Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Class/Sem: 2nd Year Computer Science Engg-3rd Semester
Subject: Analog and Digital Communication (CSE)
Big Questions
Unit – 1 Fundamentals of Analog Communnication

1. Illustrate time domain and frequency domain representation of standard AM with

necessary mathematical representations and explanation for the conditions
|Kam(t)| less than, equal to and greater than one, assuming both baseband and
single tone sinusoid as a modulating signal.[POC, AU-2007]

2. A carrier of frequency 106 Hz and amplitude 3 volts is frequency modulated by a

sinusoidal modulating signal frequency 500 Hz and of peak amplitude 1 Volt. The
frequency deviation is 1 Khz. The level of the modulating waveform is changed
to 5 V peak and the modulating frequency is changed to 2 Khz. Write the
expression for the new modulated waveform. [POC,AU-2007]

3. An FM carrier is sinusoidally modulated. When does all the power lie in the
sidebands (i.e. No power in the carrier)? [POC,AU-2007]

4. Describe the relationship between the instantaneous carrier phase and the
modulating signal for PM. [POC, AU-2008]

5. Differentiate FM and PM. [POC,AU-2009]

6. Derive a relationship between total power and carrier power of AM.

[POC,AU-2009]

7. Prove that after amplitude modulation the carrier power increases from P c to
Pc[1+ma2/2], where ma is the modulation index.[POC,AU-2010]

8. Derive the expression for modulation index of angle modulated waves.

[POC,AU-2010]

9. Dicuss in detail about bandwidth requirements for angle modulated waves.

[POC,AU-2011].

10. An antenna transmits an AM signal having a total power content of 15 Kw.

Determine the power being transmitted at the carrier frequency and at each of
the sidebands when the percent of modulation is 85%.[POC,AU-2011]

11. Explain in detail about Frequency Modulation. [POC,AU-2011]

6 3
12. If the signal v (t )=20∗sin(6.28∗10 ∗t+10∗sin( 6.283∗10 ∗t)) represents a
phase-modulated signal, determine the following:
(1). The carrier frequency (2). The modulation index (3). The peak phase
deviation.[POC,AU-2011]
13. For an FM modulator with a peak frequency deviation Δf = 10 Khz, a modulating
signal frequency fm = 10 Khz, Vc = 10 volts and a 500-KHz carrier, determine:
1. Actual minimum bandwidth
2. Approximate minimum bandwidth using carson's rule.
3. Plot the output frequency spectrum.[POC,AU-2011]

14. Explain in detail about frequency analysis of angle modulated waves and its
bandwidth requirements.[POC,AU-2012]

15. Write short notes on AM envelope and its frequency spectrum.[POC,AU-2012]

16. Compare frequency modulation and amplitude modulation.[POC,AU-2012]

17. Explain about AM percent modulation, AM voltage distribution and power

distribution with neat sketch.[POC,AU-2012]

18. For amplitude modulation prove the following statments:

(i). Power of the carrier Pc is unaffected by the modulation process.
(ii). Total power in an AM envelope increases with modulation inndex.
V −V min
(iii). Modulation index m= max draw the modulated waveform and
V max +V min
show Vmax and Vmin.[ADC, AU-2006].

19. Derive the AM wave equation for tone modulation and explain each term with the
help of frequenncy spectrum and also obtain an expression for its power saving
and efficiency. [ADC,AU-2007].

20. Derive an expression for a single tone FM signal and draw its frequency
spectrum. [ADC,AU-2007].

21. Define FM and PM modulation. Write their equations.[ADC, AU-2008].

22. Suppose that the modulating signal m(t) is a sinusoid of the form
m(t)=a cos(2∗pi∗f m∗t ) , fm << fc . Determine the AM signal, upper and lower
sidebands, Draw the spectrum.[ADC, AU-2008].

23. For an AM DSBFC with a peak unmodulated carrier voltage V c = 12V, and
modulation coefficient m = 1 with load resistance R L = 12Ω, determine the
(1). Carrier power and the upper and lower side band power(P C,PUSB,PLSB).
(2). Total power of the modulated wave.
(3). Draw the power spectrum.[ADC, AU-2009].

24. Compare AM and FM.[ADC, AU-2010,AU-2012].

25. Derive the relation between total power of AM and carrier power. [ADC,
AU-2010].

26. Explain how Carson's rule of bandwidth in FM is obtained. For an FM modulator

with peak frequency deviation Δf = 5 KHz, modulating frequency fm = 5 KHz, with
amplitude of carrier 5V and frequency 500 KHz, determine the bandwidth using
 Carson's rule.[ADC, AU-2011].

27. For an AM DSBFC wave a peak unmodulated carrier voltage V C = 10 VP , a load

resistance RL = 10 Ω and a modulation coefficient m = 1, determine:
(1). Power of the carrier, upper and lower side bands
(2). Total power of the modulated wave
(3). Total side band power
(4). Draw the power spectrum. [ADC, AU-2011].

28. If the percentage of modulation is 100 %, how much percentage of the total
power is present in the signal when DSB-SC is used.[ADC, AU-2012].

29. Define FM and PM modulation and write their equations.[ADC, AU-2012].

30. Derive the carrier power and transmitter power in AM in-terms of modulation
index. [ADC, AU-2012].
 Unit -2 Digital Communication

1. Draw the block diagram of FSK receiver and explain the operation. [ADC,
AU-2006]

2. Explain the working of BPSK transmitter and receiver using balanced modulator.
How M-ary encoding and modulation achieved in PSK? Draw a QPSK
transmitter block diagram and explain the working principle.[ADC, AU-2006,
AU-2007]

3. Derive an expression for baud rate in PSK and FSK systems.[ADC, AU-2008]

4. Explain the generation and detection of QPSK signals.[ADC,AU-2008]

5. Determine the baud rate and minimum bandwidth necessary to pass a 10 Kbps
binary signal using amplitude shift keying.[ADC, AU-2008].

6. Explain quadrature amplitude modulation with the help of relevant diagrams.

[ADC, AU-2008].

7. Draw the block diagram of FSK transmitter and receiver and explain the
operation. How is the required bandwidth calculated for FSK?[ADC, AU-2009],
[POC,AU-2011,AU-2012].

8. Draw the block diagram of QPSK transmitter and receiver and explain the
operation. Also draw its phasor diagram and compare QPSK with simple BPSK
in terms of bandwidth requirements.[ADC, AU-2009].

9. Determine the bandwidth efficiency for BPSK, QPSK and BFSK if bit rate is 64
Kb/sec.[ADC, AU-2010].

10. Draw the data signal, carrier signal and BPSK signal for the data 1 1 0 1 0 1.
[ADC, AU-2010].

11. Draw the block diagram of a QPSK transmitter and explain. Derive the
bandwidth requirement of a QPSK system.[ADC, AU-2010],[POC,AU-2011].

12. With neat diagram explain the generation of a DPSK signal and the method of
recovering the data from the DPSK signal. [ADC, AU-2011].

13. Describe the procedure of coherent detection procedure of M-ary PSK with the
help of block diagram.[ADC,AU-2012].

14. Determine the bandwidth efficiency of QPSK and compare it with other m-ary
PSK transmitter.[ADC,AU-2012].

15. Explain the process of generating and detecting DPSK signal with the help of
block diagram and given binary data sequence '0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1' assuming
starting reference bit is “one”.[POC, AU-2007].
16. Explain the relationship between
(1). The minimum bandwidth required for an FSK system and the bit rate and
(2). The mark and space frequencies.[POC, AU-2008].

17. Explain how transmission and reception of FSK signals is done.[POC, AU-2008].

18. Compare BPSK and BFSK with respect to bandwidth efficiency and power.
[POC, AU-2009].

19. Explain in detail about Costas loop carrier recovery with neat sketch.[POC,
AU-2011].
 Unit 3 Digital Transmisssion

1. Derive the SNR ratio for uniform quantizer. [ADC,AU-2006]

2. Draw the block diagram of delta modulator and explain the operations. What are
its advantages over PCM?[ADC, AU-2006,AU-2007][POC,AU-2011]

3. What causes ISI in the detection process of a baseband digital system? Explain
the effects of ISI. How ISI can be reduced?[ADC, AU-2006,AU-2012]

4. Explain in detail, how PCM signals are generated and decoded?[ADC,AU-2007]

5. Explain ISI for NRZ input signal.[ADC,AU-2008]

6. What is the need for companding? Explain analog and digital companding.[ADC,
AU-2009].

7. Draw the block diagram of adaptive delta modulator and explain its operation.
How is this ADM better than DM?[ADC,AU-2009,AU-2011]

8. What is ISI? Explain how ISI can be measured using eye pattern method.
[ADC,AU-2009]

9. Explain Delta modulation PCM receiver. Desribe slope overload distortion and
granular noise.[ADC,AU-2010]

10. In a binary PCM system, the output signal to quantization noise ratio is to be a
minimum of 40 dB. Determine the number of required levels and find the
corresponding output signal to quantization noise ratio.[ADC,AU-2010]

11. (i). Define Sampling theorem. (ii). Explain Adaptive delta modulation.
[ADC,AU-2010]

12. Draw the eye diagram and explain its importance in data transmission.
[ADC,AU-2011]

13. Explain the basic principle of differential PCM with relevant diagram.
[ADC,AU-2011]

14. Discuss linear delta modulation using block diagram and derive expression for
S/N ratio.[ADC,AU-2012].

15. A binary channel with bit rate = 36,000 bits/sec is available for PCM voice
transmission. Find numer of bits per sample, number of quantization levels and
sampling frequency assuming highest frequency component of voice signal is
3.2 Khz.[ADC, Au-2012].

16. List out the information provided by eye pattern about the system performance.
[ADC,AU-2007]
17. Conisder a sinusoidal signal given by S (t)=3∗cos(1000∗π∗t ) . Find the
signal-to-quantization noise ratio when the signal is quantized using 10 bit PCM.
Also find the minimum number of bits needed to achieve a signal-to-noise ratio
of atleast 40dB.[POC,AU-2007]

18. What is the necessity of non-uniform quantization and explain companding?

[POC, AU-2010]

19. Derive the expression for signal-to-quantization noise ratio for PCM system that
employs linear quantization technique, assuming the input to the system is
sinusoidal input signal.[POC,AU-2010]

20. Compare PCM,DM,ADM and DPCM.[POC,AU-2010]

21. What are the drawbacks in delta modualtion and how they are overcome in
adaptive delta modulation?Explain it with neat diagram.[POC,AU-2011]

22. Define pulse modulation and explain about PCM circuit in detail.[POC,AU-2012]

23. Write a short notes on pulse transmission and intersymbol interference.

[POC,AU-2012].
Unit 4 Data Communications
 Unit 5 Spread Spectrum and Multiple Access Techniques

1. Draw the block diagram of a simple PN Sequence generator using shift register
and obtain the output sequence. For this output sequence verify the properties of
the PN Sequence. [ADC,AU-2006][POC,AU-2011].

2. Explain the process of Time Division Multiplexing and compare with FDM and
Code Division Multiplexing.[ADC,AU-2007].

3. Give the advantages associated with spreading a signal spectrum.

[ADC,AU-2008,AU-2012].

4. Describe the structure of feedback shift register for generating PN sequences.

[ADC,AU-2008,AU-2012].

5. Explain FH-CDMA acquisition and tracking with neat sketches.[ADC,AU-2008].

6. Compare TDMA,FDMA and CDMA multiple access techniques.[ADC,AU-2008]

[POC,AU-2009].

7. What are the properties of PN sequence random numbers? Draw the direct
sequence spread spectrum system which employees BPSK and explain the
operation.[POC,AU-2007,AU-2009,AU-2010][ADC,AU-2009,AU-2010].

8. What are fast frequnecy hopping and slow frequency hopping? Explain both with
suitable diagrams.[ADC,AU-2009][POC,AU-2007,AU-2008,AU-2010].

9. Describe the properties of maximum length sequences.[ADC,AU-2010].

10. Explain fast and slow frequency hopping techniques in spread spectrum.
[ADC,AU-2011].

11. Explain the concept of synchronization and tracking of frequency hopping spread
spectrum signals.[ADC,AU-2012].

12. Mention merits and demerits of time division multiplexing.[ADC,AU-2012].

13. Describe any one method of source coding the speech signal for transmitting
through wireless communication link.[ADC,AU-2012].

14. Explain a speech transmission technique that retains the quality of speech and
employs a reduced transmission rate.[POC,AU-2008].

15. Describe coherent based DSSS with sutiable block diagram.[POC,AU-2008].

16. Describe the impairments of wireless communication networks.[POC,AU-2009].

17. Differentiate slow frequency and fast frequency hopping.[POC,AU-2010].

18. In a DS/BPSK system the feedback register used to generate PN sequence has
the length of m = 15. The system is required to have an average probaility of
symbol error less than 10-5. Calculate processing gain and Jamming margin for
the system.[POC,AU-2010].

19. Give a brief account on wireless communication.[POC,AU-2011].

20. Explain CDMA system with its features. List out various problems in CDMA
system.[POC,Au-2011].

21. Explain in detail about multiple access techniques in wireless communication

with neat diagram.[POC,AU-2012].

22. Generate PN sequence of length 7 using flip-flops.[POC,AU-2012]