally, employees may be furloughed (temporarily suspended) while the economy
and universities, impacting over 80% of the world’s student population (i.e., schools and universities).
recovers, or be made unemployed [34]. The current pandemic not only depresses the economy (and
Manyconsequently
educational institutions are attempting to maintain programs through online education. However,
the scope of SDG 8 (Decent work and economic growth)) but also increases the
equitylikelihood of conflicts (withinaccess
is a major constraint on and acrossto distance
borders)learning.
and thereforeIn developing
jeopardizes the countries, manypeace
goal of global students
do not have access to the internet, or do not
and justice (SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions). possess personal computers or tablets, or a safe and
supportive learningtoenvironment
According [35], more thanappropriate
130 countriesfor havee-learning.
implemented Thenationwide
pandemicclosures
will therefore
of schoolsharm
and universities,
education in all spheres impacting over 80%education),
(SDG 4—Quality of the world’s drivingstudent
up thepopulation (i.e., schools
need for childcare, andandcausing
higher economic costs, increased pressure on schools and a rise of dropout rates.
Gender equality (SDG 5) tends to get more uneven with the impoverishment of nations. Although
numerous women are making essential contributions as leaders and frontline responders during
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5343 7 of 14

the COVID-19 pandemic, they are also more affected by the health, economic and social impacts of
the outbreak. Some impacts are expected for SDG 5 [36] such as exacerbated burdens of unpaid care
work for women and girls, rise of domestic violence due to heightened tensions in the household,
decline in women’s economic empowerment, exclusion from leadership roles and interrupted access
to sexual and reproductive health. Similarly, inequalities in income and wealth are severe and can be
expected to widen globally with the pandemic (SDG 10); those not dependent on employment will
be marginally affected, while those on low income will probably fall into poverty. The wide range of
resources available in the rich world will not fully reach the poor, who will be even more affected by
the forthcoming economic crisis, especially in Africa [37]. The COVID-19 pandemic also highlights the
link between clean water and health, especially because a large percentage of the global population
does not have access to proper sanitation and drinking water (SDG 6).
A recent review of scenarios of the future of the USA economy, put forward by various think
tanks (the right-leaning American Enterprise Institute, the left-leaning Center for American Progress,
Harvard University’s Safra Center for Ethics) and Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Romer,
identified similarities in their projections [38]. These scenarios see economic recovery as (1) requiring
the control of COVID-19 to be established quickly, which in turn requires an effective vaccine to be
developed (but which may be 18 months away), (2) coupled with mass testing and mass surveillance
and (3) significantly lower rates of infection such that national healthcare systems will have the capacity
to manage. In terms of mass surveillance, Google and Apple have formed a partnership to enable
the tracking of Android and iOS devices, providing information that health authorities will be able to
use to map the spread of COVID-19 infection [39]. Communication technology is not a silver bullet
as access is not universal, but it seems to promise cost-effective penetration of populations and user
identification. More than 60% of the globe has access to either a mobile or smart phone [40], though this
masks that in developed economies, 75% of the population has access to mobile internet connectivity,
while only 40% of the lower- and middle-income population has access. Moreover, in South Asia
and sub-Saharan Africa, there remains persistent gaps in gender usage and between rural and urban
take-up [41].
There is already a valuable historical precedent for this surveillance strategy, in the form of a
developed framework for managing the contagion of the Ebola disease [42], and detecting those with
latent tuberculosis infection [43]. Still, civil liberty and privacy advocacy groups see danger in this
development as Big Tech and governments may misuse such information. While the political dangers
are real, this technological and strategic approach may turn out to be an unexpected enabler of SDG
implementation, in particular towards improving public health (SDG-3), with spillover effects that
contribute to other SDGs. For example, there is evidence that pro-growth government spending
during a recession carries “significant positive multipliers in social protection, health and education
sectors” [44]. The same can be said about the positive effects of seeking green public procurement (GPP),
which can not only contribute to economic development but also promote environmental benefits and
even focus on the non-environmental part of the Sustainable Development Goals [45]. GPP can also be
seen as a valuable resource especially for small and medium enterprises to reduce their risks and be
prepared in times of crisis, promoting marketing growth and green networks [46].
The IMF (International Monetary Fund) expects low-income countries to suffer most, through
growing capital outflows [47] and flight into the dollar and euro, while the strengthening of the dollar
could be damaging to economies dependent on the export of natural resources. The poor, not only in
emerging and low-income economies, with low savings and less access to health care are expected
to suffer disproportionately more [47]. Many developing nations will become poorer. The higher
unemployment rates and the expected difficulties in servicing debt obligations means that chronic
problems such as limited food supplies (SDG2), reduced access to health care (SDG3) and disruption to
school education (SDG4), among others, will worsen. Developing nations, especially in Africa and
Latin America, will also take longer to recover from these damages, and will need much support in
respect of aid and subsidies, before they can get back on their feet. It is no exaggeration to suggest
suffer disproportionately more [47]. Many developing nations will become poorer. The higher
unemployment rates and the expected difficulties in servicing debt obligations means that chronic
problems such as limited food supplies (SDG2), reduced access to health care (SDG3) and disruption
to school education (SDG4), among others, will worsen. Developing nations, especially in Africa and
Latin America,
Sustainability will also take longer to recover from these damages, and will need much support
2020, 12, 5343 8 of 14 in
respect of aid and subsidies, before they can get back on their feet. It is no exaggeration to suggest
that the impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy will be more intense and long-lasting than those
thatfelt
theduring
impacts theof2008–2009
COVID-19global on thefinancial
global economy will be more
crisis. It therefore posesintense and long-lasting
a serious threat to the than those
development
felt prospects
during theof2008–2009 global financial crisis. It therefore poses a serious
less industrialized nations, which will now need more time to implement the SDGs. threat to the development
prospects of less
All nations industrialized
have been nations,
caught which
unpreparedwill nowfor need more time
a pandemic. Intoanticipation
implement the of aSDGs.
demand for
assistance, on March 3 2020, the World Bank allocated USD 12 billion emergency for
All nations have been caught unprepared for a pandemic. In anticipation of a demand assistance,
funding to help
on March 3 2020, the World Bank allocated USD 12 billion emergency funding
developing countries strengthen their health systems against COVID-19 [48]. The COVID-19 crisis is to help developing
countries
revealingstrengthen
chronic their health systems
underinvestment in against
healthcareCOVID-19
systems[48]. overThetheCOVID-19
last decade crisis
among is revealing
developed
chronic
economies (in governance, financing, service delivery, medicines and equipment, healtheconomies
underinvestment in healthcare systems over the last decade among developed workers and
(in governance,
information financing, service [49],
communication) delivery,
and medicines and equipment,
a critical lack of resiliencehealth
in theseworkers and[50,51].
systems information
Further,
communication) [49], and a critical lack of resilience in these systems [50,51].
addressing such failings may pose a serious danger to global investments in social and healthcare Further, addressing such
failings may pose a serious danger to global investments in social and healthcare
systems, both directly and indirectly. Some developed nations are likely to prioritize investing in systems, both directly
andnational
indirectly. Some developed
emergency and economicnations are likely
recovery to prioritize
programs, investing
potentially in national
further emergency
undermining and
an existing
economic recovery programs, potentially further undermining an existing
need for investment in developing countries’ healthcare systems [52,53]. The crisis is also fueling need for investment in
developing countries’ healthcare systems [52,53]. The crisis is also fueling
populism and nationalism via patriotism [54,55], potentially undermining international solidarity. populism and nationalism
via For
patriotism
example, [54,55], potentially
President Donald undermining
Trump (USA) international
has signedsolidarity.
a USD 2 For example,
trillion relief President
bill, 99% of Donald
which is
Trump (USA) has signed a USD 2 trillion relief bill, 99% of which is tied to
tied to emergency and economic initiatives [56]. Fox News questions why some USD 12 billion of this emergency and economic
initiatives
fund has [56]. Foxallocated
been News questions why not
to projects some USD 12related
directly billion to
of the
this US
fund has been In
epidemic. allocated
contrast, to projects
the British
not government
directly related to the US epidemic. In contrast, the British government
has pledged GBP 200 million to WHO and NGOs (non-governmental institutions) has pledged GBP 200 million in
to WHO and NGOs (non-governmental institutions) in order to fight coronavirus
order to fight coronavirus [57]. Indeed, there is evidence of societal stakeholders around the [57]. Indeed, there
world
is evidence of societal stakeholders around the world taking a shared responsibility:
taking a shared responsibility: by May 2 2020, some 1191 donors have pledged USD 15.8 billion to by 2 May 2020,
some 1191
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[50].

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Figure 2. Funding
2. Funding response
response to COVID-19
to the the COVID-19 threat.
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in [58].

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as Wintour of The
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andother
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ansolidarity in orderintoorder
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SDGs. international solidarity issolidarity
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a global quality
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individual shows,
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shows, voluntary
it also involves choices
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choices
andbehavior
strategic [59,60].
behavior Further,
[59,60].seeking
Further,solidarity towards atowards
seeking solidarity relatively abstract abstract
a relatively idea (theidea
SDGs)
(theisSDGs)
difficult
is difficult to maintain. COVID-19 presents an emergency (clear and present danger), which can
galvanize a patriotic and collective response, while the SDGs are relatively abstract (out of sight, out of
mind) with no immediately clear consequences (climate change notwithstanding).
Nevertheless, the international development community fears that COVID-19 foreshadows
reduced political support for aid, where other significant development and health priorities may be
marginalized, and there could be some form of rationing of work among NGOs and implementers [61].
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5343 9 of 14

While national priorities must be addressed, there is a danger of divergent positions undermining the
solidarity of which the UN speaks and underpins the SDGs being realized, with consequences for the
recipient developing economies. Further, many countries are appealing to national patriotism to fight
COVID-19 [62–64], potentially undermining international solidarity, though the Chinese media speak
of the country’s desire to help the rest of the world [65].
In contrast with these social adverse impacts, the shutdown of entire economies around the
world has led to significant reductions in CO2 emissions, as the demand for fossil fuel plummeted;
air travel all but ceased and industrial operations stopped [66]. Indeed, the world’s population has been
experiencing cleaner air, beaches and much reduced noise pollution. However, alongside these benefits,
waste has risen as recycling and waste management facilities closed down [67], and packaging from
surging online shopping accumulates [68]. These improvements are temporary; when economic
activity returns we can expect a return to former levels of environmental degradation.
A further positive change is that enforced social isolation is stimulating the digital economy,
including greater demand for streaming services, video conferencing and e-commerce. Business,
governments and educational services are all exploring these developments. Indeed, the establishment
of more online education promises a more inclusive educational framework [68]. Looking ahead,
some permanent change in working practices seems likely, as organizations institute some greater
proportion of remote/home-based working, for both its economic and environmental benefits.

Post-Lockdown: Business as Usual, or Opportunity for Change?


More broadly, the preceding discussion of impact in context highlights the immediacy and primacy
of concerns being centered on adverse impacts on the economy, with social and environmental impacts
emerging as additional concerns. The commentary on the consequences of the economic slowdown
quickly widens and deepens, taking in unemployment and poverty and other forms of social distress,
as represented in Figure 1. Nevertheless, alongside the commentary on the spread of the virus and
its ongoing impact, close monitoring by governments of daily fatalities rates are accompanied by
projections about when the economy might be restarted. There remains resistance among some
government leaders to shut down economic activity [69,70], and impatience by at least one to reopen
its economies (USA), reflecting an unstated acceptance among some leaders of the risks to health this
would involve, though none have specified or quantified what level of potential harm is acceptable [71].
Indeed, the world seems divided—between the “cautious East” and the “wild West”—on when to
recommence normal economic activity [72].
The positive impact on environmental health (of reduced emissions) is generally recognized, and
according to Ipsos MORI, there is a clear appetite among the public around the world for action on
climate change (SDG 13) [73]. Concomitantly, the European Union, and some individual economies,
see this crisis as an opportunity to add impetus to moving to a low-carbon future [74,75]. However,
other large economies seem less interested in such a move [73]. Taking action against climate change
will contribute to many of the other goals, but this will not be sufficient. Calls to remain focused on
achieving specific SDGs or the SDGs in general [76] mean the SDGs remain important, but world
leaders have so far not reaffirmed their commitments. The pandemic has thrown a light on the struggle
for survival among those millions living in the shadow of poverty, and such uneven responses and
equivocal commitments to change are discouraging.
Perhaps the moment is not lost for transforming our current economic ecosystem away from
the narrow pursuit of economic growth and towards a framework of more inclusive growth [77].
This is not a call for major ideological shifts, but for governments of representative democracies to
lead through trustee (rather than delegate) representation: to lead, not based on populism, but on
having the capability of, and freedom to, exercise informed judgement in the interests of future
generations [78,79]. Indeed, there is clear historical evidence that societies advance primarily through
embracing technological, more than ideological, change [80]. Such evidence, combined with a professed
Sustainability 2020, 12, 5343 10 of 14

broad readiness for change among the world’s population, and the pandemic’s stark reminder of our
vulnerability, should reaffirm, and add impetus to, a more inclusive form of development.

5. Conclusions and Long-Term Outlook


The manifold damages posed by the COVID-19 epidemic to the world economy, and the social
well-being of millions of people, means that it will take many years to recover. Even so, it may only
reach 80% of the pre-COVID-19 levels [81], due to the uncertainty ahead. Without an effective vaccine
in place, economic activity will continue to be hampered. It is thus important that further efforts in the
field of public health are pursued. In particular, investments should be directed towards the measures
aimed at reducing exposure to SARS-COV-2, the virus behind the COVID-19 pandemic.
It should be acknowledged that, even though some countries have managed to curb the spread of
the virus, the COVID-19 pandemic still currently poses a major threat to the well-being of people and
nations worldwide. Indeed, the fact that health security capacities in the context of the outbreak are
rather fragile means that many countries are not able to handle it effectively.
Against this background, it is not possible to generalize about national strategies for restarting
economic activity, as these are likely to be as varied as the responses to COVID-19. Moreover, there is
overall a danger that the developed economies will turn their attention inwards and overlook the fact
that there is not only an economic interdependence but that they also share public health challenges
with the developing world. In the latter, the COVID-19 crisis poses a burden to already stretched
health systems, which struggle to cope with many diseases such as malaria, AIDS or tuberculosis,
among others.
Critically, there needs to be more international solidarity, in the form of a greater political
commitment across all nations, towards ensuring an even access to equipment and materials, so that
developing countries are not disadvantaged.
Current trends suggest that the process of the implementation of the SDGs might be delayed:
the many socio-economic pressures and set-backs are lowering the level of priority given to
the SDGs. Further, the potentials and opportunities offered by the SDGs, such as fighting poverty or
eradicating hunger, may be at least partly undermined by COVID-19. It is thus wise to issue a note of
caution, warning about the need to continue to put an emphasis on the implementation of the SDGs,
so that the progress achieved to date is not endangered.
Indeed, the global crises triggered by COVID-19 mean that pursuing and implementing the SDGs
are more important now than they were before, since they represent some of the means via which
quality of life can be restored and the many problems associated with the lack of water, food or poor
health conditions may be addressed. In doing so, the momentum created by the pandemic may lead to
a transformation from what currently is regarded as a global threat, to a global opportunity, providing a
new impulse leading to the realization of the UN Agenda 2030 as a whole, and of the SDGs in particular.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, W.L.F.; data collection L.L.B., A.L.S., L.R.-B. and J.P., methodology, W.L.F.,
writing—original draft preparation, L.L.B., A.L.S., L.R.-B. and J.P.; writing—review and editing, W.L.F., A.L.S.
and L.L.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research has been supported by the European School of Sustainability Science and Research (ESSSR)
https://esssr.eu/.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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