Datasheet

Features
• 80C52 Compatible
– 8051 Pin and Instruction Compatible
– Four 8-bit I/O Ports
– Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
– 256 Bytes Scratch Pad RAM
– 9 Interrupt Sources with 4 Priority Levels
– Dual Data Pointer
• Variable Length MOVX for Slow RAM/Peripherals
• ISP (In-system Programming) Using Standard VCC Power Supply
• Boot ROM Contains Low Level Flash Programming Routines and a Default Serial
Loader
8-bit
• High-speed Architecture
– In Standard Mode:
Microcontroller
40 MHz (Vcc 2.7V to 5.5V, both Internal and external code execution)
60 MHz (Vcc 4.5V to 5.5V and Internal Code execution only) with 16K/
– In X2 mode (6 Clocks/machine cycle)
20 MHz (Vcc 2.7V to 5.5V, both Internal and external code execution) 32K Bytes Flash
30 MHz (Vcc 4.5V to 5.5V and Internal Code execution only)
– 16K/32K Bytes On-chip Flash Program/Data Memory
– Byte and Page (128 Bytes) Erase and Write
– 100K Write Cycles AT89C51RB2
• On-chip 1024 Bytes Expanded RAM (XRAM)
– Software Selectable Size (0, 256, 512, 768, 1024 Bytes) AT89C51RC2
– 256 Bytes Selected at Reset for TS87C51RB2/RC2 Compatibility
• Keyboard Interrupt Interface on Port P1
• SPI Interface (Master/Slave Mode)
• 8-bit Clock Prescaler
• Improved X2 Mode with Independent Selection for CPU and Each Peripheral
• Programmable Counter Array 5 Channels
– High-speed Output
– Compare/Capture
– Pulse Width Modulator
– Watchdog Timer Capabilities
• Asynchronous Port Reset
• Full Duplex Enhanced UART
• Dedicated Baud Rate Generator for UART
• Low EMI (Inhibit ALE)
• Hardware Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out)
• Power Control Modes
– Idle Mode
– Power-down Mode
– Power-off Flag
• Power Supply:
– 2.7 to 3.6 (3V Version)
– 2.7 to 5.5V (5V Version)
• Temperature Ranges: Commercial (0 to +70°C) and Industrial (-40°C to +85°C)
• Packages: PDIL40, PLCC44, VQFP44
Description
The AT89C51RB2/RC2 is a high-performance Flash version of the 80C51 8-bit micro-
controllers. It contains a 16K or 32K Bytes Flash memory block for program and data.
The Flash memory can be programmed either in parallel mode or in serial mode with
the ISP capability or with software. The programming voltage is internally generated
from the standard VCC pin.
Rev. 4180C–8051–12/03
The AT89C51RB2/RC2 retains all features of the 80C52 with 256 Bytes of internal
RAM, a 9-source 4-level interrupt controller and three timer/counters.
In addition, the AT89C51RB2/RC2 has a Programmable Counter Array, an XRAM of
1024 Bytes, a Hardware Watchdog Timer, a Keyboard Interface, an SPI Interface, a
more versatile serial channel that facilitates multiprocessor communication (EUART)
and a speed improvement mechanism (X2 mode).
The Pinout is the standard 40/44 pins of the C52.
The fully static design reduces system power consumption of the AT89C51RB2/RC2 by
allowing it to bring the clock frequency down to any value, even DC, without loss of data.
The AT89C51RB2/RC2 has 2 software-selectable modes of reduced activity and 8-bit
clock prescaler for further reduction in power consumption. In Idle mode, the CPU is fro-
zen while the peripherals and the interrupt system are still operating. In power-down
mode, the RAM is saved and all other functions are inoperative.
The added features of the AT89C51RB2/RC2 make it more powerful for applications
that need pulse width modulation, high speed I/O and counting capabilities such as
alarms, motor control, corded phones, and smart card readers.
Table 1. Memory Size

TOTAL RAM
Part Number Flash (Bytes) XRAM (Bytes) (Bytes) I/O
AT89C51RB2 16K 1024 1280 32
AT89C51RC2 32K 1024 1280 32
AT89C51IC2 32K 1024 1280 32
2 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Block Diagram
Figure 1. Block Diagram
T2EX
PCA
RxD
TxD
Vss
VCC
ECI
T2
(2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1)
XTAL1
XTAL2 Boot
EUART RAM Flash XRAM
+ ROM
256x8 32Kx8 or 1Kx8
PCA Timer2
BRG 16Kx8 2Kx8
ALE/ PROG C51

CORE IB-bus
PSEN
CPU
EA
(2) Timer 0 INT Parallel I/O Ports & Ext. Bus Watch Key
RD SPI
Timer 1 Ctrl Dog Board
(2) Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3
WR
(2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1)
MISO
P1
P2
P3
MOSI
P0
T0
T1
RESET
INT0
INT1
SCK
SS
Notes: 1. Alternate function of Port 1.
2. Alternate function of Port 3.
3
4180C–8051–12/03
SFR Mapping The Special Function Registers (SFRs) of the AT89C51RB2/RC2 fall into the following
categories:
• C51 core registers: ACC, B, DPH, DPL, PSW, SP
• I/O port registers: P0, P1, P2, P3
• Timer registers: T2CON, T2MOD, TCON, TH0, TH1, TH2, TMOD, TL0, TL1, TL2,
RCAP2L, RCAP2H
• Serial I/O port registers: SADDR, SADEN, SBUF, SCON
• PCA (Programmable Counter Array) registers: CCON, CCAPMx, CL, CH, CCAPxH,
CCAPxL (x: 0 to 4)
• Power and clock control registers: PCON
• Hardware Watchdog Timer registers: WDTRST, WDTPRG
• Interrupt system registers: IEN0, IPL0, IPH0, IEN1, IPL1, IPH1
• Keyboard Interface registers: KBE, KBF, KBLS
• SPI registers: SPCON, SPSTR, SPDAT
• BRG (Baud Rate Generator) registers: BRL, BDRCON
• Flash register: FCON
• Clock Prescaler register: CKRL
• Others: AUXR, AUXR1, CKCON0, CKCON1
4 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Table 2. C51 Core SFRs

Mnemonic Add Name 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
ACC E0h Accumulator
B F0h B Register
PSW D0h Program Status Word CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV F1 P
SP 81h Stack Pointer
DPL 82h Data Pointer Low Byte
DPH 83h Data Pointer High Byte
Table 3. System Management SFRs

PCON 87h Power Control SMOD1 SMOD0 - POF GF1 GF0 PD IDL
AUXR 8Eh Auxiliary Register 0 DPU - M0 XRS2 XRS1 XRS0 EXTRAM AO
AUXR1 A2h Auxiliary Register 1 - - ENBOOT - GF3 0 - DPS
CKRL 97h Clock Reload Register CKRL7 CKRL6 CKRL5 CKRL4 CKRL3 CKRL2 CKRL1 CKRL0
CKCKON0 8Fh Clock Control Register 0 - WDTX2 PCAX2 SIX2 T2X2 T1X2 T0X2 X2
CKCKON1 AFh Clock Control Register 1 - - - - - - - SPIX2
Table 4. Interrupt SFRs

IEN0 A8h Interrupt Enable Control 0 EA EC ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0
IEN1 B1h Interrupt Enable Control 1 - - - - - ESPI EI2C KBD
IPH0 B7h Interrupt Priority Control High 0 - PPCH PT2H PHS PT1H PX1H PT0H PX0H
IPL0 B8h Interrupt Priority Control Low 0 - PPCL PT2L PLS PT1L PX1L PT0L PX0L
IPH1 B3h Interrupt Priority Control High 1 - - - - - SPIH IE2CH KBDH
IPL1 B2h Interrupt Priority Control Low 1 - - - - - SPIL IE2CL KBDL
Table 5. Port SFRs

P0 80h 8-bit Port 0
P1 90h 8-bit Port 1
P2 A0h 8-bit Port 2
P3 B0h 8-bit Port 3
5
4180C–8051–12/03
Table 6. Timer SFRs
TCON 88h Timer/Counter 0 and 1 Control TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
TMOD 89h Timer/Counter 0 and 1 Modes GATE1 C/T1# M11 M01 GATE0 C/T0# M10 M00
TL0 8Ah Timer/Counter 0 Low Byte
TH0 8Ch Timer/Counter 0 High Byte
TL1 8Bh Timer/Counter 1 Low Byte
TH1 8Dh Timer/Counter 1 High Byte
WDTRST A6h Watchdog Timer Reset
WDTPRG A7h Watchdog Timer Program - - - - - WTO2 WTO1 WTO0
T2CON C8h Timer/Counter 2 control TF2 EXF2 RCLK TCLK EXEN2 TR2 C/T2# CP/RL2#
T2MOD C9h Timer/Counter 2 Mode - - - - - - T2OE DCEN
Timer/Counter 2 Reload/Capture
RCAP2H CBh
High Byte
Timer/Counter 2 Reload/Capture
RCAP2L CAh
Low Byte
TH2 CDh Timer/Counter 2 High Byte
TL2 CCh Timer/Counter 2 Low Byte
Table 7. PCA SFRs

Mnemo-
nic Add Name 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CCON D8h PCA Timer/Counter Control CF CR - CCF4 CCF3 CCF2 CCF1 CCF0
CMOD D9h PCA Timer/Counter Mode CIDL WDTE - - - CPS1 CPS0 ECF
CL E9h PCA Timer/Counter Low Byte
CH F9h PCA Timer/Counter High Byte
CCAPM0 DAh PCA Timer/Counter Mode 0 ECOM0 CAPP0 CAPN0 MAT0 TOG0 PWM0 ECCF0
CCAPM1 DBh PCA Timer/Counter Mode 1 ECOM1 CAPP1 CAPN1 MAT1 TOG1 PWM1 ECCF1
CCAPM2 DCh PCA Timer/Counter Mode 2 - ECOM2 CAPP2 CAPN2 MAT2 TOG2 PWM2 ECCF2
CCAPM3 DDh PCA Timer/Counter Mode 3 ECOM3 CAPP3 CAPN3 MAT3 TOG3 PWM3 ECCF3
CCAPM4 DEh PCA Timer/Counter Mode 4 ECOM4 CAPP4 CAPN4 MAT4 TOG4 PWM4 ECCF4
CCAP0H FAh PCA Compare Capture Module 0 H CCAP0H7 CCAP0H6 CCAP0H5 CCAP0H4 CCAP0H3 CCAP0H2 CCAP0H1 CCAP0H0
CCAP1H FBh PCA Compare Capture Module 1 H CCAP1H7 CCAP1H6 CCAP1H5 CCAP1H4 CCAP1H3 CCAP1H2 CCAP1H1 CCAP1H0
CCAP2H FCh PCA Compare Capture Module 2 H CCAP2H7 CCAP2H6 CCAP2H5 CCAP2H4 CCAP2H3 CCAP2H2 CCAP2H1 CCAP2H0
CCAP3H FDh PCA Compare Capture Module 3 H CCAP3H7 CCAP3H6 CCAP3H5 CCAP3H4 CCAP3H3 CCAP3H2 CCAP3H1 CCAP3H0
CCAP4H FEh PCA Compare Capture Module 4 H CCAP4H7 CCAP4H6 CCAP4H5 CCAP4H4 CCAP4H3 CCAP4H2 CCAP4H1 CCAP4H0
CCAP0L EAh PCA Compare Capture Module 0 L CCAP0L7 CCAP0L6 CCAP0L5 CCAP0L4 CCAP0L3 CCAP0L2 CCAP0L1 CCAP0L0
CCAP1L EBh PCA Compare Capture Module 1 L CCAP1L7 CCAP1L6 CCAP1L5 CCAP1L4 CCAP1L3 CCAP1L2 CCAP1L1 CCAP1L0
CCAP2L ECh PCA Compare Capture Module 2 L CCAP2L7 CCAP2L6 CCAP2L5 CCAP2L4 CCAP2L3 CCAP2L2 CCAP2L1 CCAP2L0
CCAP3L EDh PCA Compare Capture Module 3 L CCAP3L7 CCAP3L6 CCAP3L5 CCAP3L4 CCAP3L3 CCAP3L2 CCAP3L1 CCAP3L0
CCAP4L EEh PCA Compare Capture Module 4 L CCAP4L7 CCAP4L6 CCAP4L5 CCAP4L4 CCAP4L3 CCAP4L2 CCAP4L1 CCAP4L0
6 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Table 8. Serial I/O Port SFRs

SCON 98h Serial Control FE/SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI
SBUF 99h Serial Data Buffer
SADEN B9h Slave Address Mask
SADDR A9h Slave Address
BDRCON 9Bh Baud Rate Control BRR TBCK RBCK SPD SRC
BRL 9Ah Baud Rate Reload
Table 9. SPI Controller SFRs

SPCON C3h SPI Control SPR2 SPEN SSDIS MSTR CPOL CPHA SPR1 SPR0
SPSTA C4h SPI Status SPIF WCOL SSERR MODF - - - -
SPDAT C5h SPI Data SPD7 SPD6 SPD5 SPD4 SPD3 SPD2 SPD1 SPD0
Table 10. Keyboard Interface SFRs

KBLS 9Ch Keyboard Level Selector KBLS7 KBLS6 KBLS5 KBLS4 KBLS3 KBLS2 KBLS1 KBLS0
KBE 9Dh Keyboard Input Enable KBE7 KBE6 KBE5 KBE4 KBE3 KBE2 KBE1 KBE0
KBF 9Eh Keyboard Flag Register KBF7 KBF6 KBF5 KBF4 KBF3 KBF2 KBF1 KBF0
7
4180C–8051–12/03
Table 11 shows all SFRs with their address and their reset value.
Table 11. SFR Mapping

Bit
addressable Non Bit addressable
0/8 1/9 2/A 3/B 4/C 5/D 6/E 7/F
CH CCAP0H CCAP1H CCAPL2H CCAPL3H CCAPL4H

F8h FFh
0000 0000 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX
B
F0h F7h
0000 0000
CL CCAP0L CCAP1L CCAPL2L CCAPL3L CCAPL4L

E8h EFh
0000 0000 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX
ACC
E0h E7h
0000 0000
CCON CMOD CCAPM0 CCAPM1 CCAPM2 CCAPM3 CCAPM4

D8h DFh
00X0 0000 00XX X000 X000 0000 X000 0000 X000 0000 X000 0000 X000 0000
PSW FCON (1)

D0h D7h
0000 0000 XXXX 0000
T2CON T2MOD RCAP2L RCAP2H TL2 TH2

C8h CFh
0000 0000 XXXX XX00 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
SPCON SPSTA SPDAT

C0h C7h
0001 0100 0000 0000 XXXX XXXX
IPL0 SADEN
B8h BFh
X000 000 0000 0000
P3 IEN1 IPL1 IPH1 IPH0

B0h B7h
1111 1111 XXXXX 000 XXXXX000 XXXX X000 X000 0000
IEN0 SADDR CKCON1
A8h AFh
0000 0000 0000 0000 XXXX XXX0
P2 AUXR1 WDTRST WDTPRG

A0h A7h
1111 1111 XXXXX0X0 XXXX XXXX XXXX X000
SCON SBUF BRL BDRCON KBLS KBE KBF

98h 9Fh
0000 0000 XXXX XXXX 0000 0000 XXX0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
P1 CKRL
90h 97h
1111 1111 1111 1111
TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 TH1 AUXR CKCON0

88h 8Fh
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 XX0X 0000 0000 0000
P0 SP DPL DPH PCON

80h 87h
1111 1111 0000 0111 0000 0000 0000 0000 00X1 0000
0/8 1/9 2/A 3/B 4/C 5/D 6/E 7/F
1. FCON access is reserved for the Flash API and ISP software.
Reserved
8 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Pin Configurations
Figure 2. Pin Configurations
P1.1/T2EX/SS
P1.4/CEX1
P1.3/CEX0
P1.0/T2 1 40 VCC
P0.3/AD3
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P1.2/ECI
P1.0/T2
P1.1/T2EX/SS 2 39 P0.0/AD0
NIC*
VCC
P1.2/ECI 3 38 P0.1/AD1
P1.3CEX0 4 37 P0.2/AD2
P1.4/CEX1 5 36 P0.3/AD3 6 5 4 3 2 1 44 43 42 41 40
P1.5/CEX2/MISO 6 35 P0.4/AD4 P1.5/CEX2/MISO 7 39 P0.4/AD4
P1.6/CEX3/SCK 7 34 P0.5/AD5 P1.6/CEX3/SCK 8 38 P0.5/AD5
P1.7CEX4/MOSI 8 33 P0.6/AD6 P1.7/CEx4/MOSI 9 37 P0.6/AD6
RST 9 32 P0.7/AD7 RST 10 36 P0.7/AD7
P3.0/RxD 10 31 EA P3.0/RxD 11 35 EA
P3.1/TxD 11 PDIL40 30 ALE/PROG NIC* 12 PLCC44 34 NIC*
P3.2/INT0 12 29 PSEN P3.1/TxD 13 33 ALE/PROG
P3.3/INT1 13 28 P2.7/AD15 P3.2/INT0 14 32 PSEN
P2.6/AD14 P3.3/INT1 15 31
P3.4/T0 14 27 P2.7/A15
26 P2.5/AD13 P3.4/T0 16 30
P3.5/T1 15 P2.6/A14
P3.6/WR 16 25 P2.4/AD12 P3.5/T1 17 29 P2.5/A13
P2.3/AD11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
P3.7/RD 17 24
XTAL2 18 23 P2.2/AD10
P3.6/WR
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
P3.7/RD
P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
NIC*
XTAL2
XTAL1
VSS
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1/AD9
VSS 20 21 P2.0/AD8
P1.1/T2EX/SS
P1.4/CEX1
P1.3/CEX0
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P1.2/ECI
P1.0/T2
NIC*
VCC
44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34
P1.5/CEX2/MISO 1 33 P0.4/AD4
P1.6/CEX3/SCK 2 32 P0.5/AD5
P1.7/CEX4/MOSI 3 31 P0.6/AD6
RST 4 30 P0.7/AD7
P3.0/RxD 5 29 EA
NIC* 6 VQFP44 1.4 28 NIC*
P3.1/TxD 7 27 ALE/PROG
P3.2/INT0 8 26 PSEN
P3.3/INT1 9 25 P2.7/A15
P3.4/T0 10 24 P2.6/A14
P3.5/T1 11 23 P2.5/A13
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
P2.3/A11
XTAL1
XTAL2
P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD
P2.2/A10
P2.4/A12
NIC*
VSS
*NIC: No Internal Connection
9
4180C–8051–12/03
Table 12. Pin Description for 40 - 44 Pin Packages
Pin Number
Mnemonic DIL LCC VQFP44 1.4 Type Name and Function
VSS 20 22 16 I Ground: 0V reference
Power Supply: This is the power supply voltage for normal, idle and power-down
VCC 40 44 38 I
operation
P0.0 - P0.7 39 - 32 43 - 36 37 - 30 I/O Port 0: Port 0 is an open-drain, bi-directional I/O port. Port 0 pins that have 1s
written to them float and can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 must be
polarized to VCC or V SS in order to prevent any parasitic current consumption. Port 0
is also the multiplexed low-order address and data bus during access to external
program and data memory. In this application, it uses strong internal pull-up when
emitting 1s. Port 0 also inputs the code Bytes during Flash programming. External
pull-ups are required during program verification during which P0 outputs the code
Bytes.
P1.0 - P1.7 1-8 2-9 40 - 44 I/O Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Port 1 pins that
1-3 have 1s written to them are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as
inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally pulled low will source current
because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address Byte
during memory programming and verification.
Alternate functions for AT89C51RB2/RC2 Port 1 include:
1 2 40 I/O P1.0: Input/Output
I/O T2 (P1.0): Timer/Counter 2 external count input/Clockout
I T2EX: Timer/Counter 2 Reload/Capture/Direction Control
I SS: SPI Slave Select
I ECI: External Clock for the PCA
I/O CEX0: Capture/Compare External I/O for PCA Module 0
I/O MISO: SPI Master Input Slave Output line
When SPI is in master mode, MISO receives data from the slave peripheral. When
SPI is in slave mode, MISO outputs data to the master controller.
I/O SCK: SPI Serial Clock
SCK outputs clock to the slave peripheral
8 9 3 I/O P1.7: Input/Output:
10 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Table 12. Pin Description for 40 - 44 Pin Packages (Continued)

Pin Number
P1.0 - P1.7 I/O MOSI: SPI Master Output Slave Input line
When SPI is in master mode, MOSI outputs data to the slave peripheral. When SPI
is in slave mode, MOSI receives data from the master controller.
Crystal 1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
XTAL1 19 21 15 I
generator circuits.
XTAL2 18 20 14 O Crystal 2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier
P2.0 - P2.7 21 - 28 24 - 31 18 - 25 I/O Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Port 2 pins that
have 1s written to them are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as
because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high - order address Byte during
fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses
strong internal pull-ups emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that
use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @Ri), port 2 emits the contents of the P2 SFR. Some
Port 2 pins receive the high order address bits during EPROM programming and
verification:
P2.0 to P2.5 for 16 KB devices
P2.0 to P2.6 for 32KB devices
P3.0 - P3.7 10 - 17 11, 5, I/O Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Port 3 pins that
13 - 19 7 - 13 have 1s written to them are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as
because of the internal pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the special features of the
80C51 family, as listed below.
10 11 5 I RXD (P3.0): Serial input port
11 13 7 O TXD (P3.1): Serial output port
12 14 8 I INT0 (P3.2): External interrupt 0
13 15 9 I INT1 (P3.3): External interrupt 1
14 16 10 I T0 (P3.4): Timer 0 external input
15 17 11 I T1 (P3.5): Timer 1 external input
16 18 12 O WR (P3.6): External data memory write strobe
17 19 13 O RD (P3.7): External data memory read strobe
Reset: A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running,
resets the device. An internal diffused resistor to VSS permits a power-on reset using
RST 9 10 4 I/O
only an external capacitor to VCC. This pin is an output when the hardware
watchdog forces a system reset.
ALE/PROG 30 33 27 O (I) Address Latch Enable/Program Pulse: Output pulse for latching the low Byte of
the address during an access to external memory. In normal operation, ALE is
emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 (1/3 in X2 mode) the oscillator frequency, and can
be used for external timing or clocking. Note that one ALE pulse is skipped during
each access to external data memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming. ALE can be disabled by setting SFR’s AUXR. 0
bit. With this bit set, ALE will be inactive during internal fetches.
11
4180C–8051–12/03
Table 12. Pin Description for 40 - 44 Pin Packages (Continued)
Pin Number
PSEN 29 32 26 O Program Strobe Enable: The read strobe to external program memory. When
executing code from the external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to
external data memory. PSEN is not activated during fetches from internal program
memory.
EA 31 35 29 I External Access Enable: EA must be externally held low to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations 0000H to FFFFH (RD). If
security level 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on Reset.
12 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Port Types AT89C51RB2/RC2 I/O ports (P1, P2, P3) implement the quasi-bidirectional output that
is common on the 80C51 and most of its derivatives. This output type can be used as
both an input and output without the need to reconfigure the port. This is possible
because when the port outputs a logic high, it is weakly driven, allowing an external
device to pull the pin low. When the pin is pulled low, it is driven strongly and able to sink
a fairly large current. These features are somewhat similar to an open drain output
except that there are three pull-up transistors in the quasi-bidirectional output that serve
different purposes. One of these pull-ups, called the "weak" pull-up, is turned on when-
ever the port latch for the pin contains a logic 1. The weak pull-up sources a very small
current that will pull the pin high if it is left floating. A second pull-up, called the "medium"
pull-up, is turned on when the port latch for the pin contains a logic 1 and the pin itself is
also at a logic 1 level. This pull-up provides the primary source current for a quasi-bidi-
rectional pin that is outputting a 1. If a pin that has a logic 1 on it is pulled low by an
external device, the medium pull-up turns off, and only the weak pull-up remains on. In
order to pull the pin low under these conditions, the external device has to sink enough
current to overpower the medium pull-up and take the voltage on the port pin below its
input threshold.
The third pull-up is referred to as the "strong" pull-up. This pull-up is used to speed up
low-to-high transitions on a quasi-bidirectional port pin when the port latch changes from
a logic 0 to a logic 1. When this occurs, the strong pull-up turns on for a brief time, two
CPU clocks, in order to pull the port pin high quickly. Then it turns off again.
The DPU bit (bit 7 in AUXR register) allows to disable the permanent weak pull up of all
ports when latch data is logical 0.
The quasi-bidirectional port configuration is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Quasi-Bidirectional Output
2 CPU P P P
Clock Delay Strong Weak Medium
Pin
Port Latch N
Data
DPU
AUXR.7
Input
Data
13
4180C–8051–12/03
Oscillator To optimize the power consumption and execution time needed for a specific task, an
internal, prescaler feature has been implemented between the oscillator and the CPU
and peripherals.
Registers Table 13. CKRL Register

CKRL – Clock Reload Register (97h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CKRL7 CKRL6 CKRL5 CKRL4 CKRL3 CKRL2 CKRL1 CKRL0
Bit Number Mnemonic Description
Clock Reload Register

7:0 CKRL
Prescaler value
Reset Value = 1111 1111b

Not bit addressable
Table 14. PCON Register

PCON – Power Control Register (87h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
SMOD1 SMOD0 - POF GF1 GF0 PD IDL
Bit Number Bit Mnemonic Description
Serial Port Mode bit 1

7 SMOD1
Set to select double baud rate in mode 1, 2 or 3.
Serial Port Mode bit 0

6 SMOD0 Cleared to select SM0 bit in SCON register.
Set to select FE bit in SCON register.
Reserved
5 -
The value read from this bit is indeterminate. Do not set this bit.
Power-off Flag
Cleared to recognize next reset type.
4 POF
Set by hardware when VCC rises from 0 to its nominal voltage. Can
also be set by software.
General-purpose Flag
3 GF1 Cleared by software for general-purpose usage.
Set by software for general-purpose usage.
2 GF0 Cleared by software for general-purpose usage.
Set by software for general-purpose usage.
Power-down Mode bit

1 PD Cleared by hardware when reset occurs.
Set to enter power-down mode.
Idle Mode bit

0 IDL Cleared by hardware when interrupt or reset occurs.
Set to enter idle mode.
Reset Value = 00X1 0000b Not bit addressable
14 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Functional Block
Diagram
Figure 4. Functional Oscillator Block Diagram
Reload
Reset
CKRL
Xtal1 FOSC
Osc 1
Xtal2 8-bit
:2 0 Prescaler-Divider
1
X2 CLK
Peripheral Clock
PERIPH
CKCON0 0
CLK
CPU CPU clock
Idle
CKRL = 0xFF?
Prescaler Divider • A hardware RESET puts the prescaler divider in the following state:
• CKRL = FFh: FCLK CPU = FCLK PERIPH = F OSC/2 (Standard C51 feature)
• Any value between FFh down to 00h can be written by software into CKRL register
in order to divide frequency of the selected oscillator:
• CKRL = 00h: minimum frequency
FCLK CPU = FCLK PERIPH = FOSC/1020 (Standard Mode)
FCLK CPU = FCLK PERIPH = FOSC/510 (X2 Mode)
• CKRL = FFh: maximum frequency
FCLK CPU = FCLK PERIPH = FOSC/2 (Standard Mode)
FCLK CPU = FCLK PERIPH = FOSC (X2 Mode)
FCLK CPU and FCLK PERIPH
In X2 Mode, for CKRL<>0xFF:

F OSC
F CPU = F CLKPER IPH = ----------------------------------------------
-
2 × ( 255 – CKRL )
In X1 Mode, for CKRL<>0xFF then:

F OSC
F CPU = F CLKPER IPH = ----------------------------------------------
-
4 × ( 255 – CKRL )
15
4180C–8051–12/03
Enhanced Features In comparison to the original 80C52, the AT89C51RB2/RC2 implements some new fea-
tures, which are:
• X2 option
• Dual Data Pointer
• Extended RAM
• Programmable Counter Array (PCA)
• Hardware Watchdog
• SPI interface
• 4-level interrupt priority system
• power-off flag
• ONCE mode
• ALE disabling
• Some enhanced features are also located in the UART and the timer 2
X2 Feature The AT89C51RB2/RC2 core needs only 6 clock periods per machine cycle. This feature
called ‘X2’ provides the following advantages:
• Divide frequency crystals by 2 (cheaper crystals) while keeping same CPU power.
• Save power consumption while keeping same CPU power (oscillator power saving).
• Save power consumption by dividing dynamically the operating frequency by 2 in
operating and idle modes.
• Increase CPU power by 2 while keeping same crystal frequency.
In order to keep the original C51 compatibility, a divider by 2 is inserted between the
XTAL1 signal and the main clock input of the core (phase generator). This divider may
be disabled by software.
Description The clock for the whole circuit and peripherals is first divided by 2 before being used by
the CPU core and the peripherals.
This allows any cyclic ratio to be accepted on XTAL1 input. In X2 mode, as this divider is
bypassed, the signals on XTAL1 must have a cyclic ratio between 40 to 60%.
Figure 5 shows the clock generation block diagram. X2 bit is validated on the rising edge
of the XTAL1÷2 to avoid glitches when switching from X2 to X1 mode. Figure 6 shows
the switching mode waveforms.
Figure 5. Clock Generation Diagram

CKRL
XTAL1:2 FOSC
XTAL1 2 FCLK CPU
0 8 bit Prescaler
FXTAL FCLK PERIPH
1
X2
CKCON0
16 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Figure 6. Mode Switching Waveforms

XTAL1
XTAL1:2
X2 Bit
CPU Clock FOSC
x1 Mode X2 Mode X1 Mode
The X2 bit in the CKCON0 register (see Table 15) allows a switch from 12 clock periods
per instruction to 6 clock periods and vice versa. At reset, the speed is set according to
X2 bit of Hardware Security Byte (HSB). By default, Standard mode is active. Setting the
X2 bit activates the X2 feature (X2 mode).
The T0X2, T1X2, T2X2, UARTX2, PCAX2, and WDX2 bits in the CKCON0 register
(Table 15) and SPIX2 bit in the CKCON1 register (see Table 16) allow a switch from
standard peripheral speed (12 clock periods per peripheral clock cycle) to fast periph-
eral speed (6 clock periods per peripheral clock cycle). These bits are active only in X2
mode.
17
4180C–8051–12/03
Table 15. CKCON0 Register
CKCON0 - Clock Control Register (8Fh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- WDX2 PCAX2 SIX2 T2X2 T1X2 T0X2 X2
Bit Bit
Number Mnemonic Description
7 Reserved
Watchdog Clock
(This control bit is validated when the CPU clock X2 is set; when X2 is low, this bit
6 WDX2 has no effect).
Cleared to select 6 clock periods per peripheral clock cycle.
Set to select 12 clock periods per peripheral clock cycle.
Programmable Counter Array Clock

5 PCAX2 has no effect).
Cleared to select 6 clock periods per peripheral clock cycle. Set to select 12 clock
periods per peripheral clock cycle.
Enhanced UART Clock (Mode 0 and 2)

4 SIX2 has no effect).
Timer 2 Clock
3 T2X2 has no effect).
Cleared to select 6 clock periods per peripheral clock cycle.
Timer 1 Clock
Timer0 Clock
CPU Clock
Cleared to select 12 clock periods per machine cycle (STD, X1 mode) for CPU
and all the peripherals. Set to select 6 clock periods per machine cycle (X2
0 X2
mode) and to enable the individual peripherals’X2’ bits. Programmed by
hardware after Power-up regarding Hardware Security Byte (HSB), Default
setting, X2 is cleared.
Reset Value = 0000 000’HSB. X2’b (see Table 65 “Hardware Security Byte”)
Not bit addressable
18 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Table 16. CKCON1 Register

CKCON1 - Clock Control Register (AFh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - - - SPIX2
Bit Bit
7 - Reserved
6 - Reserved
5 - Reserved
4 - Reserved
3 - Reserved
2 - Reserved
1 - Reserved
SPI (This control bit is validated when the CPU clock X2 is set; when X2 is low,
this bit has no effect).
0 SPIX2
Clear to select 6 clock periods per peripheral clock cycle.
Reset Value = XXXX XXX0b

Not bit addressable
19
4180C–8051–12/03
Dual Data Pointer The additional data pointer can be used to speed up code execution and reduce code
size.
Register (DPTR)
The dual DPTR structure is a way by which the chip will specify the address of an exter-
nal data memory location. There are two 16-bit DPTR registers that address the external
memory, and a single bit called DPS = AUXR1.0 (see Table 17) that allows the program
code to switch between them (see Figure 7).
Figure 7. Use of Dual Pointer

External Data Memory
7 0
DPS
DPTR1
DPTR0
AUXR1(A2H)
DPH(83H) DPL(82H)
20 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Table 17. AUXR1 register

AUXR1- Auxiliary Register 1(0A2h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - ENBOOT - GF3 0 - DPS
Bit Bit
Reserved
7 -
Reserved
6 -
Enable Boot Flash

5 ENBOOT Cleared to disable boot ROM.
Set to map the boot ROM between F800h - 0FFFFh.
Reserved
4 -
3 GF3 This bit is a general-purpose user flag.(1)
2 0 Always Cleared
Reserved
1 -
Data Pointer Selection

0 DPS Cleared to select DPTR0.
Set to select DPTR1.
Reset Value = XXXX XX0X0b

Not bit addressable
Note: 1. Bit 2 stuck at 0; this allows using INC AUXR1 to toggle DPS without changing GF3.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
; Block move using dual data pointers

; Modifies DPTR0, DPTR1, A and PSW
; note: DPS exits opposite of entry state
; unless an extra INC AUXR1 is added
;
00A2 AUXR1 EQU 0A2H
;
0000 909000MOV DPTR,#SOURCE ; address of SOURCE
0003 05A2 INC AUXR1 ; switch data pointers
0005 90A000 MOV DPTR,#DEST ; address of DEST
0008 LOOP:
0008 05A2 INC AUXR1 ; switch data pointers
000A E0 MOVX A,@DPTR ; get a Byte from SOURCE
000B A3 INC DPTR ; increment SOURCE address
000C 05A2 INC AUXR1 ; switch data pointers
000E F0 MOVX @DPTR,A ; write the Byte to DEST
000F A3 INC DPTR ; increment DEST address
0010 70F6JNZ LOOP ; check for 0 terminator
0012 05A2 INC AUXR1 ; (optional) restore DPS
21
4180C–8051–12/03
INC is a short (2 Bytes) and fast (12 clocks) way to manipulate the DPS bit in the
AUXR1 SFR. However, note that the INC instruction does not directly force the DPS bit
to a particular state, but simply toggles it. In simple routines, such as the block move
example, only the fact that DPS is toggled in the proper sequence matters, not its actual
value. In other words, the block move routine works the same whether DPS is '0' or '1'
on entry. Observe that without the last instruction (INC AUXR1), the routine will exit with
DPS in the opposite state.
22 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Expanded RAM The AT89C51RB2/RC2 provides additional bytes of random access memory (RAM)
space for increased data parameter handling and high-level language usage.
(XRAM)
AT89C51RB2/RC2 devices have expanded RAM in external data space; maximum size
and location are described in Table 18.
Table 18. Expanded RAM
Address
Part Number XRAM Size Start End
AT89C51RB2/RC2 1024 00h 3FFh
The AT89C51RB2/RC2 has internal data memory that is mapped into four separate
segments.
The four segments are:
1. The Lower 128 Bytes of RAM (addresses 00h to 7Fh) are directly and indirectly
addressable.
2. The Upper 128 Bytes of RAM (addresses 80h to FFh) are indirectly addressable
only.
3. The Special Function Registers, SFRs, (addresses 80h to FFh) are directly
addressable only.
4. The expanded RAM Bytes are indirectly accessed by MOVX instructions, and
with the EXTRAM bit cleared in the AUXR register (see Table 18).
The lower 128 Bytes can be accessed by either direct or indirect addressing. The Upper
128 Bytes can be accessed by indirect addressing only. The Upper 128 Bytes occupy
the same address space as the SFR. That means they have the same address, but are
physically separate from SFR space.
Figure 8. Internal and External Data Memory Address
0FFh or 3FFh 0FFh 0FFh 0FFFFh
Upper Special
128 Bytes External
Internal Function Data
Register Memory
RAM Direct Accesses
Indirect Accesses
XRAM 80h 80h

7Fh
Lower
128 Bytes
Internal
RAM
Direct or Indirect
Accesses 00FFh up to 03FFh
00 00 0000
When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7Fh, the CPU knows
whether the access is to the upper 128 Bytes of data RAM or to SFR space by the
addressing mode used in the instruction.
• Instructions that use direct addressing access SFR space. For example:
MOV 0A0H, # data, accesses the SFR at location 0A0h (which is P2).
23
4180C–8051–12/03
• Instructions that use indirect addressing access the Upper 128 Bytes of data RAM.
For example: MOV @R0, # data where R0 contains 0A0h, accesses the data Byte
at address 0A0h, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0h).
• The XRAM Bytes can be accessed by indirect addressing, with EXTRAM bit cleared
and MOVX instructions. This part of memory that is physically located on-chip,
logically occupies the first Bytes of external data memory. The bits XRS0 and XRS1
are used to hide a part of the available XRAM as explained in Table 18. This can be
useful if external peripherals are mapped at addresses already used by the internal
XRAM.
• With EXTRAM = 0, the XRAM is indirectly addressed, using the MOVX instruction in
combination with any of the registers R0, R1 of the selected bank or DPTR. An
access to XRAM will not affect ports P0, P2, P3.6 (WR) and P3.7 (RD). For
example, with EXTRAM = 0, MOVX @R0, # data where R0 contains 0A0H,
accesses the XRAM at address 0A0H rather than external memory. An access to
external data memory locations higher than the accessible size of the XRAM will be
performed with the MOVX DPTR instructions in the same way as in the standard
80C51, with P0 and P2 as data/address busses, and P3.6 and P3.7 as write and
read timing signals. Accesses to XRAM above 0FFH can only be done by the use of
DPTR.
• With EXTRAM = 1, MOVX @RI and MOVX @DPTR will be similar to the standard
80C51. MOVX @ Ri will provide an eight-bit address multiplexed with data on Port0
and any output port pins can be used to output higher order address bits. This is to
provide the external paging capability. MOVX @DPTR will generate a sixteen-bit
address. Port2 outputs the high-order eight address bits (the contents of DPH) while
Port0 multiplexes the low-order eight address bits (DPL) with data. MOVX @ RI and
MOVX @DPTR will generate either read or write signals on P3.6 (WR) and P3.7
(RD).
The stack pointer (SP) may be located anywhere in the 256 Bytes RAM (lower and
upper RAM) internal data memory. The stack may not be located in the XRAM.
The M0 bit allows to stretch the XRAM timings; if M0 is set, the read and write pulses
are extended from 6 to 30 clock periods. This is useful to access external slow
peripherals.
24 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Registers Table 19. AUXR Register

AUXR - Auxiliary Register (8Eh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DPU - M0 - XRS1 XRS0 EXTRAM AO
Bit Bit
Disable Weak Pull-up

7 DPU Cleared to activate the permanent weak pull up when latch data is logical 1
Set to disactive the weak pull-up (reduce power consumption)
Reserved
6 -
Pulse Length
Cleared to stretch MOVX control: the RD and the WR pulse length is 6 clock
5 M0 periods (default).
Set to stretch MOVX control: the RD and the WR pulse length is 30 clock
periods.
Reserved
4 -
3 XRS1 XRAM Size

XRS1 XRS0 XRAM size
0 0 256 Bytes (default)
0 1 512 Bytes
2 XRS0
1 0 768 Bytes
1 1 1024 Bytes
EXTRAM Bit
Cleared to access internal XRAM using movx @ Ri/ @ DPTR.
1 EXTRAM Set to access external memory.
Programmed by hardware after Power-up regarding Hardware Security Byte
(HSB), default setting, XRAM selected.
ALE Output Bit

Cleared, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency (or 1/3 if
0 AO
X2 mode is used). (default) Set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction is used.
Reset Value = XX0X 00’HSB. XRAM’0b (see Table 65)

Not bit addressable
25
4180C–8051–12/03
Timer 2 The Timer 2 in the AT89C51RB2/RC2 is the standard C52 Timer 2.
It is a 16-bit timer/counter: the count is maintained by two eight-bit timer registers, TH2
and TL2 are cascaded. It is controlled by T2CON (Table 20) and T2MOD (Table 21)
registers. Timer 2 operation is similar to Timer 0 and Timer 1C/T2 selects FOSC/12 (timer
operation) or external pin T2 (counter operation) as the timer clock input. Setting TR2
allows TL2 to increment by the selected input.
Timer 2 has 3 operating modes: capture, autoreload and Baud Rate Generator. These
modes are selected by the combination of RCLK, TCLK and CP/RL2 (T2CON).
see the Atmel 8-bit Microcontroller Hardware description for the description of Capture
and Baud Rate Generator Modes.
Timer 2 includes the following enhancements:
• Auto-reload mode with up or down counter
• Programmable clock-output
Auto-reload Mode The auto-reload mode configures Timer 2 as a 16-bit timer or event counter with auto-
matic reload. If DCEN bit in T2MOD is cleared, Timer 2 behaves as in 80C52 (see the
Atmel C51 Microcontroller Hardware description). If DCEN bit is set, Timer 2 acts as an
Up/down timer/counter as shown in Figure 9. In this mode the T2EX pin controls the
direction of count.
When T2EX is high, Timer 2 counts up. Timer overflow occurs at FFFFh which sets the
TF2 flag and generates an interrupt request. The overflow also causes the 16-bit value
in RCAP2H and RCAP2L registers to be loaded into the timer registers TH2 and TL2.
When T2EX is low, Timer 2 counts down. Timer underflow occurs when the count in the
timer registers TH2 and TL2 equals the value stored in RCAP2H and RCAP2L registers.
The underflow sets TF2 flag and reloads FFFFh into the timer registers.
The EXF2 bit toggles when Timer 2 overflows or underflows according to the direction of
the count. EXF2 does not generate any interrupt. This bit can be used to provide 17-bit
resolution.
26 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Figure 9. Auto-Reload Mode Up/Down Counter (DCEN = 1)

FCLK PERIPH :6 0
T2
C/T2 TR2
T2CON T2CON
T2EX:
(DOWN COUNTING RELOAD VALUE)
if DCEN = 1, 1 = UP
FFh FFh
(8-bit) (8-bit) if DCEN = 1, 0 = DOWN
if DCEN = 0, up counting
TOGGLE T2CON
EXF2
TL2 TH2 TF2

TIMER 2
(8-bit) (8-bit) INTERRUPT
T2CON
RCAP2L RCAP2H
(8-bit) (8-bit)
(UP COUNTING RELOAD VALUE)
Programmable Clock-out In the clock-out mode, Timer 2 operates as a 50% duty-cycle, programmable clock gen-
Mode erator (see Figure 10). The input clock increments TL2 at frequency FCLK PERIPH/2. The
timer repeatedly counts to overflow from a loaded value. At overflow, the contents of
RCAP2H and RCAP2L registers are loaded into TH2 and TL2. In this mode, Timer 2
overflows do not generate interrupts. The formula gives the clock-out frequency as a
function of the system oscillator frequency and the value in the RCAP2H and RCAP2L
registers:
F CLKPERIPH
Clock –O utFrequency = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 × ( 65536 – RCAP2H ⁄ RCAP2L )
For a 16 MHz system clock, Timer 2 has a programmable frequency range of 61 Hz

(FCLK PERIPH/216) to 4 MHz (FCLK PERIPH/4). The generated clock signal is brought out to
T2 pin (P1.0).
Timer 2 is programmed for the clock-out mode as follows:
• Set T2OE bit in T2MOD register.
• Clear C/T2 bit in T2CON register.
• Determine the 16-bit reload value from the formula and enter it in RCAP2H/RCAP2L
registers.
• Enter a 16-bit initial value in timer registers TH2/TL2. It can be the same as the
reload value or a different one depending on the application.
• To start the timer, set TR2 run control bit in T2CON register.
It is possible to use Timer 2 as a baud rate generator and a clock generator simulta-
neously. For this configuration, the baud rates and clock frequencies are not
independent since both functions use the values in the RCAP2H and RCAP2L registers.
27
4180C–8051–12/03
Figure 10. Clock-Out Mode C/T2 = 0
FCLK PERIPH :6
TR2
T2CON TL2 TH2
(8-bit) (8-bit)
OVER-
FLOW
RCAP2L RCAP2H
(8-bit) (8-bit)
Toggle
T2
Q D
T2OE
T2MOD
T2EX EXF2 TIMER 2
INTERRUPT
T2CON
EXEN2
T2CON
28 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Registers Table 20. T2CON Register

T2CON – Timer 2 Control Register (C8h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
TF2 EXF2 RCLK TCLK EXEN2 TR2 C/T2# CP/RL2#
Bit Bit
Timer 2 Overflow Flag

7 TF2 Must be cleared by software.
Set by hardware on Timer 2 overflow, if RCLK = 0 and TCLK = 0.
Timer 2 External Flag

Set when a capture or a reload is caused by a negative transition on T2EX pin if
EXEN2 = 1.
6 EXF2 When set, causes the CPU to vector to Timer 2 interrupt routine when Timer 2
interrupt is enabled.
Must be cleared by software. EXF2 doesn’t cause an interrupt in Up/down
counter mode (DCEN = 1).
Receive Clock Bit

5 RCLK Cleared to use timer 1 overflow as receive clock for serial port in mode 1 or 3.
Set to use Timer 2 overflow as receive clock for serial port in mode 1 or 3.
Transmit Clock Bit

4 TCLK Cleared to use timer 1 overflow as transmit clock for serial port in mode 1 or 3.
Set to use Timer 2 overflow as transmit clock for serial port in mode 1 or 3.
Timer 2 External Enable Bit

Cleared to ignore events on T2EX pin for Timer 2 operation.
3 EXEN2
Set to cause a capture or reload when a negative transition on T2EX pin is
detected, if Timer 2 is not used to clock the serial port.
Timer 2 Run Control Bit

2 TR2 Cleared to turn off Timer 2.
Set to turn on Timer 2.
Timer/Counter 2 Select Bit

Cleared for timer operation (input from internal clock system: FCLK PERIPH).
1 C/T2#
Set for counter operation (input from T2 input pin, falling edge trigger). Must be 0
for clock out mode.
Timer 2 Capture/Reload Bit

If RCLK = 1 or TCLK = 1, CP/RL2# is ignored and timer is forced to auto-reload
on Timer 2 overflow.
0 CP/RL2#
Cleared to auto-reload on Timer 2 overflows or negative transitions on T2EX pin
if EXEN2 = 1.
Set to capture on negative transitions on T2EX pin if EXEN2 = 1.

Bit addressable
29
4180C–8051–12/03
Table 21. T2MOD Register
T2MOD – Timer 2 Mode Control Register (C9h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - - T2OE DCEN
Bit Bit
Reserved
7 -
Reserved
6 -
Reserved
5 -
Reserved
4 -
Reserved
3 -
Reserved
2 -
Timer 2 Output Enable Bitt

1 T2OE Cleared to program P1.0/T2 as clock input or I/O port.
Set to program P1.0/T2 as clock output.
Down Counter Enable Bit

0 DCEN Cleared to disable Timer 2 as up/down counter.
Set to enable Timer 2 as up/down counter.
Reset Value = XXXX XX00b

Not bit addressable
30 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Programmable The PCA provides more timing capabilities with less CPU intervention than the standard
timer/counters. Its advantages include reduced software overhead and improved accu-
Counter Array (PCA)
racy. The PCA consists of a dedicated timer/counter which serves as the time base for
an array of five compare/capture Modules. Its clock input can be programmed to count
any one of the following signals:
• Peripheral clock frequency (FCLK PERIPH) ÷6
• Peripheral clock frequency (FCLK PERIPH) ÷ 2
• Timer 0 overflow
• External input on ECI (P1.2)
Each compare/capture Modules can be programmed in any one of the following modes:
• Rising and/or falling edge capture
• Software timer
• High-speed output
• Pulse width modulator
Module 4 can also be programmed as a watchdog timer (see Section "PCA Watchdog
Timer", page 42).
When the compare/capture Modules are programmed in the capture mode, software
timer, or high speed output mode, an interrupt can be generated when the Module exe-
cutes its function. All five Modules plus the PCA timer overflow share one interrupt
vector.
The PCA timer/counter and compare/capture modules share Port 1 for external I/O.
These pins are listed below. If one or several bits in the port are not used for the PCA,
they can still be used for standard I/O.
PCA Component External I/O Pin
16-bit Counter P1.2/ECI
16-bit Module 0 P1.3/CEX0
The PCA timer is a common time base for all five Modules (see Figure 11). The timer
count source is determined from the CPS1 and CPS0 bits in the CMOD register
(Table 22) and can be programmed to run at:
• 1/6 the peripheral clock frequency (FCLK PERIPH)
• 1/2 the peripheral clock frequency (FCLK PERIPH)
• The Timer 0 overflow
• The input on the ECI pin (P1.2)
31
4180C–8051–12/03
Figure 11. PCA Timer/Counter
To PCA
Modules
FCLK PERIPH/6
FCLK PERIPH/2 overflow It
CH CL
T0 OVF
P1.2 16-bit up Counter
CMOD
CIDL WDTE CPS1 CPS0 ECF 0xD9
Idle
CCON
CF CR CCF4 CCF3 CCF2 CCF1 CCF0 0xD8
32 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Registers Table 22. CMOD Register

CMOD – PCA Counter Mode Register (D9h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CIDL WDTE - - - CPS1 CPS0 ECF
Bit Bit
Counter Idle Control

7 CIDL Cleared to program the PCA Counter to continue functioning during idle Mode.
Set to program PCA to be gated off during idle.
Watchdog Timer Enable

6 WDTE Cleared to disable Watchdog Timer function on PCA Module 4.
Set to enable Watchdog Timer function on PCA Module 4.
Reserved
5 -
Reserved
4 -
Reserved
3 -
2 CPS1 PCA Count Pulse Select

CPS1 CPS0 Selected PCA input
0 0 Internal clock FCLK PERIPH/6
1 CPS0 0 1 Internal clock FLK PERIPH/2

1 0 Timer 0 Overflow
1 1 External clock at ECI/P1.2 pin (max rate = fCLK PERIPH/ 4)
PCA Enable Counter Overflow Interrupt

0 ECF Cleared to disable CF bit in CCON to inhibit an interrupt.
Set to enable CF bit in CCON to generate an interrupt.
Reset Value = 00XX X000b

Not bit addressable
The CMOD register includes three additional bits associated with the PCA.
• The CIDL bit which allows the PCA to stop during idle mode.
• The WDTE bit which enables or disables the watchdog function on Module 4.
• The ECF bit which when set causes an interrupt and the PCA overflow flag CF (in
the CCON SFR) to be set when the PCA timer overflows.
The CCON register contains the run control bit for the PCA and the flags for the PCA
timer (CF) and each Module (see Table 23).
• Bit CR (CCON. 6) must be set by software to run the PCA. The PCA is shut off by
clearing this bit.
• Bit CF: The CF bit (CCON. 7) is set when the PCA counter overflows and an
interrupt will be generated if the ECF bit in the CMOD register is set. The CF bit can
only be cleared by software.
• Bits 0 through 4 are the flags for the Modules (bit 0 for Module 0, bit 1 for Module 1,
etc. ) and are set by hardware when either a match or a capture occurs. These flags
also can only be cleared by software.
33
4180C–8051–12/03
Table 23. CCON Register
CCON – PCA Counter Control Register (D8h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CF CR - CCF4 CCF3 CCF2 CCF1 CCF0
Bit Bit
PCA Counter Overflow Flag
7 CF Set by hardware when the counter rolls over. CF flags an interrupt if bit ECF in
CMOD is set. CF may be set by either hardware or software but can only be
cleared by software.
PCA Counter Run Control Bit

6 CR Must be cleared by software to turn the PCA counter off.
Set by software to turn the PCA counter on.
Reserved
5 -
PCA Module 4 Interrupt Flag

4 CCF4 Must be cleared by software.
Set by hardware when a match or capture occurs.




Reset Value = 000X 0000b

Not bit addressable
The watchdog timer function is implemented in Module 4 (see Figure 14).
The PCA interrupt system is shown in Figure 12.
34 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Figure 12. PCA Interrupt System

CCON
CF CR CCF4 CCF3 CCF2 CCF1 CCF0
0xD8
PCA Timer/Counter
Module 0
Module 1 To Interrupt
Priority Decoder
Module 2
Module 3
Module 4
IEN0. 6 IEN0. 7
CMOD. 0 ECF ECCFn CCAPMn. 0 EC EA
PCA Modules: each one of the five compare/capture Modules has six possible func-
tions. It can perform:
• 16-bit Capture, positive-edge triggered
• 16-bit Capture, negative-edge triggered
• 16-bit Capture, both positive and negative-edge triggered
• 16-bit Software Timer
• 16-bit High-speed Output
• 8-bit Pulse Width Modulator
In addition, Module 4 can be used as a Watchdog Timer.
Each Module in the PCA has a special function register associated with it. These regis-
ters are: CCAPM0 for Module 0, CCAPM1 for Module 1, etc. (see Table 24). The
registers contain the bits that control the mode that each Module will operate in.
• The ECCF bit (CCAPMn. 0 where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on the Module)
enables the CCF flag in the CCON SFR to generate an interrupt when a match or
compare occurs in the associated Module.
• PWM (CCAPMn. 1) enables the pulse width modulation mode.
• The TOG bit (CCAPMn. 2) when set causes the CEX output associated with the
Module to toggle when there is a match between the PCA counter and the Module's
capture/compare register.
• The match bit MAT (CCAPMn. 3) when set will cause the CCFn bit in the CCON
register to be set when there is a match between the PCA counter and the Module's
capture/compare register.
• The next two bits CAPN (CCAPMn. 4) and CAPP (CCAPMn. 5) determine the edge
that a capture input will be active on. The CAPN bit enables the negative edge, and
the CAPP bit enables the positive edge. If both bits are set both edges will be
enabled and a capture will occur for either transition.
• The last bit in the register ECOM (CCAPMn. 6) when set enables the comparator
function.
Table 24 shows the CCAPMn settings for the various PCA functions.
35
4180C–8051–12/03
Table 24. CCAPMn Registers (n = 0-4)
CCAPM0 – PCA Module 0 Compare/Capture Control Register (0DAh)
CCAPM1 – PCA Module 1 Compare/Capture Control Register (0DBh)
CCAPM2 – PCA Module 2 Compare/Capture Control Register (0DCh)
CCAPM3 – PCA Module 3 Compare/Capture Control Register (0DDh)
CCAPM4 – PCA Module 4 Compare/Capture Control Register (0DEh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- ECOMn CAPPn CAPNn MATn TOGn PWMn ECCFn
Bit Bit
Reserved
7 -
Enable Comparator
6 ECOMn Cleared to disable the comparator function.
Set to enable the comparator function.
Capture Positive
5 CAPPn Cleared to disable positive edge capture.
Set to enable positive edge capture.
Capture Negative
4 CAPNn Cleared to disable negative edge capture.
Set to enable negative edge capture.
Match
3 MATn When MATn = 1, a match of the PCA counter with this Module's
compare/capture register causes the CCFn bit in CCON to be set, flagging an
interrupt.
Toggle
2 TOGn When TOGn = 1, a match of the PCA counter with this Module's
compare/capture register causes theCEXn pin to toggle.
Pulse Width Modulation Mode

1 PWMn Cleared to disable the CEXn pin to be used as a pulse width modulated output.
Set to enable the CEXn pin to be used as a pulse width modulated output.
Enable CCF Interrupt

Cleared to disable compare/capture flag CCFn in the CCON register to generate
0 CCF0 an interrupt.
Set to enable compare/capture flag CCFn in the CCON register to generate an
interrupt.
Reset Value = X000 0000b

Not bit addressable
36 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Table 25. PCA Module Modes (CCAPMn Registers)

ECOMn CAPPn CAPNn MATn TOGn PWMm ECCFn Module Function
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Operation
16-bit capture by a positive-edge

X 1 0 0 0 0 X
trigger on CEXn
16-bit capture by a negative trigger

X 0 1 0 0 0 X
on CEXn
16-bit capture by a transition on

X 1 1 0 0 0 X
CEXn
16-bit Software Timer/Compare

1 0 0 1 0 0 X
mode.
1 0 0 1 1 0 X 16-bit High-speed Output
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 8-bit PWM
1 0 0 1 X 0 X Watchdog Timer (Module 4 only)
There are two additional registers associated with each of the PCA Modules. They are
CCAPnH and CCAPnL and these are the registers that store the 16-bit count when a
capture occurs or a compare should occur. When a Module is used in the PWM mode
these registers are used to control the duty cycle of the output (see Table 26 and
Table 27).
Table 26. CCAPnH Registers (n = 0-4)

CCAP0H – PCA Module 0 Compare/Capture Control Register High (0FAh)
CCAP1H – PCA Module 1 Compare/Capture Control Register High (0FBh)
CCAP2H – PCA Module 2 Compare/Capture Control Register High (0FCh)
CCAP3H – PCA Module 3 Compare/Capture Control Register High (0FDh)
CCAP4H – PCA Module 4 Compare/Capture Control Register High (0FEh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - - - -
Bit Bit
PCA Module n Compare/Capture Control

7-0 -
CCAPnH Value

Not bit addressable
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4180C–8051–12/03
Table 27. CCAPnL Registers (n = 0-4)
CCAP0L – PCA Module 0 Compare/Capture Control Register Low (0EAh)
CCAP1L – PCA Module 1 Compare/Capture Control Register Low (0EBh)
CCAP2L – PCA Module 2 Compare/Capture Control Register Low (0ECh)
CCAP3L – PCA Module 3 Compare/Capture Control Register Low (0EDh)
CCAP4L – PCA Module 4 Compare/Capture Control Register Low (0EEh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - - - -
Bit Bit
PCA Module n Compare/Capture Control

7-0 -
CCAPnL Value

Not bit addressable
Table 28. CH Register

CH – PCA Counter Register High (0F9h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - - - -
Bit Bit
PCA Counter
7-0 -
CH Value

Not bit addressable
Table 29. CL Register

CL – PCA Counter Register Low (0E9h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - - - -
Bit Bit
PCA Counter
7-0 -
CL Value

Not bit addressable
38 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
PCA Capture Mode To use one of the PCA Modules in the capture mode either one or both of the CCAPM
bits CAPN and CAPP for that Module must be set. The external CEX input for the Mod-
ule (on port 1) is sampled for a transition. When a valid transition occurs the PCA
hardware loads the value of the PCA counter registers (CH and CL) into the Module's
capture registers (CCAPnL and CCAPnH). If the CCFn bit for the Module in the CCON
SFR and the ECCFn bit in the CCAPMn SFR are set then an interrupt will be generated
(see Figure 13).
Figure 13. PCA Capture Mode
CF CR CCF4 CCF3 CCF2 CCF1 CCF0 CCON

0xD8
PCA IT
PCA Counter/Timer
Cex. n
CH CL
Capture
CCAPnH CCAPnL
ECOMn CAPPn CAPNn MATn TOGn PWMn ECCFn CCAPMn, n = 0 to 4

0xDA to 0xDE
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4180C–8051–12/03
16-bit Software Timer/ The PCA Modules can be used as software timers by setting both the ECOM and MAT
Compare Mode bits in the Modules CCAPMn register. The PCA timer will be compared to the Module's
capture registers and when a match occurs, an interrupt will occur if the CCFn (CCON
SFR) and the ECCFn (CCAPMn SFR) bits for the Module are both set (see Figure 14).
Figure 14. PCA Compare Mode and PCA Watchdog Timer
CCON
CF CR CCF4 CCF3 CCF2 CCF1 CCF0 0xD8
Write to
CCAPnL Reset
PCA IT
Write to
CCAPnH CCAPnH CCAPnL
1 0 Enable Match
16 bit Comparator
RESET(1)
CH CL
PCA Counter/Timer
CCAPMn, n = 0 to 4
ECOMn CAPPn CAPNn MATn TOGn PWMn ECCFn
0xDA to 0xDE
CMOD
CIDL WDTE CPS1 CPS0 ECF
0xD9
Note: 1. Only for Module 4

Before enabling ECOM bit, CCAPnL and CCAPnH should be set with a non zero value,
otherwise an unwanted match could occur. Writing to CCAPnH will set the ECOM bit.
Once ECOM set, writing CCAPnL will clear ECOM so that an unwanted match doesn’t
occur while modifying the compare value. Writing to CCAPnH will set ECOM. For this
reason, user software should write CCAPnL first, and then CCAPnH. Of course, the
ECOM bit can still be controlled by accessing to CCAPMn register.
40 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
High-speed Output Mode In this mode the CEX output (on port 1) associated with the PCA module will toggle
each time a match occurs between the PCA counter and the modules capture registers.
To activate this mode the TOG, MAT, and ECOM bits in the modules CCAPMn SFR
must be set (see Figure 15).
A prior write must be done to CCAPnL and CCAPnH before writing the ECOMn bit.
Figure 15. PCA High-speed Output Mode

CCON
CF CR CCF4 CCF3 CCF2 CCF1 CCF0
0xD8
Write to
CCAPnL Reset
PCA IT
Write to
CCAPnH
CCAPnH CCAPnL
1 0 Enable Match
16-bit Comparator
CEXn
CH CL
PCA Counter/Timer
CCAPMn, n = 0 to 4
ECOMn CAPPn CAPNn MATn TOGn PWMn ECCFn
0xDA to 0xDE
Before enabling ECOM bit, CCAPnL and CCAPnH should be set with a non-zero value,
otherwise an unwanted match could occur.
Once ECOM is set, writing CCAPnL will clear ECOM so that an unwanted match doesn’t
occur while modifying the compare value. Writing to CCAPnH will set ECOM. For this
reason, user software should write CCAPnL first, and then CCAPnH. Of course, the
ECOM bit can still be controlled by accessing to CCAPMn register.
41
4180C–8051–12/03
Pulse Width Modulator All of the PCA Modules can be used as PWM outputs. Figure 16 shows the PWM func-
Mode tion. The frequency of the output depends on the source for the PCA timer. All of the
Modules will have the same frequency of output because they all share the PCA timer.
The duty cycle of each Module is independently variable using the module's capture
register CCAPLn. When the value of the PCA CL SFR is less than the value in the mod-
ule's CCAPLn SFR the output will be low, when it is equal to or greater than the output
will be high. When CL overflows from FF to 00, CCAPLn is reloaded with the value in
CCAPHn. This allows updating the PWM without glitches. The PWM and ECOM bits in
the module's CCAPMn register must be set to enable the PWM mode.
Figure 16. PCA PWM Mode

CCAPnH
Overflow
CCAPnL
“0”
Enable CEXn
8-bit Comparator
“1”
CL
PCA Counter/Timer
ECOMn CAPPn CAPNn MATn TOGn PWMn ECCFn CCAPMn, n = 0 to 4

0xDA to 0xDE
PCA Watchdog Timer An on-board watchdog timer is available with the PCA to improve the reliability of the
system without increasing chip count. Watchdog timers are useful for systems that are
susceptible to noise, power glitches, or electrostatic discharge. Module 4 is the only
PCA Module that can be programmed as a watchdog. However, this Module can still be
used for other modes if the watchdog is not needed. Figure 14 shows a diagram of how
the watchdog works. The user pre-loads a 16-bit value in the compare registers. Just
like the other compare modes, this 16-bit value is compared to the PCA timer value. If a
match is allowed to occur, an internal reset will be generated. This will not cause the
RST pin to be driven high.
In order to hold off the reset, the user has the following three options:
1. Periodically change the compare value so it will never match the PCA timer.
2. Periodically change the PCA timer value so it will never match the compare
values.
3. Disable the watchdog by clearing the WDTE bit before a match occurs and then
re-enable it.
The first two options are more reliable because the watchdog timer is never disabled as
in option #3. If the program counter ever goes astray, a match will eventually occur and
cause an internal reset. The second option is also not recommended if other PCA Mod-
ules are being used. Remember, the PCA timer is the time base for all modules;
42 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
changing the time base for other Modules would not be a good idea. Thus, in most appli-
cations the first solution is the best option.
This watchdog timer won’t generate a reset out on the reset pin.
43
4180C–8051–12/03
Serial I/O Port The serial I/O port in the AT89C51RB2/RC2 is compatible with the serial I/O port in the
80C52.
It provides both synchronous and asynchronous communication modes. It operates as a
Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART) in three full-duplex modes
(Modes 1, 2 and 3). Asynchronous transmission and reception can occur simultaneously
and at different baud rates
Serial I/O port includes the following enhancements:
• Framing error detection
• Automatic address recognition
Framing Error Detection Framing bit error detection is provided for the three asynchronous modes (modes 1, 2
and 3). To enable the framing bit error detection feature, set SMOD0 bit in PCON regis-
ter (See Figure 17).
Figure 17. Framing Error Block Diagram
SM0/FE SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI SCON (98h)
Set FE bit if stop bit is 0 (framing error) (SMOD0 = 1)
SM0 to UART mode control (SMOD0 = 0)
SMOD1SMOD0 - POF GF1 GF0 PD IDL PCON (87h)
To UART framing error control
When this feature is enabled, the receiver checks each incoming data frame for a valid
stop bit. An invalid stop bit may result from noise on the serial lines or from simultaneous
transmission by two CPUs. If a valid stop bit is not found, the Framing Error bit (FE) in
SCON register (See Table 33.) bit is set.
Software may examine FE bit after each reception to check for data errors. Once set,
only software or a reset can clear FE bit. Subsequently received frames with valid stop
bits cannot clear FE bit. When FE feature is enabled, RI rises on stop bit instead of the
last data bit (See Figure 18. and Figure 19.).
Figure 18. UART Timings in Mode 1

RXD D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
Start Data byte Stop

bit bit
RI
SMOD0=X
FE
SMOD0=1
44 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Figure 19. UART Timings in Modes 2 and 3

RXD D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
Start Data byte Ninth Stop

bit bit bit
RI
SMOD0=0
RI
SMOD0=1
FE
SMOD0=1
Automatic Address The automatic address recognition feature is enabled when the multiprocessor commu-
Recognition nication feature is enabled (SM2 bit in SCON register is set).
Implemented in hardware, automatic address recognition enhances the multiprocessor
communication feature by allowing the serial port to examine the address of each
incoming command frame. Only when the serial port recognizes its own address, the
receiver sets RI bit in SCON register to generate an interrupt. This ensures that the CPU
is not interrupted by command frames addressed to other devices.
If desired, the user may enable the automatic address recognition feature in mode 1.In
this configuration, the stop bit takes the place of the ninth data bit. Bit RI is set only when
the received command frame address matches the device’s address and is terminated
by a valid stop bit.
To support automatic address recognition, a device is identified by a given address and
a broadcast address.
Note: The multiprocessor communication and automatic address recognition features cannot
be enabled in mode 0 (i. e. setting SM2 bit in SCON register in mode 0 has no effect).
Given Address Each device has an individual address that is specified in SADDR register; the SADEN
register is a mask byte that contains don’t-care bits (defined by zeros) to form the
device’s given address. The don’t-care bits provide the flexibility to address one or more
slaves at a time. The following example illustrates how a given address is formed.
To address a device by its individual address, the SADEN mask byte must be 1111
1111b.
For example:
SADDR0101 0110b
SADEN1111 1100b
Given0101 01XXb
The following is an example of how to use given addresses to address different slaves:
Slave A:SADDR1111 0001b
SADEN1111 1010b
Given1111 0X0Xb
Slave B:SADDR1111 0011b

SADEN1111 1001b
Given1111 0XX1b
Slave C:SADDR1111 0010b

SADEN1111 1101b
Given1111 00X1b
45
4180C–8051–12/03
The SADEN byte is selected so that each slave may be addressed separately.
For slave A, bit 0 (the LSB) is a don’t-care bit; for slaves B and C, bit 0 is a 1.To commu-
nicate with slave A only, the master must send an address where bit 0 is clear (e. g.
1111 0000b).
For slave A, bit 1 is a 1; for slaves B and C, bit 1 is a don’t care bit. To communicate with
slaves B and C, but not slave A, the master must send an address with bits 0 and 1 both
set (e. g. 1111 0011b).
To communicate with slaves A, B and C, the master must send an address with bit 0 set,
bit 1 clear, and bit 2 clear (e. g. 1111 0001b).
Broadcast Address A broadcast address is formed from the logical OR of the SADDR and SADEN registers
with zeros defined as don’t-care bits, e. g. :
SADDR0101 0110b
SADEN1111 1100b
Broadcast =SADDR OR SADEN1111 111Xb
The use of don’t-care bits provides flexibility in defining the broadcast address, however
in most applications, a broadcast address is FFh. The following is an example of using
broadcast addresses:
Slave A:SADDR1111 0001b
SADEN1111 1010b
Broadcast1111 1X11b,
Slave B:SADDR1111 0011b

SADEN1111 1001b
Broadcast1111 1X11B,
Slave C:SADDR=1111 0011b

SADEN1111 1101b
Broadcast1111 1111b
For slaves A and B, bit 2 is a don’t care bit; for slave C, bit 2 is set. To communicate with
all of the slaves, the master must send an address FFh. To communicate with slaves A
and B, but not slave C, the master can send and address FBh.
Reset Addresses On reset, the SADDR and SADEN registers are initialized to 00h, i. e. the given and
broadcast addresses are XXXX XXXXb (all don’t-care bits). This ensures that the serial
port will reply to any address, and so, that it is backwards compatible with the 80C51
microcontrollers that do not support automatic address recognition.
46 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Registers Table 30. SADEN Register

SADEN - Slave Address Mask Register (B9h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Not bit addressable
Table 31. SADDR Register

SADDR - Slave Address Register (A9h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Not bit addressable
Baud Rate Selection for The Baud Rate Generator for transmit and receive clocks can be selected separately via
UART for Mode 1 and 3 the T2CON and BDRCON registers.
Figure 20. Baud Rate Selection

TIMER1 TIMER_BRG_RX
0
TIMER2 0
1 / 16
1 Rx Clock
RCLK
INT_BRG RBCK
TIMER1 TIMER_BRG_TX
0
TIMER2 0
1 / 16
1 Tx Clock
TCLK
INT_BRG TBCK
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4180C–8051–12/03
Table 32. Baud Rate Selection Table UART
TCLK RCLK TBCK RBCK Clock Source Clock Source
(T2CON) (T2CON) (BDRCON) (BDRCON) UART Tx UART Rx
0 0 0 0 Timer 1 Timer 1
X 0 1 0 INT_BRG Timer 1
X 1 1 0 INT_BRG Timer 2
0 X 0 1 Timer 1 INT_BRG
1 X 0 1 Timer 2 INT_BRG
X X 1 1 INT_BRG INT_BRG
Internal Baud Rate Generator When the internal Baud Rate Generator is used, the Baud Rates are determined by the
(BRG) BRG overflow depending on the BRL reload value, the value of SPD bit (Speed Mode)
in BDRCON register and the value of the SMOD1 bit in PCON register.
Figure 21. Internal Baud Rate

auto reload counter /2
FPER /6 0 overflow
BRG 0
1 INT_BRG
1
SPD BRL
SMOD1
BRR
• The baud rate for UART is token by formula:

2SMOD1 ⋅ FPER
Baud_Rate =
6(1-SPD) ⋅ 32 ⋅ (256 -BRL)
2SMOD1 ⋅ FPER
BRL = 256 -
6(1-SPD)
⋅ 32 ⋅ Baud_Rate
48 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Table 33. SCON Register

SCON - Serial Control Register (98h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
FE/SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI
Bit Bit
Framing Error bit (SMOD0=1)

Clear to reset the error state, not cleared by a valid stop bit.
FE
Set by hardware when an invalid stop bit is detected.
7 SMOD0 must be set to enable access to the FE bit.
Serial port Mode bit 0

SM0 Refer to SM1 for serial port mode selection.
SMOD0 must be cleared to enable access to the SM0 bit.
Serial port Mode bit 1

SM0 SM1 Mode Baud Rate
0 0 Shift Register FXTAL /12 (or FXTAL /6 in mode X2)
6 SM1
0 1 8-bit UART Variable
1 0 9-bit UART FXTAL /64 or FXTAL/32
1 1 9-bit UART Variable
Serial port Mode 2 bit / Multiprocessor Communication Enable bit

Clear to disable multiprocessor communication feature.
5 SM2
Set to enable multiprocessor communication feature in mode 2 and 3, and
eventually mode 1.This bit should be cleared in mode 0.
Reception Enable bit

4 REN Clear to disable serial reception.
Set to enable serial reception.
Transmitter Bit 8 / Ninth bit to transmit in modes 2 and 3

3 TB8 Clear to transmit a logic 0 in the 9th bit.
Set to transmit a logic 1 in the 9th bit.
Receiver Bit 8 / Ninth bit received in modes 2 and 3

Cleared by hardware if 9th bit received is a logic 0.
2 RB8 Set by hardware if 9th bit received is a logic 1.
In mode 1, if SM2 = 0, RB8 is the received stop bit. In mode 0 RB8 is not
used.
Transmit Interrupt flag

Clear to acknowledge interrupt.
1 TI
Set by hardware at the end of the 8th bit time in mode 0 or at the beginning
of the stop bit in the other modes.
Receive Interrupt flag

Clear to acknowledge interrupt.
0 RI
Set by hardware at the end of the 8th bit time in mode 0, see Figure 18.
and Figure 19. in the other modes.

Bit addressable
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4180C–8051–12/03
Table 34. Example of Computed Value When X2=1, SMOD1=1, SPD=1
Baud Rates FOSC = 16. 384 MHz FOSC = 24MHz
BRL Error (%) BRL Error (%)
115200 247 1.23 243 0.16
57600 238 1.23 230 0.16
38400 229 1.23 217 0.16
28800 220 1.23 204 0.16
19200 203 0.63 178 0.16
9600 149 0.31 100 0.16
4800 43 1.23 - -
Table 35. Example of Computed Value When X2=0, SMOD1=0, SPD=0

Baud Rates FOSC = 16. 384 MHz FOSC = 24MHz
BRL Error (%) BRL Error (%)
4800 247 1.23 243 0.16
2400 238 1.23 230 0.16
1200 220 1.23 202 3.55
600 185 0.16 152 0.16
The baud rate generator can be used for mode 1 or 3 (refer to Figure 20.), but also for
mode 0 for UART, thanks to the bit SRC located in BDRCON register (Table 42.)
UART Registers Table 36. SADEN Register

SADEN - Slave Address Mask Register for UART (B9h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Table 37. SADDR Register

SADDR - Slave Address Register for UART (A9h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
50 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Table 38. SBUF Register

SBUF - Serial Buffer Register for UART (99h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Reset Value = XXXX XXXXb
Table 39. BRL Register

BRL - Baud Rate Reload Register for the internal baud rate generator, UART (9Ah)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4180C–8051–12/03
Table 40. T2CON Register
T2CON - Timer 2 Control Register (C8h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
TF2 EXF2 RCLK TCLK EXEN2 TR2 C/T2# CP/RL2#
Bit Bit
Timer 2 overflow Flag

7 TF2 Must be cleared by software.
Set by hardware on timer 2 overflow, if RCLK = 0 and TCLK = 0.
Timer 2 External Flag

Set when a capture or a reload is caused by a negative transition on T2EX pin if
EXEN2=1.
6 EXF2 When set, causes the CPU to vector to timer 2 interrupt routine when timer 2
interrupt is enabled.
Must be cleared by software. EXF2 doesn’t cause an interrupt in Up/down
counter mode (DCEN = 1)
Receive Clock bit for UART

5 RCLK Cleared to use timer 1 overflow as receive clock for serial port in mode 1 or 3.
Set to use timer 2 overflow as receive clock for serial port in mode 1 or 3.
Transmit Clock bit for UART

4 TCLK Cleared to use timer 1 overflow as transmit clock for serial port in mode 1 or 3.
Set to use timer 2 overflow as transmit clock for serial port in mode 1 or 3.
Timer 2 External Enable bit

Cleared to ignore events on T2EX pin for timer 2 operation.
3 EXEN2
Set to cause a capture or reload when a negative transition on T2EX pin is
detected, if timer 2 is not used to clock the serial port.
Timer 2 Run control bit

2 TR2 Cleared to turn off timer 2.
Set to turn on timer 2.
Timer/Counter 2 select bit

Cleared for timer operation (input from internal clock system: FCLK PERIPH ).
1 C/T2#
Set for counter operation (input from T2 input pin, falling edge trigger). Must be
0 for clock out mode.
Timer 2 Capture/Reload bit

If RCLK=1 or TCLK=1, CP/RL2# is ignored and timer is forced to auto-reload on
timer 2 overflow.
0 CP/RL2#
Cleared to auto-reload on timer 2 overflows or negative transitions on T2EX pin
if EXEN2=1.
Set to capture on negative transitions on T2EX pin if EXEN2=1.

Bit addressable
52 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2

PCON - Power Control Register (87h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Bit Bit
Serial port Mode bit 1 for UART

7 SMOD1
Serial port Mode bit 0 for UART

Reserved
5 -
Power-Off Flag
4 POF
Set by hardware when VCC rises from 0 to its nominal voltage. Can also be set
by software.
General purpose Flag

3 GF1 Cleared by user for general purpose usage.
Set by user for general purpose usage.
General purpose Flag

2 GF0 Cleared by user for general purpose usage.
Set by user for general purpose usage.
Power-Down mode bit

Idle mode bit

Reset Value = 00X1 0000b

Not bit addressable
Power-off flag reset value will be 1 only after a power on (cold reset). A warm reset
doesn’t affect the value of this bit.
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4180C–8051–12/03
Table 42. BDRCON Register
BDRCON - Baud Rate Control Register (9Bh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - BRR TBCK RBCK SPD SRC
Bit Bit
Reserved
7 -
The value read from this bit is indeterminate. Do not set this bit
Reserved
6 -
Reserved
5 -
Baud Rate Run Control bit

4 BRR Cleared to stop the internal Baud Rate Generator.
Set to start the internal Baud Rate Generator.
Transmission Baud rate Generator Selection bit for UART

3 TBCK Cleared to select Timer 1 or Timer 2 for the Baud Rate Generator.
Set to select internal Baud Rate Generator.
Reception Baud Rate Generator Selection bit for UART

2 RBCK Cleared to select Timer 1 or Timer 2 for the Baud Rate Generator.
Set to select internal Baud Rate Generator.
Baud Rate Speed Control bit for UART

1 SPD Cleared to select the SLOW Baud Rate Generator.
Set to select the FAST Baud Rate Generator.
Baud Rate Source select bit in Mode 0 for UART

0 SRC Cleared to select FOSC /12 as the Baud Rate Generator (FCLK PERIPH/6 in X2
mode).
Set to select the internal Baud Rate Generator for UARTs in mode 0.
Reset Value = XXX0 0000b

Not bit addressablef
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AT89C51RB2/RC2
Interrupt System The AT89C51RB2/RC2 has a total of 9 interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0
and INT1), three timer interrupts (timers 0, 1 and 2), the serial port interrupt, SPI inter-
rupt, Keyboard interrupt and the PCA global interrupt. These interrupts are shown in
Figure 22.
Figure 22. Interrupt Control System

High Priority
IPH, IPL
Interrupt
3
INT0 IE0
0
3
TF0
0
3 Interrupt
INT1 IE1 Polling
0 Sequence, Decreasing From
High to Low Priority
3
TF1
0
3
PCA IT
0
RI 3
TI 0
TF2 3
EXF2 0
3
KBD IT
0
3
SPI IT
0
Individual Enable Global Disable Low Priority

Interrupt
Each of the interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clear-
ing a bit in the Interrupt Enable register (Table 45 and Table 47). This register also
contains a global disable bit, which must be cleared to disable all interrupts at once.
Each interrupt source can also be individually programmed to one out of four priority lev-
els by setting or clearing a bit in the Interrupt Priority register (Table 48) and in the
Interrupt Priority High register (Table 46 and Table 47) shows the bit values and priority
levels associated with each combination.
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4180C–8051–12/03
Registers A low-priority interrupt can be interrupted by a high-priority interrupt, but not by another
low-priority interrupt. A high-priority interrupt can’t be interrupted by any other interrupt
source.
Table 43. Priority Level Bit Values
IPH. x IPL. x Interrupt Level Priority
0 0 0 (Lowest)
0 1 1
1 0 2
1 1 3 (Highest)
If two interrupt requests of different priority levels are received simultaneously, the
request of higher-priority level is serviced. If interrupt requests of the same priority level
are received simultaneously, an internal polling sequence determines which request is
serviced. Thus within each priority level there is a second priority structure determined
by the polling sequence.
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Table 44. IENO Register

IEN0 - Interrupt Enable Register (A8h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
EA EC ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0
Bit Bit
Enable All Interrupt Bit

7 EA Cleared to disable all interrupts.
Set to enable all interrupts.
PCA Interrupt Enable Bit

6 EC Cleared to disable.
Set to enable.
Timer 2 Overflow Interrupt Enable Bit

5 ET2 Cleared to disable timer 2 overflow interrupt.
Set to enable timer 2 overflow interrupt.
Serial Port Enable Bit

4 ES Cleared to disable serial port interrupt.
Set to enable serial port interrupt.

External Interrupt 1 Enable Bit

2 EX1 Cleared to disable external interrupt 1.
Set to enable external interrupt 1.

External Interrupt 0 Enable Bit

0 EX0 Cleared to disable external interrupt 0.
Set to enable external interrupt 0.

Bit addressable
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Table 45. IPL0 Register
IPL0 - Interrupt Priority Register (B8h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- PPCL PT2L PSL PT1L PX1L PT0L PX0L
Bit Bit
Reserved
7 -
PCA Interrupt Priority Bit

6 PPCL
see PPCH for priority level.
Timer 2 Overflow Interrupt Priority Bit

5 PT2L
see PT2H for priority level.
Serial Port Priority Bit

4 PSL
see PSH for priority level.

3 PT1L
External Interrupt 1 Priority Bit

2 PX1L
see PX1H for priority level.

1 PT0L
External Interrupt 0 Priority Bit

0 PX0L
see PX0H for priority level.

Bit addressable
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Table 46. IPH0 Register

IPH0 - Interrupt Priority High Register (B7h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- PPCH PT2H PSH PT1H PX1H PT0H PX0H
Bit Bit
Reserved
7 -
PCA Interrupt Priority High Bit

PPCHPPCL Priority Level
0 0 Lowest
6 PPCH
0 1
1 0
1 1 Highest
Timer 2 Overflow Interrupt Priority High Bit

PT2HPT2L Priority Level
0 0 Lowest
5 PT2H
0 1
1 0
1 1 Highest
Serial Port Priority High Bit

PSH PSL Priority Level
0 0 Lowest
4 PSH
0 1
1 0
1 1 Highest

0 0 Lowest
3 PT1H
0 1
1 0
1 1 Highest
External Interrupt 1 Priority High Bit

PX1HPX1L Priority Level
0 0 Lowest
2 PX1H
0 1
1 0
1 1 Highest

0 0 Lowest
1 PT0H
0 1
1 0
1 1 Highest
External Interrupt 0 Priority High Bit

PX0H PX0L Priority Level
0 0 Lowest
0 PX0H
0 1
1 0
1 1 Highest

Not bit addressable
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Table 47. IEN1 Register
IEN1 - Interrupt Enable Register (B1h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - ESPI - KBD
Bit Bit
7 - Reserved
6 - Reserved
5 - Reserved
4 - Reserved
3 - Reserved
SPI Interrupt Enable Bit

2 ESPI Cleared to disable SPI interrupt.
Set to enable SPI interrupt.
1 - Reserved
Keyboard Interrupt Enable Bit

0 KBD Cleared to disable keyboard interrupt.
Set to enable keyboard interrupt.
Reset Value = XXXX X000b

Bit addressable
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Table 48. IPL1 Register

IPL1 - Interrupt Priority Register (B2h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - SPIL - KBDL
Bit Bit
Reserved
7 -
Reserved
6 -
Reserved
5 -
Reserved
4 -
Reserved
3 -
SPI Interrupt Priority Bit

2 SPIL
see SPIH for priority level.
Reserved
1 -
Keyboard Interrupt Priority Bit

0 KBDL
see KBDH for priority level.

Bit addressable
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Table 49. IPH1 Register
IPH1 - Interrupt Priority High Register (B3h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - SPIH - KBDH
Bit Bit
Reserved
7 -
Reserved
6 -
Reserved
5 -
Reserved
4 -
Reserved
3 -
SPI Interrupt Priority High Bit

SPIHSPIL Priority Level
0 0 Lowest
2 SPIH
0 1
1 0
1 1 Highest
Reserved
1 -
Keyboard Interrupt Priority High Bit

KB DHKBDL Priority Level
0 0 Lowest
0 KBDH
0 1
1 0
1 1 Highest

Not bit addressable
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Interrupt Sources and Table 50. Interrupt Sources and Vector Addresses
Vector Addresses Vector
Interrupt
Number Polling Priority Interrupt Source Request Address
0 0 Reset 0000h
1 1 INT0 IE0 0003h
2 2 Timer 0 TF0 000Bh
3 3 INT1 IE1 0013h
4 4 Timer 1 IF1 001Bh
5 6 UART RI+TI 0023h
6 7 Timer 2 TF2+EXF2 002Bh
7 5 PCA CF + CCFn (n = 0-4) 0033h
8 8 Keyboard KBDIT 003Bh
9 9 SPI SPIIT 004Bh
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Keyboard Interface The AT89C51RB2/RC2 implements a keyboard interface allowing the connection of a
8 x n matrix keyboard. It is based on 8 inputs with programmable interrupt capability on
both high or low level. These inputs are available as alternate function of P1 and allow to
exit from idle and power-down modes.
The keyboard interfaces with the C51 core through 3 special function registers: KBLS,
the Keyboard Level Selection register (Table 53), KBE, the Keyboard interrupt Enable
register (Table 52), and KBF, the Keyboard Flag register (Table 51).
Interrupt The keyboard inputs are considered as 8 independent interrupt sources sharing the
same interrupt vector. An interrupt enable bit (KBD in IEN1) allows global enable or dis-
able of the keyboard interrupt (see Figure 23). As detailed in Figure 24 each keyboard
input has the capability to detect a programmable level according to KBLS. x bit value.
Level detection is then reported in interrupt flags KBF. x that can be masked by software
using KBE. x bits.
This structure allows keyboard arrangement from 1 by n to 8 by n matrix and allow
usage of P1 inputs for other purpose.
Figure 23. Keyboard Interface Block Diagram
VCC
0
P1:x KBF. x
1
KBE. x
Internal Pull-up
KBLS. x
Figure 24. Keyboard Input Circuitry
P1.0 Input Circuitry

KBDIT
P1.4 Input Circuitry Keyboard Interface
KBD Interrupt Request
P1.5 Input Circuitry IEN1
Power Reduction Mode P1 inputs allow exit from idle and power down modes as detailed in Section “Power-
down Mode”, page 82.
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AT89C51RB2/RC2
Registers Table 51. KBF Register

KBF - Keyboard Flag Register (9Eh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
KBF7 KBF6 KBF5 KBF4 KBF3 KBF2 KBF1 KBF0
Bit Bit
Keyboard Line 7 Flag

Set by hardware when the Port line 7 detects a programmed level. It generates a
7 KBF7
Keyboard interrupt request if the KBKBIE. 7 bit in KBIE register is set.
Must be cleared by software.

6 KBF6
Keyboard interrupt request if the KBIE. 6 bit in KBIE register is set.

5 KBF5

4 KBF4

3 KBF3

2 KBF2

1 KBF1

0 KBF0

This register is read only access, all flags are automatically cleared by reading the
register.
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Table 52. KBE Register
KBE - Keyboard Input Enable Register (9Dh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
KBE7 KBE6 KBE5 KBE4 KBE3 KBE2 KBE1 KBE0
Bit Bit
Keyboard Line 7 Enable Bit

7 KBE7 Cleared to enable standard I/O pin.
Set to enable KBF. 7 bit in KBF register to generate an interrupt request.







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Table 53. KBLS Register

KBLS - Keyboard Level Selector Register (9Ch)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
KBLS7 KBLS6 KBLS5 KBLS4 KBLS3 KBLS2 KBLS1 KBLS0
Bit Bit
Keyboard Line 7 Level Selection Bit

7 KBLS7 Cleared to enable a low level detection on Port line 7.
Set to enable a high level detection on Port line 7.







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Serial Port Interface The Serial Peripheral Interface Module (SPI) allows full-duplex, synchronous, serial
communication between the MCU and peripheral devices, including other MCUs.
(SPI)
Features Features of the SPI Module include the following:

• Full-duplex, three-wire synchronous transfers
• Master or Slave operation
• Eight programmable Master clock rates
• Serial clock with programmable polarity and phase
• Master Mode fault error flag with MCU interrupt capability
• Write collision flag protection
Signal Description Figure 25 shows a typical SPI bus configuration using one Master controller and many
Slave peripherals. The bus is made of three wires connecting all the devices.
Figure 25. SPI Master/Slaves Interconnection
MISO Slave 1
MOSI
MOSI
MISO
SCK
SCK
SS
SS VDD
Master
0
PORT
1
2
3
MOSI
MISO
MOSI
MISO
MOSI
MISO
SCK
SCK
SCK
SS
SS
SS
Slave 4 Slave 3 Slave 2
The Master device selects the individual Slave devices by using four pins of a parallel
port to control the four SS pins of the Slave devices.
Master Output Slave Input This 1-bit signal is directly connected between the Master Device and a Slave Device.
(MOSI) The MOSI line is used to transfer data in series from the Master to the Slave. Therefore,
it is an output signal from the Master, and an input signal to a Slave. A Byte (8-bit word)
is transmitted most significant bit (MSB) first, least significant bit (LSB) last.
Master Input Slave Output This 1-bit signal is directly connected between the Slave Device and a Master Device.
(MISO) The MISO line is used to transfer data in series from the Slave to the Master. Therefore,
it is an output signal from the Slave, and an input signal to the Master. A Byte (8-bit
word) is transmitted most significant bit (MSB) first, least significant bit (LSB) last.
SPI Serial Clock (SCK) This signal is used to synchronize the data movement both in and out of the devices
through their MOSI and MISO lines. It is driven by the Master for eight clock cycles
which allows to exchange one Byte on the serial lines.
Slave Select (SS) Each Slave peripheral is selected by one Slave Select pin (SS). This signal must stay
low for any message for a Slave. It is obvious that only one Master (SS high level) can
68 AT89C51RB2/RC2
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AT89C51RB2/RC2
drive the network. The Master may select each Slave device by software through port
pins (Figure 26). To prevent bus conflicts on the MISO line, only one slave should be
selected at a time by the Master for a transmission.
In a Master configuration, the SS line can be used in conjunction with the MODF flag in
the SPI Status register (SPSTA) to prevent multiple masters from driving MOSI and
SCK (see Error conditions).
A high level on the SS pin puts the MISO line of a Slave SPI in a high-impedance state.
The SS pin could be used as a general-purpose if the following conditions are met:
• The device is configured as a Master and the SSDIS control bit in SPCON is set.
This kind of configuration can be found when only one Master is driving the network
and there is no way that the SS pin could be pulled low. Therefore, the MODF flag in
the SPSTA will never be set(1).
• The Device is configured as a Slave with CPHA and SSDIS control bits set (2). This
kind of configuration can happen when the system comprises one Master and one
Slave only. Therefore, the device should always be selected and there is no reason
that the Master uses the SS pin to select the communicating Slave device.
Note: 1. Clearing SSDIS control bit does not clear MODF.
2. Special care should be taken not to set SSDIS control bit when CPHA = ’0’ because
in this mode, the SS is used to start the transmission.
Baud Rate In Master mode, the baud rate can be selected from a baud rate generator which is con-
trolled by three bits in the SPCON register: SPR2, SPR1 and SPR0.The Master clock is
selected from one of seven clock rates resulting from the division of the internal clock by
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128.
Table 54 gives the different clock rates selected by SPR2:SPR1:SPR0.
Table 54. SPI Master Baud Rate Selection

SPR2 SPR1 SPR0 Clock Rate Baud Rate Divisor (BD)
0 0 0 FCLK PERIPH /2 2
0 1 0 FCLK PERIPH/8 8
1 1 0 FCLK PERIPH /128 128
1 1 1 Don’t Use No BRG
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Functional Description Figure 26 shows a detailed structure of the SPI Module.
Figure 26. SPI Module Block Diagram

Internal Bus
SPDAT
Shift Register
FCLK PERIPH 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
/4
Clock /8 Receive Data Register
Divider /16 Pin MOSI
/32
/64 Control MISO
/128
Logic
Clock M
Logic S SCK
Clock
SS
Select
SPR2 SPEN SSDIS MSTR CPOL CPHA SPR1 SPR0

SPCON
SPI 8-bit bus

Control 1-bit signal
SPI Interrupt Request
SPSTA
SPIF WCOL - MODF - - - -
Operating Modes The Serial Peripheral Interface can be configured in one of the two modes: Master
mode or Slave mode. The configuration and initialization of the SPI Module is made
through one register:
• The Serial Peripheral Control register (SPCON)
Once the SPI is configured, the data exchange is made using:
• SPCON
• The Serial Peripheral STAtus register (SPSTA)
• The Serial Peripheral DATa register (SPDAT)
During an SPI transmission, data is simultaneously transmitted (shifted out serially) and
received (shifted in serially). A serial clock line (SCK) synchronizes shifting and sam-
pling on the two serial data lines (MOSI and MISO). A Slave Select line (SS) allows
individual selection of a Slave SPI device; Slave devices that are not selected do not
interfere with SPI bus activities.
When the Master device transmits data to the Slave device via the MOSI line, the Slave
device responds by sending data to the Master device via the MISO line. This implies
full-duplex transmission with both data out and data in synchronized with the same clock
(Figure 27).
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AT89C51RB2/RC2
Figure 27. Full-Duplex Master-Slave Interconnection
8-bit Shift register MISO MISO 8-bit Shift register
MOSI MOSI
SPI SCK SCK

Clock Generator
SS VDD SS
Master MCU VSS
Slave MCU
Master Mode The SPI operates in Master mode when the Master bit, MSTR (1) , in the SPCON register
is set. Only one Master SPI device can initiate transmissions. Software begins the trans-
mission from a Master SPI Module by writing to the Serial Peripheral Data Register
(SPDAT). If the shift register is empty, the Byte is immediately transferred to the shift
register. The Byte begins shifting out on MOSI pin under the control of the serial clock,
SCK. Simultaneously, another Byte shifts in from the Slave on the Master’s MISO pin.
The transmission ends when the Serial Peripheral transfer data flag, SPIF, in SPSTA
becomes set. At the same time that SPIF becomes set, the received Byte from the Slave
is transferred to the receive data register in SPDAT. Software clears SPIF by reading
the Serial Peripheral Status register (SPSTA) with the SPIF bit set, and then reading the
SPDAT.
Slave Mode The SPI operates in Slave mode when the Master bit, MSTR (2), in the SPCON register is
cleared. Before a data transmission occurs, the Slave Select pin, SS, of the Slave
device must be set to ’0’. SS must remain low until the transmission is complete.
In a Slave SPI Module, data enters the shift register under the control of the SCK from
the Master SPI Module. After a Byte enters the shift register, it is immediately trans-
ferred to the receive data register in SPDAT, and the SPIF bit is set. To prevent an
overflow condition, Slave software must then read the SPDAT before another Byte
enters the shift register (3). A Slave SPI must complete the write to the SPDAT (shift reg-
ister) at least one bus cycle before the Master SPI starts a transmission. If the write to
the data register is late, the SPI transmits the data already in the shift register from the
previous transmission. The maximum SCK frequency allowed in slave mode is FCLK PERIPH
/4.
Transmission Formats Software can select any of four combinations of serial clock (SCK) phase and polarity
using two bits in the SPCON: the Clock Polarity (CPOL (4) ) and the Clock Phase
(CPHA4). CPOL defines the default SCK line level in idle state. It has no significant
effect on the transmission format. CPHA defines the edges on which the input data are
sampled and the edges on which the output data are shifted (Figure 28 and Figure 29).
The clock phase and polarity should be identical for the Master SPI device and the com-
municating Slave device.
1. The SPI Module should be configured as a Master before it is enabled (SPEN set). Also,
the Master SPI should be configured before the Slave SPI.
2. The SPI Module should be configured as a Slave before it is enabled (SPEN set).
3. The maximum frequency of the SCK for an SPI configured as a Slave is the bus clock
speed.
4. Before writing to the CPOL and CPHA bits, the SPI should be disabled (SPEN = ’0’).
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4180C–8051–12/03
Figure 28. Data Transmission Format (CPHA = 0)
SCK Cycle Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SPEN (Internal)
SCK (CPOL = 0)
SCK (CPOL = 1)
MOSI (from Master) MSB bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 LSB
MISO (from Slave) MSB bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 LSB
SS (to Slave)
Capture Point
Figure 29. Data Transmission Format (CPHA = 1)

SCK Cycle Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SPEN (Internal)
SCK (CPOL = 0)
SCK (CPOL = 1)
MOSI (from Master) MSB bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 LSB
MISO (from Slave) MSB bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1 LSB
SS (to Slave)
Capture Point
Figure 30. CPHA/SS Timing
MISO/MOSI Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3
Master SS
Slave SS
(CPHA = 0)
Slave SS
(CPHA = 1)
As shown in Figure 28, the first SCK edge is the MSB capture strobe. Therefore, the
Slave must begin driving its data before the first SCK edge, and a falling edge on the SS
pin is used to start the transmission. The SS pin must be toggled high and then low
between each Byte transmitted (Figure 30).
Figure 29 shows an SPI transmission in which CPHA is ’1’. In this case, the Master
begins driving its MOSI pin on the first SCK edge. Therefore, the Slave uses the first
SCK edge as a start transmission signal. The SS pin can remain low between transmis-
sions (Figure 30). This format may be preffered in systems having only one Master and
only one Slave driving the MISO data line.
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Error Conditions The following flags in the SPSTA signal SPI error conditions:
Mode Fault (MODF) Mode Fault error in Master mode SPI indicates that the level on the Slave Select (SS)
pin is inconsistent with the actual mode of the device. MODF is set to warn that there
may be a multi-master conflict for system control. In this case, the SPI system is
affected in the following ways:
• An SPI receiver/error CPU interrupt request is generated
• The SPEN bit in SPCON is cleared. This disables the SPI
• The MSTR bit in SPCON is cleared
When SS Disable (SSDIS) bit in the SPCON register is cleared, the MODF flag is set
when the SS signal becomes ’0’.
However, as stated before, for a system with one Master, if the SS pin of the Master
device is pulled low, there is no way that another Master attempts to drive the network.
In this case, to prevent the MODF flag from being set, software can set the SSDIS bit in
the SPCON register and therefore making the SS pin as a general-purpose I/O pin.
Clearing the MODF bit is accomplished by a read of SPSTA register with MODF bit set,
followed by a write to the SPCON register. SPEN Control bit may be restored to its orig-
inal set state after the MODF bit has been cleared.
Write Collision (WCOL) A Write Collision (WCOL) flag in the SPSTA is set when a write to the SPDAT register is
done during a transmit sequence.
WCOL does not cause an interruption, and the transfer continues uninterrupted.
Clearing the WCOL bit is done through a software sequence of an access to SPSTA
and an access to SPDAT.
Overrun Condition An overrun condition occurs when the Master device tries to send several data Bytes
and the Slave devise has not cleared the SPIF bit issuing from the previous data Byte
transmitted. In this case, the receiver buffer contains the Byte sent after the SPIF bit was
last cleared. A read of the SPDAT returns this Byte. All others Bytes are lost.
This condition is not detected by the SPI peripheral.
SS Error Flag (SSERR) A Synchronous Serial Slave Error occurs when SS goes high before the end of a
received data in slave mode. SSERR does not cause in interruption, this bit is cleared
by writing 0 to SPEN bit (reset of the SPI state machine).
Interrupts Two SPI status flags can generate a CPU interrupt requests:
Table 55. SPI Interrupts
Flag Request
SPIF (SP data transfer) SPI Transmitter Interrupt request
MODF (Mode Fault) SPI Receiver/Error Interrupt Request (if SSDIS = ’0’)
Serial Peripheral data transfer flag, SPIF: This bit is set by hardware when a transfer
has been completed. SPIF bit generates transmitter CPU interrupt requests.
Mode Fault flag, MODF: This bit becomes set to indicate that the level on the SS is
inconsistent with the mode of the SPI. MODF with SSDIS reset, generates receiver/error
CPU interrupt requests. When SSDIS is set, no MODF interrupt request is generated.
Figure 31 gives a logical view of the above statements.
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Figure 31. SPI Interrupt Requests Generation
SPIF
SPI Transmitter SPI
CPU Interrupt Request CPU Interrupt Request
MODF
SPI Receiver/error
CPU Interrupt Request
SSDIS
Registers There are three registers in the Module that provide control, status and data storage functions. These registers
are describes in the following paragraphs.
Serial Peripheral Control • The Serial Peripheral Control Register does the following:
Register (SPCON) • Selects one of the Master clock rates
• Configure the SPI Module as Master or Slave
• Selects serial clock polarity and phase
• Enables the SPI Module
• Frees the SS pin for a general-purpose
Table 56 describes this register and explains the use of each bit
Table 56. SPCON Register

SPCON - Serial Peripheral Control Register (0C3H)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
SPR2 SPEN SSDIS MSTR CPOL CPHA SPR1 SPR0
Serial Peripheral Rate 2

7 SPR2
Bit with SPR1 and SPR0 define the clock rate.
Serial Peripheral Enable

6 SPEN Cleared to disable the SPI interface.
Set to enable the SPI interface.
SS Disable
Cleared to enable SS in both Master and Slave modes.
5 SSDIS Set to disable SS in both Master and Slave modes. In Slave mode,
this bit has no effect if CPHA =’0’. When SSDIS is set, no MODF
interrupt request is generated.
Serial Peripheral Master

4 MSTR Cleared to configure the SPI as a Slave.
Set to configure the SPI as a Master.
Clock Polarity
3 CPOL Cleared to have the SCK set to ’0’ in idle state.
Set to have the SCK set to ’1’ in idle low.
Clock Phase
Cleared to have the data sampled when the SCK leaves the idle
2 CPHA state (see CPOL).
Set to have the data sampled when the SCK returns to idle state (see
CPOL).
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SPR2 SPR1 SPR0 Serial Peripheral Rate

SPR1 0 0 0 FCLK PERIPH /2
1
0 0 1 FCLK PERIPH /4
0 SPR0 1 0 1 FCLK PERIPH /64
1 1 1 Invalid

Not bit addressable
Serial Peripheral Status Register The Serial Peripheral Status Register contains flags to signal the following conditions:
(SPSTA) • Data transfer complete
• Write collision
• Inconsistent logic level on SS pin (mode fault error)
Table 57 describes the SPSTA register and explains the use of every bit in the register.
Table 57. SPSTA Register

SPSTA - Serial Peripheral Status and Control register (0C4H)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
SPIF WCOL SSERR MODF - - - -
Bit Bit
Serial Peripheral Data Transfer Flag

Cleared by hardware to indicate data transfer is in progress or has been
7 SPIF
approved by a clearing sequence.
Set by hardware to indicate that the data transfer has been completed.
Write Collision Flag

Cleared by hardware to indicate that no collision has occurred or has been
6 WCOL
approved by a clearing sequence.
Set by hardware to indicate that a collision has been detected.
Synchronous Serial Slave Error Flag

5 SSERR Set by hardware when SS is deasserted before the end of a received data.
Cleared by disabling the SPI (clearing SPEN bit in SPCON).
Mode Fault
Cleared by hardware to indicate that the SS pin is at appropriate logic level, or
4 MODF
has been approved by a clearing sequence.
Set by hardware to indicate that the SS pin is at inappropriate logic level.
Reserved
3 -
Reserved
2 -
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Bit Bit
Reserved
1 -
Reserved
0 -
Reset Value = 00X0 XXXXb

Not Bit addressable
Serial Peripheral DATa Register The Serial Peripheral Data Register (Table 58) is a read/write buffer for the receive data
(SPDAT) register. A write to SPDAT places data directly into the shift register. No transmit buffer is
available in this model.
A Read of the SPDAT returns the value located in the receive buffer and not the content
of the shift register.
Table 58. SPDAT Register

SPDAT - Serial Peripheral Data Register (0C5H)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0
Reset Value = Indeterminate

R7:R0: Receive data bits
SPCON, SPSTA and SPDAT registers may be read and written at any time while there
is no on-going exchange. However, special care should be taken when writing to them
while a transmission is on-going:
• Do not change SPR2, SPR1 and SPR0
• Do not change CPHA and CPOL
• Do not change MSTR
• Clearing SPEN would immediately disable the peripheral
• Writing to the SPDAT will cause an overflow.
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Hardware Watchdog The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be sub-
jected to software upset. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer
Timer
Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is by default disabled from exiting reset. To enable
the WDT, user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST, SFR location
0A6H. When WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator
is running and there is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware
reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT overflows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH
pulse at the RST-pin.
Using the WDT To enable the WDT, user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST, SFR
location 0A6H. When WDT is enabled, the user needs to service it by writing to 01EH
and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid WDT overflow. The 14-bit counter overflows when it
reaches 16383 (3FFFH) and this will reset the device. When WDT is enabled, it will
increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the user must
reset the WDT at least every 16383 machine cycle. To reset the WDT the user must
write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write only register. The WDT counter
cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse
at the RST-pin. The RESET pulse duration is 96 x TCLK PERIPH, where T CLK PERIPH= 1/FCLK
PERIPH. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code
that will periodically be executed within the time required to prevent a WDT reset.
To have a more powerful WDT, a 27 counter has been added to extend the Time-out
capability, ranking from 16 ms to 2 s @ FOSCA = 12 MHz. To manage this feature, see
WDTPRG register description, Table 59.
Table 59. WDTRST Register

WDTRST - Watchdog Reset Register (0A6h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - - - -
Reset Value = XXXX XXXXb

Write only, this SFR is used to reset/enable the WDT by writing 01EH then 0E1H in
sequence.
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Table 60. WDTPRG Register
WDTPRG - Watchdog Timer Out Register (0A7h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - S2 S1 S0
Bit Bit
7 -
6 -
Reserved
5 -
The value read from this bit is undetermined. Do not try to set this bit.
4 -
3 -
2 S2 WDT Time-out Select Bit 2
S2 S1 S0Selected Time-out
0 0 0(214 - 1) machine cycles, 16. 3 ms @ FOSCA = 12 MHz
0 0 1(215 - 1) machine cycles, 32.7 ms @ FOSCA = 12 MHz
0 1 0 (216 - 1) machine cycles, 65. 5 ms @ FOSCA = 12 MHz
0 1 1(217 - 1) machine cycles, 131 ms @ FOSCA = 12 MHz
1 0 0(218 - 1) machine cycles, 262 ms @ FOSCA = 12 MHz
1 0 1 (219 - 1) machine cycles, 542 ms @ FOSCA = 12 MHz
1 1 0(220 - 1) machine cycles, 1.05 s @ FOSCA = 12 MHz
1 1 1 (221 - 1) machine cycles, 2.09 s @ FOSCA = 12 MHz
Reset Value = XXXX X000
WDT During Power-down In Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While in
and Idle Power-down mode the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods
of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level activated external inter-
rupt which is enabled prior to entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited
with hardware reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally should whenever the
AT89C51RB2/RC2 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly differ-
ent. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the
interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the
device while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is
pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service routine.
To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting of power-down,
it is better to reset the WDT just before entering power-down.
In the Idle mode, the oscillator continues to run. To prevent the WDT from resetting the
AT89C51RB2/RC2 while in Idle mode, the user should always set up a timer that will
periodically exit Idle, service the WDT, and re-enter Idle mode.
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ONCE™ Mode (ON The ONCE mode facilitates testing and debugging of systems using AT89C51RB2/RC2
without removing the circuit from the board. The ONCE mode is invoked by driving cer-
Chip Emulation)
tain pins of the AT89C51RB2/RC2; the following sequence must be exercised:
• Pull ALE low while the device is in reset (RST high) and PSEN is high.
• Hold ALE low as RST is deactivated.
While the AT89C51RB2/RC2 is in ONCE mode, an emulator or test CPU can be used to
drive the circuit. Table 61 shows the status of the port pins during ONCE mode.
Normal operation is restored when normal reset is applied.
Table 61. External Pin Status during ONCE Mode

ALE PSEN Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 XTAL1/2
Weak pull-up Weak pull-up Float Weak pull-up Weak pull-up Weak pull-up Active
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Power Management Two power reduction modes are implemented in the AT89C51RB2/RC2: the Idle mode
and the Power-down mode. These modes are detailed in the following sections. In addi-
tion to these power reduction modes, the clocks of the core and peripherals can be
dynamically divided by 2 using the X2 mode detailed in Section “X2 Feature”.
Reset In order to start-up (cold reset) or to restart (warm reset) properly the microcontroller, an
high level has to be applied on the RST pin. A bad level leads to a wrong initialization of
the internal registers like SFRs, Program Counter… and to unpredictable behavior of
the microcontroller. A proper device reset initializes the AT89C51RB2/RC2 and vectors
the CPU to address 0000h. RST input has a pull-down resistor allowing power-on reset
by simply connecting an external capacitor to VDD as shown in Figure 32. A warm reset
can be applied either directly on the RST pin or indirectly by an internal reset source
such as the watchdog timer. Resistor value and input characteristics are discussed in
the Section “DC Characteristics” of the AT89C51RB2/RC2 datasheet.
Figure 32. Reset Circuitry and Power-On Reset

VDD From Internal
Reset Source
P VDD
To CPU Core
RST and Peripherals
+
RRST
RST
VSS
RST input circuitry Power-on Reset
Cold Reset 2 conditions are required before enabling a CPU start-up:

• VDD must reach the specified VDD range
• The level on X1 input pin must be outside the specification (VIH, VIL)
If one of these 2 conditions are not met, the microcontroller does not start correctly and
can execute an instruction fetch from anywhere in the program space. An active level
applied on the RST pin must be maintained till both of the above conditions are met. A
reset is active when the level V IH1 is reached and when the pulse width covers the
period of time where VDD and the oscillator are not stabilized. 2 parameters have to be
taken into account to determine the reset pulse width:
• VDD rise time,
• Oscillator startup time.
To determine the capacitor value to implement, the highest value of these 2 parameters
has to be chosen. Table 1 gives some capacitor values examples for a minimum RRST of
50 KΩ and different oscillator startup and VDD rise times.
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Table 1. Minimum Reset Capacitor Value for a 50 kΩ Pull-down Resistor(1)
VDD Rise Time

Oscillator
Start-Up Time 1 ms 10 ms 100 ms
5 ms 820 nF 1.2 µF 12 µF
20 ms 2.7 µF 3.9 µF 12 µF
Note: These values assume VDD starts from 0V to the nominal value. If the time between 2
on/off sequences is too fast, the power-supply de-coupling capacitors may not be fully
discharged, leading to a bad reset sequence.
Warm Reset To achieve a valid reset, the reset signal must be maintained for at least 2 machine
cycles (24 oscillator clock periods) while the oscillator is running. The number of clock
periods is mode independent (X2 or X1).
Watchdog Reset As detailed in Section “Hardware Watchdog Timer”, page 77, the WDT generates a 96-
clock period pulse on the RST pin. In order to properly propagate this pulse to the rest of
the application in case of external capacitor or power-supply supervisor circuit, a 1 kΩ
resistor must be added as shown Figure 33.
Figure 33. Reset Circuitry for WDT Reset-out Usage

VDD
+
VDD From WDT
Reset Source
P
RST To CPU Core
VDD 1K and Peripherals
RRST
RST
VSS
VSS To Other
On-board
Circuitry
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Reset Recommendation An example of bad initialization situation may occur in an instance where the bit
to Prevent Flash ENBOOT in AUXR1 register is initialized from the hardware bit BLJB upon reset. Since
Corruption this bit allows mapping of the bootloader in the code area, a reset failure can be critical.
If one wants the ENBOOT cleared in order to unmap the boot from the code area (yet
due to a bad reset) the bit ENBOOT in SFRs may be set. If the value of Program
Counter is accidently in the range of the boot memory addresses then a Flash access
(write or erase) may corrupt the Flash on-chip memory.
It is recommended to use an external reset circuitry featuring power supply monitoring to
prevent system malfunction during periods of insufficient power supply voltage (power
supply failure, power supply switched off).
Idle Mode An instruction that sets PCON.0 indicates that it is the last instruction to be executed
before going into Idle mode. In Idle mode, the internal clock signal is gated off to the
CPU, but not to the interrupt, Timer, and Serial Port functions. The CPU status is pre-
served in its entirety: the Stack Pointer, Program Counter, Program Status Word,
Accumulator and all other registers maintain their data during idle. The port pins hold the
logical states they had at the time Idle was activated. ALE and PSEN hold at logic high
level.
There are two ways to terminate the Idle mode. Activation of any enabled interrupt will
cause PCON.0 to be cleared by hardware, terminating the Idle mode. The interrupt will
be serviced, and following RETI the next instruction to be executed will be the one fol-
lowing the instruction that put the device into idle.
The flag bits GF0 and GF1 can be used to give an indication if an interrupt occurred dur-
ing normal operation or during idle. For example, an instruction that activates idle can
also set one or both flag bits. When idle is terminated by an interrupt, the interrupt ser-
vice routine can examine the flag bits.
The other way of terminating the Idle mode is with a hardware reset. Since the clock
oscillator is still running, the hardware reset needs to be held active for only two
machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) to complete the reset.
Power-down Mode To save maximum power, a Power-down mode can be invoked by software (see Table
14, PCON register).
In Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped and the instruction that invoked Power-
down mode is the last instruction executed. The internal RAM and SFRs retain their
value until the Power-down mode is terminated. VCC can be lowered to save further
power. Either a hardware reset or an external interrupt can cause an exit from Power-
down. To properly terminate Power-down, the reset or external interrupt should not be
executed before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active
long enough for the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
Only external interrupts INT0, INT1 and Keyboard Interrupts are useful to exit from
Power-down. For that, interrupt must be enabled and configured as level or edge sensi-
tive interrupt input. When Keyboard Interrupt occurs after a power down mode, 1024
clocks are necessary to exit to power down mode and enter in operating mode.
Holding the pin low restarts the oscillator but bringing the pin high completes the exit as
detailed in Figure 34. When both interrupts are enabled, the oscillator restarts as soon
as one of the two inputs is held low and power down exit will be completed when the first
input will be released. In this case, the higher priority interrupt service routine is exe-
cuted. Once the interrupt is serviced, the next instruction to be executed after RETI will
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be the one following the instruction that puts the AT89C51RB2/RC2 into Power-down
mode.
Figure 34. Power-down Exit Waveform

INT0
INT1
XTALA
or
XTALB
Active Phase Power-down Phase Oscillator Restart Phase Active Phase
Exit from Power-down by reset redefines all the SFRs, exit from Power-down by exter-
nal interrupt does no affect the SFRs.
Exit from Power-down by either reset or external interrupt does not affect the internal
RAM content.
Note: If idle mode is activated with Power-down mode (IDL and PD bits set), the exit sequence
is unchanged, when execution is vectored to interrupt, PD and IDL bits are cleared and
idle mode is not entered.
Table 62 shows the state of ports during idle and power-down modes.
Table 62. State of Ports
Mode Program Memory ALE PSEN PORT0 PORT1 PORT2 PORT3
Idle Internal 1 1 Port Data(1) Port Data Port Data Port Data
Idle External 1 1 Floating Port Data Address Port Data
Power Down Internal 0 0 Port Data(1) Port Data Port Data Port Data
Power Down External 0 0 Floating Port Data Port Data Port Data
Port 0 can force a 0 level. A "one" will leave port floating.
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Power-off Flag The Power-off flag allows the user to distinguish between a “cold start” reset and a
“warm start” reset.
A cold start reset is the one induced by VCC switch-on. A warm start reset occurs while
VCC is still applied to the device and could be generated by an exit from Power-down.
The Power-off flag (POF) is located in PCON register (Table 63). POF is set by hard-
ware when VCC rises from 0 to its nominal voltage. The POF can be set or cleared by
software allowing the user to determine the type of reset.

PCON - Power Control Register (87h)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Bit Bit
Serial port Mode Bit 1

7 SMOD1
Serial port Mode Bit 0

Reserved
5 -
Power-off Flag
4 POF
Set by hardware when VCC rises from 0 to its nominal voltage. Can also be set by
software.
3 GF1 Cleared by user for general-purpose usage.
Set by user for general-purpose usage.
2 GF0 Cleared by user for general-purpose usage.
Set by user for general-purpose usage.
Power-down mode bit

Idle Mode Bit

Reset Value = 00X1 0000b

Not bit addressable
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Reduced EMI Mode The ALE signal is used to demultiplex address and data buses on port 0 when used with
external program or data memory. Nevertheless, during internal code execution, ALE
signal is still generated. In order to reduce EMI, ALE signal can be disabled by setting
AO bit.
The AO bit is located in AUXR register at bit location 0.As soon as AO is set, ALE is no
longer output but remains active during MOVX and MOVC instructions and external
fetches. During ALE disabling, ALE pin is weakly pulled high.
Table 64. AUXR Register

AUXR - Auxiliary Register (8Eh)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DPU - M0 - XRS1 XRS0 EXTRAM AO
Bit Bit
Disable Weak Pull-up

7 DPU Cleared to activate the permanent weak pull up when latch data is logic 1
Set to disactive the weak pull-up.
Reserved
6 -
Pulse Length
Cleared to stretch MOVX control: the RD and the WR pulse length is 6 clock
5 M0 periods (default).
Set to stretch MOVX control: the RD and the WR pulse length is 30 clock
periods.
Reserved
4 -
3 XRS1 XRAM Size

XRS1 XRS0 XRAM size
0 0 256 Bytes (default)
2 XRS0 0 1 512 Bytes

1 0 768 Bytes
1 1 1024 Bytes
EXTRAM Bit
Cleared to access internal XRAM using movx @ Ri @ DPTR.
1 EXTRAM Set to access external memory.
Programmed by hardware after Power-up regarding Hardware Security Byte
(HSB), default setting, XRAM selected.
ALE Output Bit

Cleared, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency (or 1/3 if
0 AO
X2 mode is used). (default) Set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction is used.
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Flash EEPROM The Flash memory increases EPROM and ROM functionality with in-circuit electrical
erasure and programming. It contains 16K or 32K Bytes of program memory organized
Memory
in 128 or 256 pages of 128 Bytes. This memory is both parallel and serial In-system Pro-
grammable (ISP). ISP allows devices to alter their own program memory in the actual
end product under software control. A default serial loader (bootloader) program allows
ISP of the Flash.
The programming does not require external dedicated programming voltage. The nec-
essary high programming voltage is generated on-chip using the standard VCC pins of
the microcontroller.
Features • Flash EEPROM internal program memory.

• Boot vector allows user provided Flash loader code to reside anywhere in the Flash
memory space. This configuration provides flexibility to the user.
• Default loader in Boot ROM allows programming via the serial port without the need
of a user-provided loader.
• Up to 64K Byte external program memory if the internal program memory is
disabled (EA = 0).
• Programming and erase voltage with standard 5V or 3V V CC supply.
• Read/Programming/Erase:
– Byte-wise read without wait state
– Byte or page erase and programming (10 ms)
• Typical programming time (32K Bytes) in 10 s
• Parallel programming with 87C51 compatible hardware interface to programmer
• Programmable security for the code in the Flash
• 10K write cycles
• 10 years data retention
Flash Programming and The 16K or 32K Bytes Flash is programmed by Bytes or by pages of 128 Bytes. It is not
Erasure necessary to erase a Byte or a page before programming. The programming of a Byte
or a page includes a self erase before programming.
There are three methods of programming the Flash memory:
• First, the on-chip ISP bootloader may be invoked which will use low level routines to
program the pages. The interface used for serial downloading of Flash is the UART.
• Second, the Flash may be programmed or erased in the end-user application by
calling low-level routines through a common entry point in the Boot ROM.
• Third, the Flash may be programmed using the parallel method by using a
conventional EPROM programmer. The parallel programming method used by
these devices is similar to that used by EPROM 87C51 but it is not identical and the
commercially available programmers need to have support for the
AT89C51RB2/RC2. The bootloader and the Application Programming Interface
(API) routines are located in the BOOT ROM.
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Flash Registers and The AT89C51RB2/RC2 Flash memory uses several registers for its management:
Memory Map • Hardware registers can only be accessed through the parallel programming modes
which are handled by the parallel programmer.
• Software registers are in a special page of the Flash memory which can be
accessed through the API or with the parallel programming modes. This page,
called "Extra Flash Memory", is not in the internal Flash program memory
addressing space.
Hardware Register The only hardware register of the AT89C51RB2/RC2 is called Hardware Security Byte
(HSB).
Table 65. Hardware Security Byte (HSB)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
X2 BLJB - - XRAM LB2 LB1 LB0
Bit Bit
X2 Mode
Programmed (‘0’ value) to force X2 mode (6 clocks per instruction) after reset.
7 X2
Unprogrammed (‘1’ Value) to force X1 mode, Standard Mode, after reset
(Default).
Boot Loader Jump Bit

Unprogrammed (‘1’ value) to start the user’s application on next reset at address
6 BLJB 0000h.
Programmed (‘0’ value) to start the boot loader at address F800h on next reset
(Default).
5 - Reserved
4 - Reserved
XRAM Config Bit (only programmable by programmer tools)

3 XRAM Programmed to inhibit XRAM after reset.
Unprogrammed, this bit to valid XRAM after reset (Default).
User Memory Lock Bits (only programmable by programmer tools)

2-0 LB2-0
See Table 66.
Boot Loader Jump Bit (BLJB)

One bit of the HSB, the BLJB bit, is used to force the boot address:
• When this bit is programmed (‘1’ value) the boot address is 0000h.
• When this bit is unprogrammed (‘1’ value) the boot address is F800h. By default,
this bit is unprogrammed and the ISP is enabled.
Flash Memory Lock Bits The three lock bits provide different levels of protection for the on-chip code and data,
when programmed as shown in Table 66.
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Table 66. Program Lock Bits
Program Lock Bits
Security
Level LB0 LB1 LB2 Protection Description
1 U U U No program lock features enabled.
MOVC instruction executed from external program memory is disabled

from fetching code Bytes from internal memory, EA is sampled and
2 P U U
latched on reset, and further parallel programming of the Flash is
disabled. ISP and software programming with API are still allowed.
Same as 2, also verify through parallel programming interface is

3 X P U
disabled.
4 X X P Same as 3, also external execution is disabled. (Default)
Note: U: unprogrammed or "one" level.

P: programmed or "zero" level.
X: don’t care
WARNING: Security level ‘2’ and ‘3‘ should only be programmed after Flash and code
verification.
These security bits protect the code access through the parallel programming interface.
They are set by default to level 4. The code access through the ISP is still possible and
is controlled by the "software security bits" which are stored in the extra Flash memory
accessed by the ISP firmware.
To load a new application with the parallel programmer, a chip erase must first be done.
This will set the HSB in its inactive state and will erase the Flash memory. The part ref-
erence can always be read using Flash parallel programming modes.
Default Values The default value of the HSB provides parts ready to be programmed with ISP:
• BLJB: Programmed force ISP operation.
• X2: Unprogrammed to force X1 mode (Standard Mode).
• XRAM: Unprogrammed to valid XRAM
• LB2-0: Security level four to protect the code from a parallel access with maximum
security.
Software Registers Several registers are used, in factory and by parallel programmers, to make copies of
hardware registers contents. These values are used by Atmel ISP.
These registers are in the "Extra Flash Memory" part of the Flash memory. This block is
also called "XAF" or eXtra Array Flash. They are accessed in the following ways:
• Commands issued by the parallel memory programmer.
• Commands issued by the ISP software.
• Calls of API issued by the application software.
Several software registers are described in Table 67.
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Table 67. Default Values

Mnemonic Definition Default value Description
SBV Software Boot Vector FCh
HSB Hardware security Byte 101x 1011b
BSB Boot Status Byte 0FFh
SSB Software Security Byte FFh
Copy of the Manufacturer Code 58h ATMEL
Copy of the Device ID #1: Family Code D7h C51 X2, Electrically Erasable
Copy of the Device ID #2: memories F7h AT89C51RB2/RC2 32KB
size and type FBh AT89C51RB2/RC2 16 KB
Copy of the Device ID #3: name and AT89C51RB2/RC2 32KB,

EFh
revision Revision 0
AT89C51RB2/RC2 16 KB,
FFh
Revision 0
After programming the part by ISP, the BSB must be cleared (00h) in order to allow the
application to boot at 0000h.
The content of the Software Security Byte (SSB) is described in Table 67 and Table 69.
To assure code protection from a parallel access, the HSB must also be at the required
level.
Table 68. Software Security Byte

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- - - - - - LB1 LB0
Bit Bit
Reserved
7 -
Do not clear this bit.
Reserved
6 -
Reserved
5 -
Reserved
4 -
Reserved
3 -
Reserved
2 -
User Memory Lock Bits

1-0 LB1-0
see Table 69
The two lock bits provide different levels of protection for the on-chip code and data,
when programmed as shown in Table 69.
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Table 69. Program Lock Bits of the SSB
Program Lock Bits
Security
level LB0 LB1 Protection Description
1 U U No program lock features enabled.
2 P U ISP programming of the Flash is disabled.
3 X P Same as 2, also verify through ISP programming interface is disabled.
Note: U: unprogrammed or "one" level.

P: programmed or "zero" level.
X: don’t care
WARNING: Security level 2 and 3 should only be programmed after Flash and code
verification.
Flash Memory Status AT89C51RB2/RC2 parts are delivered in standard with the ISP boot in the Flash mem-
ory. After ISP or parallel programming, the possible contents of the Flash memory are
summarized on Figure 35.
Figure 35. Flash Memory Possible Contents

7FFFh T89C51RC2 32KB
3FFFh T89C51RB2 16KB
Virgin Application Virgin Application Virgin

or or
Application Application
Dedicated Dedicated
ISP ISP
0000h
After Parallel After Parallel
Default After ISP After ISP
Programming Programming
Memory Organization In the AT89C51RB2/RC2, the lowest 16K or 32K of the 64 KB program memory address
space is filled by internal Flash.
When the EA pin is high, the processor fetches instructions from internal program Flash.
Bus expansion for accessing program memory from 16K or 32K upward automatic since
external instruction fetches occur automatically when the program counter exceeds
3FFFh (16K) or 7FFFh (32K). If the EA pin is tied low, all program memory fetches are
from external memory.
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Bootloader Architecture
Introduction The bootloader manages a communication according to a specific defined protocol to

provide the whole access and service on Flash memory. Furthermore, all accesses and
routines can be called from the user application.
Figure 36. Diagram Context Description
Access via
Specific
Protocol Flash Memory
Bootloader
Access From
User
Application
Acronyms ISP: In-system Programming

SBV: Software Boot Vector
BSB: Boot Status Byte
SSB: Software Security Bit
HW : Hardware Byte
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Functional Description
Figure 37. Bootloader Functional Description
Exernal Host with

User
Specific Protocol
Communication Application
ISP Communication User Call

Management Management (API )
Flash Memory
Management
Flash
Memory
On the above diagram, the on-chip bootloader processes are:

• ISP Communication Management
The purpose of this process is to manage the communication and its protocol between
the on-chip bootloader and a external device. The on-chip ROM implement a serial pro-
tocol (see section Bootloader Protocol). This process translate serial communication
frame (UART) into Flash memory acess (read, write, erase ...).
• User Call Management
Several Application Program Interface (API) calls are available for use by an application
program to permit selective erasing and programming of Flash pages. All calls are made
through a common interface (API calls), included in the ROM bootloader. The program-
ming functions are selected by setting up the microcontroller’s registers before making a
call to a common entry point (0xFFF0). Results are returned in the registers. The pur-
pose on this process is to translate the registers values into internal Flash Memory
Management.
• Flash Memory Management
This process manages low level access to Flash memory (performs read and write
access).
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Bootloader Functionality
Introduction
The bootloader can be activated by two means: Hardware conditions or regular boot
process.
The Hardware conditions (EA = 1, PSEN = 0) during the Reset# falling edge force the
on-chip bootloader execution. This allows an application to be built that will normally
execute the end user’s code but can be manually forced into default ISP operation.
As PSEN is an output port in normal operating mode (running user application or boor-
loader code) after reset, it is recommended to release PSEN after falling edge of reset
signal. The hardware conditions are sampled at reset signal falling edge, thus they can
be released at any time when reset input is low.
To ensure correct microcontroller startup, the PSEN pin should not be tied to ground
during power-on (See Figure 38).
Figure 38. Hardware conditions typical sequence during power-on.
VCC
PSEN
RST
The on-chip bootloader boot process is shown in Figure 39.
Purpose
The Hardware Conditions force the bootloader execution whatever BLJB, BSB
Hardware Conditions
and SBV values.
The Boot Loader Jump Bit forces the application execution.

BLJB = 0 => Boot loader execution.
BLJB = 1 => Application execution.
BLJB The BLJB is a fuse bit in the Hardware Byte.

That can be modified by hardware (programmer) or by software (API).
Note:
The BLJB test is perform by hardware to prevent any program execution.
The Software Boot Vector contains the high address of custumer bootloader
stored in the application.
SBV = FCh (default value) if no custumer bootloader in user Flash.
SBV
Note:
The costumer bootloader is called by JMP [SBV]00h instruction.
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Boot Process
Figure 39. Bootloader process
RESET
If BLJB = 0 then ENBOOT bit (AUXR1) is set

else ENBOOT bit (AUXR1) is cleared
Yes (PSEN = 0, EA = 1, and ALE = 1 or not connected)

Hardware FCON = 00h
Hardware
Condition?
FCON = F0h
BLJB = 1 BLJB!= 0
ENBOOT = 0 ?
BLJB = 0
ENBOOT = 1
F800h
FCON = 00h yes = hardware boot conditions

?
Software
BSB = 00h
?
PC = 0000h
USER APPLICATION SBV = FCh

?
USER BOOT LOADER Atmel BOOT LOADER

PC= [SBV]00h
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ISP Protocol Description
Physical Layer The UART used to transmit information has the following configuration:
• Character: 8-bit data
• Parity: none
• Stop: 1 bit
• Flow control: none
• Baud rate: autobaud is performed by the bootloader to compute the baud rate
choosen by the host.
Frame Description The Serial Protocol is based on the Intel Hex-type records.
Intel Hex records consist of ASCII characters used to represent hexadecimal values and
are summarized below.
Table 70. Intel Hex Type Frame

Record Mark ‘:’ Reclen Load Offset Record Type Data or Info Checksum
1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes 1 bytes n byte 1 byte
• Record Mark:
– Record Mark is the start of frame. This field must contain ’:’.
• Reclen:
– Reclen specifies the number of Bytes of information or data which follows
the Record Type field of the record.
• Load Offset:
– Load Offset specifies the 16-bit starting load offset of the data Bytes,
therefore this field is used only for
– Data Program Record (see Section “ISP Commands Summary”).
• Record Type:
– Record Type specifies the command type. This field is used to interpret the
remaining information within the frame. The encoding for all the current
record types is described in Section “ISP Commands Summary”.
• Data/Info:
– Data/Info is a variable length field. It consists of zero or more Bytes encoded
as pairs of hexadecimal digits. The meaning of data depends on the Record
Type.
• Checksum:
– The two’s complement of the 8-bit Bytes that result from converting each pair
of ASCII hexadecimal digits to one Byte of binary, and including the Reclen
field to and including the last Byte of the Data/Info field. Therefore, the sum
of all the ASCII pairs in a record after converting to binary, from the Reclen
field to and including the Checksum field, is zero.
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Functional Description
Software Security Bits (SSB) The SSB protects any Flash access from ISP command.
The command "Program Software Security bit" can only write a higher priority level.
There are three levels of security:
• level 0: NO_SECURITY (FFh)
This is the default level.
From level 0, one can write level 1 or level 2.
• level 1: WRITE_SECURITY (FEh )

For this level it is impossible to write in the Flash memory, BSB and SBV.
The Bootloader returns ’P’ on write access.
From level 1, one can write only level 2.
• level 2: RD_WR_SECURITY (FCh
The level 2 forbids all read and write accesses to/from the Flash/EEPROM memory.
The Bootloader returns ’L’ on read or write access.
Only a full chip erase in parallel mode (using a programmer) or ISP command can reset
the software security bits.
From level 2, one cannot read and write anything.
Table 71. Software Security Byte Behavior

Level 0 Level 1 Level 2
Flash/EEPROM Any access allowed Read only access allowed Any access not allowed
Fuse Bit Any access allowed Read only access allowed Any access not allowed
BSB & SBV Any access allowed Read only access allowed Any access not allowed
SSB Any access allowed Write level 2 allowed Read only access allowed
Manufacturer
Read only access allowed Read only access allowed Read only access allowed
Info
Bootloader Info Read only access allowed Read only access allowed Read only access allowed
Erase Block Allowed Not allowed Not allowed
Full-chip Erase Allowed Allowed Allowed
Blank Check Allowed Allowed Allowed
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Full Chip Erase The ISP command "Full Chip Erase" erases all User Flash memory (fills with FFh) and
sets some Bytes used by the bootloader at their default values:
• BSB = FFh
• SBV = FCh
• SSB = FFh and finally erase the Software Security Bits
The Full Chip Erase does not affect the bootloader.
Checksum Error When a checksum error is detected send ‘X’ followed with CR&LF.
Flow Description
Overview An initialization step must be performed after each Reset. After microcontroller reset,
the bootloader waits for an autobaud sequence ( see section ‘autobaud performance’).
When the communication is initialized the protocol depends on the record type
requested by the host.
FLIP, a software utility to implement ISP programming with a PC, is available from the
Atmel the web site.
Communication Initialization The host initializes the communication by sending a ’U’ character to help the bootloader
to compute the baudrate (autobaud).
Figure 40. Initialization

Host Bootloader
Init Communication "U"

Performs Autobaud
If (not received "U") Sends Back ‘U’ Character

Else "U"
Communication Opened
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Autobaud Performances The ISP feature allows a wide range of baud rates in the user application. It is also
adaptable to a wide range of oscillator frequencies. This is accomplished by measuring
the bit-time of a single bit in a received character. This information is then used to pro-
gram the baud rate in terms of timer counts based on the oscillator frequency. The ISP
f e a tu r e r e q u ir e s th a t a n in itia l c h a ra c te r (a n u p p e rc a s e U ) b e se n t t o t h e
AT89C51RB2/RC2 to establish the baud rate. Table 72 shows the autobaud capability.
Table 72. Autobaud Performances

Frequency (MHz)
Baudrate (bit/s) 1.8432 2 2.4576 3 3.6864 4 5 6 7.3728 8
2400 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
4800 OK - OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
9600 OK - OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
19200 OK - OK OK OK - - OK OK OK
38400 - - OK OK - OK OK OK
57600 - - - - OK - - - OK
115200 - - - - - - - - OK
Frequency (MHz)
Baudrate (bit/s) 10 11.0592 12 14.318 14.746 16 20 24 26.6
2400 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
38400 - OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
57600 - OK - OK OK OK OK OK OK
115200 - OK - OK OK - - - -
Command Data Stream All commands are sent using the same flow. Each frame sent by the host is echoed by
Protocol the bootloader.
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Figure 41. Command Flow
Host Bootloader
Sends first character of the ":" If (not received ":")

Frame
":" Else
Sends echo and start
reception
Sends frame (made of 2 ASCII Gets frame, and sends back ec

characters per Byte) for each received Byte
Echo analysis
Write/Program Commands This flow is common to the following frames:

• Flash/EEPROM Programming Data Frame
• EOF or Atmel Frame (only Programming Atmel Frame)
• Config Byte Programming Data Frame
• Baud Rate Frame
Description
Figure 42. Write/Program Flow
Host Bootloader
Send Write Command Write Command Wait Write Command
OR Checksum error
Wait Checksum Error ’X’ & CR & LF Send Checksum error
COMMAND ABORTED
NO_SECURITY
OR
Wait Security Error ’P’ & CR & LF Send Security error
COMMAND ABORTED
Wait Programming
Wait COMMAND_OK
’.’ & CR & LF Send COMMAND_OK
COMMAND FINISHED
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Example
Programming Data (write 55h at address 0010h in the Flash)
HOST : 01 0010 00 55 9A
BOOTLOADER : 01 0010 00 55 9A . CR LF
Programming Atmel function (write SSB to level 2)
HOST : 02 0000 03 05 01 F5
BOOTLOADER : 02 0000 03 05 01 F5. CR LF
Writing Frame (write BSB to 55h)

HOST : 03 0000 03 06 00 55 9F
BOOTLOADER : 03 0000 03 06 00 55 9F . CR LF
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Blank Check Command
Description
Figure 43. Blank Check Flow
Host Bootloader
Send Blank Check Command

Blank Check Command
Wait Blank Check Command
OR Checksum error
Wait Checksum Error

’X’ & CR & LF
Send Checksum error
COMMAND ABORTED
Flash blank
OR Wait COMMAND_OK ’.’ & CR & LF Send COMMAND_OK

COMMAND FINISHED
Wait Address not address & CR & LF Send first Address

erased not erased
COMMAND FINISHED
Example
Blank Check ok
HOST : 05 0000 04 0000 7FFF 01 78
BOOTLOADER : 05 0000 04 0000 7FFF 01 78 . CR LF
Blank Check ko at address xxxx

HOST : 05 0000 04 0000 7FFF 01 78
BOOTLOADER : 05 0000 04 0000 7FFF 01 78 xxxx CR LF
Blank Check with checksum error

HOST : 05 0000 04 0000 7FFF 01 70
BOOTLOADER : 05 0000 04 0000 7FFF 01 70 X CR LF CR LF
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Display Data
Description
Figure 44. Display Flow

Host Bootloader
Send Display Command Display Command Wait Display Command
OR Checksum error
Wait Checksum Error ’X’ & CR & LF Send Checksum Error
COMMAND ABORTED
RD_WR_SECURITY
OR
Wait Security Error ’L’ & CR & LF Send Security Error
COMMAND ABORTED
Read Data
All data read
Complete Frame
"Address = "
Wait Display Data
"Reading value" Send Display Data
CR & LF
All data read All data read
COMMAND FINISHED COMMAND FINISHED
Note: The maximum size of block is 400h. To read more than 400h Bytes, the Host must send a new command.
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Example
Display data from address 0000h to 0020h
HOST : 05 0000 04 0000 0020 00 D7
BOOTLOADER : 05 0000 04 0000 0020 00 D7
BOOTLOADER 0000=-----data------ CR LF (16 data)
BOOTLOADER 0010=-----data------ CR LF (16 data)
BOOTLOADER 0020=data CR LF ( 1 data)
Read Function This flow is similar for the following frames:

• Reading Frame
• EOF Frame/Atmel Frame (only reading Atmel Frame)
Description
Figure 45. Read Flow
Host Bootloader
Send Read Command Read Command Wait Read Command
OR Checksum error
Wait Checksum Error ’X’ & CR & LF Send Checksum error
COMMAND ABORTED
RD_WR_SECURITY
OR
Wait Security Error ’L’ & CR & LF Send Security error
COMMAND ABORTED
Read Value
’value’ & ’.’ & CR & LF

Wait Value of Data Send Data Read
COMMAND FINISHED
Example
Read function (read SBV)

HOST : 02 0000 05 07 02 F0
BOOTLOADER : 02 0000 05 07 02 F0 Value . CR LF
Atmel Read function (read Bootloader version)
HOST : 02 0000 01 02 00 FB
BOOTLOADER : 02 0000 01 02 00 FB Value . CR LF
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ISP Commands Summary Table 73. ISP Commands Summary
Command Command Name Data[0] Data[1] Command Effect
Program Nb Data Byte.
00h Program Data Bootloader will accept up to 128 (80h)

data Bytes. The data Bytes should be
128 Byte page Flash boundary.
00h Erase block0 (0000h-1FFFh)
20h Erase block1 (2000h-3FFFh)
01h 40h Erase block2 (4000h-7FFFh)
80h Erase block3 (8000h- BFFFh)
C0h Erase block4 (C000h- FFFFh)
03h 00h Hardware Reset
04h 00h Erase SBV & BSB
00h Program SSB level 1

05h
01h Program SSB level 2
03h Write Function
00h Program BSB (value to write in data[2])
06h
01h Program SBV (value to write in data[2])
Full Chip Erase (This command needs

07h -
about 6 sec to be executed)
Program Osc fuse (value to write in

02h
data[2])
Program BLJB fuse (value to write in

0Ah 04h
data[2])
Program X2 fuse (value to write in

08h
data[2])
Display Data
Data[0:1] = start address Note: The maximum number of data
Data [2:3] = end address that can be read with a single
04h Display Function
Data[4] = 00h -> Display data command frame (difference between
start and end address) is 1kbyte.
Data[4] = 01h -> Blank check
Blank Check
00h Manufacturer ID
01h Device ID #1
00h
02h Device ID #2
03h Device ID #3
00h Read SSB
01h Read BSB

05h Read Function 07h
02h Read SBV
06h Read Extra Byte
0Bh 00h Read Hardware Byte
00h Read Device Boot ID1

0Eh
01h Read Device Boot ID2
0Fh 00h Read Bootloader Version
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API Call Description Several Application Program Interface (API) calls are available for use by an application
program to permit selective erasing and programming of Flash pages. All calls are made
through a common interface, PGM_MTP. The programming functions are selected by
setting up the microcontroller’s registers before making a call to PGM_MTP at FFF0h.
Results are returned in the registers.
When several Bytes have to be programmed, it is highly recommended to use the Atmel
API “PROGRAM DATA PAGE” call. Indeed, this API call writes up to 128 Bytes in a sin-
gle command.
All routines for software access are provided in the C Flash driver available at Atmel’s
web site.
The API calls description and arguments are shown in Table 74.
Table 74. API Call Summary

Command R1 A DPTR0 DPTR1 Returned Value Command Effect
ACC = Manufacturer
READ MANUF ID 00h XXh 0000h XXh Read Manufacturer identifier
Id
READ DEVICE ID1 00h XXh 0001h XXh ACC = Device Id 1 Read Device identifier 1
DPH = 00h Erase block 0


ERASE BLOCK 01h XXh Address of 00h ACC = DPH
byte to Program one Data Byte in user Flash
program
Erase Software boot vector and boot status

XXh
byte. (SBV = FCh and BSB = FFh)
DPH = 00h
Set SSB level 1
DPL = 00h
DPH = 00h
Set SSB level 2
DPL = 01h
PROGRAM SSB 05h XXh 00h ACC = SSB value
DPH = 00h
Set SSB level 0
DPL = 10h
DPH = 00h
Set SSB level 1
DPL = 11h
New BSB
PROGRAM BSB 06h 0000h XXh none Program boot status byte
value
New SBV
PROGRAM SBV 06h 0001h XXh none Program software boot vector
value
READ SSB 07h XXh 0000h XXh ACC = SSB Read Software Security Byte
READ BSB 07h XXh 0001h XXh ACC = BSB Read Boot Status Byte
READ SBV 07h XXh 0002h XXh ACC = SBV Read Software Boot Vector
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Table 74. API Call Summary (Continued)
Command R1 A DPTR0 DPTR1 Returned Value Command Effect
Address of Program up to 128 bytes in user Flash.

Address in
Number of the first byte Remark: number of bytes to program is
PROGRAM DATA XRAM of the ACC = 0: DONE
09h byte to to program in limited such as the Flash write remains in a
PAGE first data to
program the Flash single 128 bytes page. Hence, when ACC
program
memory is 128, valid values of DPL are 00h, or, 80h.
Fuse value
PROGRAM X2 FUSE 0Ah 0008h XXh none Program X2 fuse bit with ACC
00h or 01h
PROGRAM BLJB Fuse value

0Ah 0004h XXh none Program BLJB fuse bit with ACC
FUSE 00h or 01h
READ HSB 0Bh XXh XXXXh XXh ACC = HSB Read Hardware Byte
READ BOOT ID1 0Eh XXh DPL = 00h XXh ACC = ID1 Read boot ID1
READ BOOT ID2 0Eh XXh DPL = 01h XXh ACC = ID2 Read boot ID2
READ BOOT VERSION 0Fh XXh XXXXh XXh ACC = Boot_Version Read bootloader version
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Electrical Characteristics
Absolute Maximum Ratings

Note: Stresses at or above those listed under “Absolute
Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage
C = commercial......................................................0°C to 70°C
to the device. This is a stress rating only and func-
I = industrial ........................................................-40°C to 85°C
tional operation of the device at these or any other
Storage Temperature .................................... -65°C to + 150°C
conditions above those indicated in the operational
Voltage on VCC to VSS (standard voltage) .........-0.5V to + 6.5V
sections of this specification is not implied. Expo-
Voltage on VCC to VSS (low voltage)..................-0.5V to + 4.5V
sure to absolute maximum rating conditions may
Voltage on Any Pin to VSS ..........................-0.5V to VCC + 0.5V
affect device reliability.
Power Dissipation .............................................................. 1 W
Power dissipation value is based on the maximum
allowable die temperature and the thermal resis-
tance of the package.
DC Parameters for
Standard Voltage
TA = -40°C to +85°C; VSS = 0V;
VCC =2.7V to 5.5V and F = 0 to 40 MHz (both internal and external code execution)
VCC =4.5V to 5.5V and F = 0 to 60 MHz (internal code execution only)
Symbol Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions
VIL Input Low Voltage -0.5 0.2 VCC - 0.1 V
VIH Input High Voltage except RST, XTAL1 0.2 VCC + 0.9 VCC + 0.5 V
VIH1(9) Input High Voltage RST, XTAL1 0.7 VCC VCC + 0.5 V
VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V

0.3 V IOL = 100 µA(4)
0.45 V IOL = 1.6 mA(4)
VOL Output Low Voltage, ports 1, 2, 3, 4 (6) 1.0 V IOL = 3.5 mA(4)
VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V

0.45 V IOL = 0.8 mA(4)
VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V

0.3 V IOL = 200 µA(4)
0.45 V IOL = 3.2 mA(4)
VOL1 Output Low Voltage, port 0, ALE, PSEN (6) 1.0 V IOL = 7.0 mA(4)
VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V

0.45 V IOL = 1.6 mA(4)
VCC = 5V ± 10%
VCC - 0.3 V IOH = -10 µA
VCC - 0.7 V IOH = -30 µA
VOH Output High Voltage, ports 1, 2, 3, 4 VCC - 1.5 V IOH = -60 µA
VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V

0.9 VCC V IOH = -10 µA
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TA = -40°C to +85°C; VSS = 0V;
VCC =2.7V to 5.5V and F = 0 to 40 MHz (both internal and external code execution)
VCC =4.5V to 5.5V and F = 0 to 60 MHz (internal code execution only) (Continued)
VCC = 5V ± 10%
VCC - 0.3 V IOH = -200 µA
VCC - 0.7 V IOH = -3.2 mA
VOH1 Output High Voltage, port 0, ALE, PSEN VCC - 1.5 V IOH = -7.0 mA
VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V

0.9 VCC V IOH = -10 µA
(5)
RRST RST Pulldown Resistor 50 200 250 kΩ
IIL Logical 0 Input Current ports 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 -50 µA VIN = 0.45V
ILI Input Leakage Current for P0 only ±10 µA 0.45V < VIN < VCC
ITL Logical 1 to 0 Transition Current, ports 1, 2, 3, 4 -650 µA VIN = 2.0V
Fc = 3 MHz
CIO Capacitance of I/O Buffer 10 pF
TA = 25°C
IPD Power Down Current 100 150 µA 4.5V < VCC < 5.5V (3)
ICCOP Power Supply Current on normal mode 0.4 x Frequency (MHz) + 5 mA VCC = 5.5V(1)
ICCIDLE Power Supply Current on idle mode 0.3 x Frequency (MHz) + 5 mA VCC = 5.5V(1)
0.4 x
ICCProg Power Supply Current during flash Write / Erase Frequency mA VCC = 5.5V(8)
(MHz) + 20
Notes: 1. Operating ICC is measured with all output pins disconnected; XTAL1 driven with T CLCH, TCHCL = 5 ns (see Figure 49.), VIL =
VSS + 0.5V,
VIH = V CC - 0.5V; XTAL2 N.C.; EA = RST = Port 0 = VCC. ICC would be slightly higher if a crystal oscillator used (see Figure
46).
2. Idle ICC is measured with all output pins disconnected; XTAL1 driven with TCLCH , TCHCL = 5 ns, V IL = VSS + 0.5V, VIH = VCC -
0.5V; XTAL2 N.C; Port 0 = VCC; EA = RST = V SS (see Figure 47).
3. Power Down ICC is measured with all output pins disconnected; EA = VSS, PORT 0 = V CC; XTAL2 NC.; RST = V SS (see Fig-
ure 48).
4. Capacitance loading on Ports 0 and 2 may cause spurious noise pulses to be superimposed on the VOLs of ALE and Ports 1
and 3. The noise is due to external bus capacitance discharging into the Port 0 and Port 2 pins when these pins make 1 to 0
transitions during bus operation. In the worst cases (capacitive loading 100pF), the noise pulse on the ALE line may exceed
0.45V with maxi VOL peak 0.6V. A Schmitt Trigger use is not necessary.
5. Typical are based on a limited number of samples and are not guaranteed. The values listed are at room temperature and
5V.
6. Under steady state (non-transient) conditions, IOL must be externally limited as follows:
Maximum IOL per port pin: 10 mA
Maximum IOL per 8-bit port:
Port 0: 26 mA
Ports 1, 2 and 3: 15 mA
Maximum total IOL for all output pins: 71 mA
If IOL exceeds the test condition, V OL may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to sink current greater
than the listed test conditions.
7. For other values, please contact your sales office.
8. Icc Flash Write operation current while an on-chip flash page write is on going.
9. Flash Retention is guaranteed with the same formula for VCC Min down to 0.
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DC Parameters for Low

Voltage
TA = 0°C to +70°C; VSS = 0V; VCC = 2.7V to 3.6V; F = 0to 40 MHz
TA = -40°C to +85°C; VSS = 0V; VCC = 2.7V to 3.6V; F = 0 to 40 MHz
VIL Input Low Voltage -0.5 0.2 VCC - 0.1 V
VIH Input High Voltage except RST, XTAL1 0.2 VCC + 0.9 VCC + 0.5 V
VIH1 Input High Voltage, RST, XTAL1 0.7 VCC VCC + 0.5 V
(6)
VOL Output Low Voltage, ports 1, 2, 3, 4 0.45 V IOL = 0.8 mA(4)
(6)
VOL1 Output Low Voltage, port 0, ALE, PSEN 0.45 V IOL = 1.6 mA(4)
VOH Output High Voltage, ports 1, 2, 3, 4 0.9 VCC V IOH = -10 µA
VOH1 Output High Voltage, port 0, ALE, PSEN 0.9 VCC V IOH = -40 µA
IIL Logical 0 Input Current ports 1, 2, 3, 4 -50 µA VIN = 0.45 V
ILI Input Leakage Current for P0 only ±10 µA 0.45V < VIN < VCC
ITL Logical 1 to 0 Transition Current, ports 1, 2, 3, -650 µA VIN = 2.0V
RRST RST Pulldown Resistor 50 200 (5) 250 kΩ
Fc = 3 MHz
CIO Capacitance of I/O Buffer 10 pF
TA = 25°C
VCC = 2.7V to
IPD Power Down Current 10 (5) 50 µA
3.6V(3)
ICCOP Power Supply Current on normal mode 0.4 x Frequency (MHz) + 5 mA VCC = 3.6 V(1)
ICCIDLE Power Supply Current on idle mode 0.3 x Frequency (MHz) + 5 mA VCC = 3.6 V(2)
0.4 x
Frequency
ICCProg Power Supply Current during flash Write / Erase mA VCC = 5.5V(8)
(MHz) +
20
Notes: 1. Operating ICC is measured with all output pins disconnected; XTAL1 driven with T CLCH, TCHCL = 5 ns (see Figure 49.), VIL =
VSS + 0.5V,
VIH = V CC - 0.5V; XTAL2 N.C.; EA = RST = Port 0 = VCC. ICC would be slightly higher if a crystal oscillator used (see Figure
46).
2. Idle ICC is measured with all output pins disconnected; XTAL1 driven with TCLCH , TCHCL = 5 ns, V IL = VSS + 0.5V, VIH = VCC -
0.5V; XTAL2 N.C; Port 0 = VCC; EA = RST = V SS (see Figure 47).
3. Power Down ICC is measured with all output pins disconnected; EA = VSS, PORT 0 = V CC; XTAL2 NC.; RST = V SS (see Fig-
ure 48).
4. Capacitance loading on Ports 0 and 2 may cause spurious noise pulses to be superimposed on the VOLs of ALE and Ports 1
and 3. The noise is due to external bus capacitance discharging into the Port 0 and Port 2 pins when these pins make 1 to 0
transitions during bus operation. In the worst cases (capacitive loading 100pF), the noise pulse on the ALE line may exceed
0.45V with maxi VOL peak 0.6V. A Schmitt Trigger use is not necessary.
5. Typical are based on a limited number of samples and are not guaranteed. The values listed are at room temperature and
5V.
6. Under steady state (non-transient) conditions, IOL must be externally limited as follows:
Maximum IOL per port pin: 10 mA
Maximum IOL per 8-bit port:
Port 0: 26 mA
Ports 1, 2 and 3: 15 mA
Maximum total IOL for all output pins: 71 mA
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If IOL exceeds the test condition, V OL may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to sink current greater
than the listed test conditions.
7. For other values, please contact your sales office.
8. Icc Flash Write operation current while an on-chip flash page write is on going.
Figure 46. ICC Test Condition, Active Mode

VCC
ICC
VCC VCC
P0
VCC
RST EA
(NC) XTAL2
CLOCK XTAL1
SIGNAL
VSS
All other pins are disconnected.
Figure 47. ICC Test Condition, Idle Mode

VCC
ICC
VCC VCC
P0
RST EA
(NC) XTAL2
CLOCK XTAL1
SIGNAL
VSS
Figure 48. ICC Test Condition, Power-down Mode

VCC
ICC
V CC VCC
P0
RST EA
(NC) XTAL2
XTAL1
VSS
Figure 49. Clock Signal Waveform for ICC Tests in Active and Idle Modes
VCC-0.5V 0.7VCC
0.45V 0.2VCC -0.1
TCHCL TCLCH
TCLCH = TCHCL = 5ns.
110 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
AC Parameters
Explanation of the AC Each timing symbol has 5 characters. The first character is always a “T” (stands for
Symbols time). The other characters, depending on their positions, stand for the name of a signal
or the logical status of that signal. The following is a list of all the characters and what
they stand for.
Example:TAVLL = Time for Address Valid to ALE Low.
TLLPL = Time for ALE Low to PSEN Low.
(Load Capacitance for port 0, ALE and PSEN = 100 pF; Load Capacitance for all other
outputs = 80 pF.)
Table 75 Table 78, and Table 80 give the description of each AC symbols.
Table 77, Table 79 and Table 81 give the AC parameterfor each range.
Table 76, Table 77 and Table 82 gives the frequency derating formula of the AC param-
eter for each speed range description. To calculate each AC symbols, take the x value
in the correponding column (-M or -L) and use this value in the formula.
Example: TLLIU for -M and 20 MHz, Standard clock.
x = 35 ns
T 50 ns
TCCIV = 4T - x = 165 ns
External Program Memory Table 75. Symbol Description

Characteristics
Symbol Parameter
T Oscillator clock period
TLHLL ALE pulse width
TAVLL Address Valid to ALE
TLLAX Address Hold after ALE
TLLIV ALE to Valid Instruction In
TLLPL ALE to PSEN
TPLPH PSEN Pulse Width
TPLIV PSEN to Valid Instruction In
TPXIX Input Instruction Hold after PSEN
TPXIZ Input Instruction Float after PSEN
TAVIV Address to Valid Instruction In
TPLAZ PSEN Low to Address Float
111
4180C–8051–12/03
Table 76. AC Parameters for a Fix Clock
Symbol -M -L Units
Min Max Min Max
T 25 25 ns
TLHLL 35 35 ns
TAVLL 5 5 ns
TLLAX 5 5 ns
TLLIV n 65 65 ns
TLLPL 5 5 ns
TPLPH 50 50 ns
TPLIV 30 30 ns
TPXIX 0 0 ns
TPXIZ 10 10 ns
TAVIV 80 80 ns
TPLAZ 10 10 ns
Table 77. AC Parameters for a Variable Clock
Standard X Parameter for - X Parameter for

Symbol Type Clock X2 Clock M Range -L Range Units
TLHLL Min 2T-x T-x 15 15 ns
TAVLL Min T-x 0.5 T - x 20 20 ns
TLLAX Min T-x 0.5 T - x 20 20 ns
TLLIV Max 4T-x 2T-x 35 35 ns
TLLPL Min T-x 0.5 T - x 15 15 ns
TPLPH Min 3T-x 1.5 T - x 25 25 ns
TPLIV Max 3T-x 1.5 T - x 45 45 ns
TPXIX Min x x 0 0 ns
TPXIZ Max T-x 0.5 T - x 15 15 ns
TAVIV Max 5T-x 2.5 T - x 45 45 ns
TPLAZ Max x x 10 10 ns
112 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
External Program Memory

Read Cycle
12 TCLCL
TLHLL TLLIV
ALE TLLPL
TPLPH
PSEN TPXAV
TLLAX TPXIZ
TPLIV
TAVLL TPLAZ TPXIX
PORT 0 INSTR IN A0-A7 INSTR IN A0-A7 INSTR IN
TAVIV
PORT 2 ADDRESS
OR SFR-P2 ADDRESS A8-A15 ADDRESS A8-A15
External Data Memory

Characteristics Table 78. Symbol Description
Symbol Parameter
TRLRH RD Pulse Width
TWLWH WR Pulse Width
TRLDV RD to Valid Data In
TRHDX Data Hold After RD
TRHDZ Data Float After RD
TLLDV ALE to Valid Data In
TAVDV Address to Valid Data In
TLLWL ALE to WR or RD
TAVWL Address to WR or RD
TQVWX Data Valid to WR Transition
TQVWH Data set-up to WR High
TWHQX Data Hold After WR
TRLAZ RD Low to Address Float
TWHLH RD or WR High to ALE high
113
4180C–8051–12/03
-M -L
Symbol Min Max Min Max Units
TRLRH 125 125 ns
TWLWH 125 125 ns
TRLDV 95 95 ns
TRHDX 0 0 ns
TRHDZ 25 25 ns
TLLDV 155 155 ns
TAVDV 160 160 ns
TLLWL 45 105 45 105 ns
TAVWL 70 70 ns
TQVWX 5 5 ns
TQVWH 155 155 ns
TWHQX 10 10 ns
TRLAZ 0 0 ns
TWHLH 5 45 5 45 ns
114 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Standard X Parameter for - X Parameter for -

Symbol Type Clock X2 Clock M Range L Range Units
TRLRH Min 6T-x 3T-x 25 25 ns
TWLWH Min 6T-x 3T-x 25 25 ns
TRLDV Max 5T-x 2.5 T - x 30 30 ns
TRHDX Min x x 0 0 ns
TRHDZ Max 2T-x T-x 25 25 ns
TLLDV Max 8T-x 4T -x 45 45 ns
TAVDV Max 9T-x 4.5 T - x 65 65 ns
TLLWL Min 3T-x 1.5 T - x 30 30 ns
TLLWL Max 3T+x 1.5 T + x 30 30 ns
TAVWL Min 4T-x 2T-x 30 30 ns
TQVWX Min T-x 0.5 T - x 20 20 ns
TQVWH Min 7T-x 3.5 T - x 20 20 ns
TWHQX Min T-x 0.5 T - x 15 15 ns
TRLAZ Max x x 0 0 ns
TWHLH Min T-x 0.5 T - x 20 20 ns
TWHLH Max T+x 0.5 T + x 20 20 ns
External Data Memory Write

Cycle
TWHLH
ALE
PSEN
TLLWL TWLWH
WR
TQVWX
TLLAX TQVWH TWHQX
PORT 0 A0-A7 DATA OUT
TAVWL
PORT 2 ADDRESS
OR SFR-P2 ADDRESS A8-A15 OR SFR P2
115
4180C–8051–12/03
External Data Memory Read Cycle
TWHLH
ALE TLLDV
PSEN
TLLWL TRLRH
RD TRHDZ
TAVDV
TLLAX TRHDX
PORT 0 A0-A7 DATA IN
TRLAZ
TAVWL
PORT 2 ADDRESS
OR SFR-P2 ADDRESS A8-A15 OR SFR P2
Serial Port Timing - Shift Table 80. Symbol Description

Register Mode
Symbol Parameter
TXLXL Serial port clock cycle time
TQVHX Output data set-up to clock rising edge
TXHQX Output data hold after clock rising edge
TXHDX Input data hold after clock rising edge
TXHDV Clock rising edge to input data valid
-M -L
Symbol Min Max Min Max Units
TXLXL 300 300 ns
TQVHX 200 200 ns
TXHQX 30 30 ns
TXHDX 0 0 ns
TXHDV 117 117 ns
Table 82. AC Parameters for a Variable Clock

Standard X Parameter for - X Parameter for -L
Symbol Type Clock X2 Clock M Range Range Units
TXLXL Min 12 T 6T ns
TQVHX Min 10 T - x 5T-x 50 50 ns
TXHQX Min 2T-x T-x 20 20 ns
TXHDX Min x x 0 0 ns
TXHDV Max 10 T - x 5 T- x 133 133 ns
116 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Shift Register Timing

Waveforms
INSTRUCTION 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ALE
TXLXL
CLOCK
TXHQX
TQVXH
OUTPUT DATA 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TXHDX SET TI
WRITE to SBUF TXHDV
INPUT DATA VALID VALID VALID VALID VALID VALID VALID VALID
SET RI
CLEAR RI
External Clock Drive

Waveforms VCC-0.5V
0.7VCC
0.45V 0.2VCC-0.1
TCHCX
TCHCL TCLCX TCLCH
TCLCL
AC Testing Input/Output
Waveforms
VCC -0.5V
0.2 VCC + 0.9
INPUT/OUTPUT
0.2 VCC - 0.1
0.45 V
AC inputs during testing are driven at VCC - 0.5 for a logic “1” and 0.45V for a logic “0”.
Timing measurement are made at VIH min for a logic “1” and VIL max for a logic “0”.
Float Waveforms
FLOAT
VOH - 0.1 V VLOAD VLOAD + 0.1 V
VOL + 0.1 V VLOAD - 0.1 V
For timing purposes as port pin is no longer floating when a 100 mV change from load
voltage occurs and begins to float when a 100 mV change from the loaded VOH/V OL level
occurs. IOL/IOH ≥ ± 20mA.
Clock Waveforms Valid in normal clock mode. In X2 mode XTAL2 must be changed to XTAL2/2.
117
4180C–8051–12/03
Figure 50. Internal Clock Signals
STATE4 STATE5 STATE6 STATE1 STATE2 STATE3 STATE4 STATE5
INTERNAL
CLOCK P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2
XTAL2
ALE
THESE SIGNALS ARE NOT ACTIVATED DURING THE
EXTERNAL PROGRAM MEMORY FETCH EXECUTION OF A MOVX INSTRUCTION
PSEN
P0 DATA PCL OUT DATA PCL OUT DATA PCL OUT

SAMPLED SAMPLED SAMPLED
FLOAT FLOAT FLOAT
P2 (EXT) INDICATES ADDRESS TRANSITIONS
READ CYCLE
RD
PCL OUT (IF PROGRAM
MEMORY IS EXTERNAL)
P0 DPL OR Rt OUT DATA
SAMPLED
FLOAT
P2 INDICATES DPH OR P2 SFR TO PCH TRANSITION
WRITE CYCLE
WR PCL OUT (EVEN IF PROGRAM
MEMORY IS INTERNAL)
P0 DPL OR Rt OUT
DATA OUT PCL OUT (IF PROGRAM

MEMORY IS EXTERNAL)
P2 INDICATES DPH OR P2 SFR TO PCH TRANSITION
PORT OPERATION
MOV PORT SRC OLD DATA NEW DATA
P0 PINS SAMPLED P0 PINS SAMPLED
MOV DEST P0
MOV DEST PORT (P1. P2. P3) P1, P2, P3 PINS SAMPLED P1, P2, P3 PINS SAMPLED
(INCLUDES INTO. INT1. TO T1)
SERIAL PORT SHIFT CLOCK RXD SAMPLED RXD SAMPLED

TXD (MODE 0)
This diagram indicates when signals are clocked internally. The time it takes the signals to propagate to the pins, however,
ranges from 25 to 125 ns. This propagation delay is dependent on variables such as temperature and pin loading. Propaga-
tion also varies from output to output and component. Typically though (TA = 25°C fully loaded) RD and WR propagation
delays are approximately 50 ns. The other signals are typically 85 ns. Propagation delays are incorporated in the AC
specifications.
118 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
Ordering Information
Table 83. Possible Order Entries
Part Number Memory Size Supply Voltage Temperature Range Package Packing Product Marking
AT89C51RB2-3CSIM 5V Industrial PDIL40 Stick 89C51RB2-IM
AT89C51RB2-SLSCM 5V Commercial PLCC44 Stick 89C51RB2-CM
AT89C51RB2-SLSIM 5V Industrial PLCC44 Stick 89C51RB2-IM
AT89C51RB2-RLTCM 16 KBytes 5V Commercial VQFP44 Tray 89C51RB2-CM
AT89C51RB2-RLTIM 5V Industrial VQFP44 Tray 89C51RB2-IM
AT89C51RB2-SLSIL 3V Industrial PLCC44 Stick 89C51RB2-IL
AT89C51RB2-RLTIL 3V Industrial VQFP44 Tray 89C51RB2-IL
AT89C51RC2-3CSCM 5V Commercial PDIL40 Stick 89C51RC2-CM
AT89C51RC2-3CSIM 5V Industrial PDIL40 Stick 89C51RC2-IM
AT89C51RC2-SLSCM 5V Commercial PLCC44 Stick 89C51RC2-CM
AT89C51RC2-SLSIM 5V Industrial PLCC44 Stick 89C51RC2-IM

32 KBytes
AT89C51RC2-RLTCM 5V Commercial VQFP44 Tray 89C51RC2-CM
AT89C51RC2-RLTIM 5V Industrial VQFP44 Tray 89C51RC2-IM
AT89C51RC2-SLSIL 3V Industrial PLCC44 Stick 89C51RC2-IL
AT89C51RC2-RLTIL 3V Industrial VQFP44 Tray 89C51RC2-IL
120 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
Package Information
PDIL40
121
4180C–8051–12/03
VQFP44
122 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
AT89C51RB2/RC2
PLC44
123
4180C–8051–12/03
Datasheet Change
Log
Changes from 4180A- 1. Changed the endurance of Flash to 100, 000 Write/Erase cycles.
08/02 to 4180B-04/03 2. Added note on Flash retention formula for VIH1, in Section “DC Parameters for
Standard Voltage”, page 107.
Changes from 4180B- 1. Max frequency update for 4.5 to 5.5V range up to 60 MHz (internal code
04/03 to 4180C-12/03 execution).
124 AT89C51RB2/RC2
4180C–8051–12/03
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Features ................................................................................................. 1
Description ............................................................................................ 1
Block Diagram ....................................................................................... 3
SFR Mapping ......................................................................................... 4
Pin Configurations ................................................................................ 9
Port Types ........................................................................................... 13
Oscillator ............................................................................................. 14
Registers ............................................................................................................ 14
Functional Block Diagram .................................................................................. 15
Enhanced Features ............................................................................. 16

X2 Feature.......................................................................................................... 16
Dual Data Pointer Register (DPTR) ................................................... 20
Expanded RAM (XRAM) ...................................................................... 23

Registers ............................................................................................................ 25
Timer 2 ................................................................................................. 26
Auto-reload Mode ............................................................................................... 26
Programmable Clock-out Mode.......................................................................... 27
Registers ............................................................................................................ 29
Programmable Counter Array (PCA) ................................................. 31

Registers ............................................................................................................ 33
PCA Capture Mode ............................................................................................ 39
16-bit Software Timer/ Compare Mode .............................................................. 40
High-speed Output Mode ................................................................................... 41
Pulse Width Modulator Mode ............................................................................. 42
PCA Watchdog Timer......................................................................................... 42
Serial I/O Port ...................................................................................... 44

Framing Error Detection ..................................................................................... 44
Automatic Address Recognition ......................................................................... 45
i
Registers............................................................................................................. 47
Baud Rate Selection for UART for Mode 1 and 3............................................... 47
UART Registers.................................................................................................. 50
Interrupt System ................................................................................. 55

Registers............................................................................................................. 56
Interrupt Sources and Vector Addresses............................................................ 63
Keyboard Interface ............................................................................. 64

Registers............................................................................................................. 65
Serial Port Interface (SPI) ................................................................... 68

Features.............................................................................................................. 68
Signal Description............................................................................................... 68
Functional Description ........................................................................................ 70
Hardware Watchdog Timer ................................................................ 77

Using the WDT ................................................................................................... 77
WDT During Power-down and Idle ..................................................................... 78
ONCE™ Mode (ON Chip Emulation) .................................................. 79
Power Management ............................................................................ 80

Reset .................................................................................................................. 80
Reset Recommendation to Prevent Flash Corruption ........................................ 82
Idle Mode ............................................................................................................ 82
Power-down Mode.............................................................................................. 82
Power-off Flag ..................................................................................... 84
Reduced EMI Mode ............................................................................. 85
Flash EEPROM Memory ..................................................................... 86

Features.............................................................................................................. 86
Flash Programming and Erasure ........................................................................ 86
Flash Registers and Memory Map...................................................................... 87
Flash Memory Status.......................................................................................... 90
Memory Organization ......................................................................................... 90
Bootloader Architecture ...................................................................................... 91
ISP Protocol Description..................................................................................... 95
Functional Description ........................................................................................ 96
Flow Description ................................................................................................. 97
API Call Description.......................................................................................... 105
Electrical Characteristics ................................................................. 107

Absolute Maximum Ratings .............................................................................. 107
ii
4180C–8051–12/03
DC Parameters for Standard Voltage ............................................................... 107
DC Parameters for Low Voltage ....................................................................... 110
AC Parameters ................................................................................................. 112
Ordering Information ........................................................................ 120
Package Information ........................................................................ 121

PDIL40.............................................................................................................. 121
VQFP44 ............................................................................................................ 121
PLC44............................................................................................................... 123
Datasheet Change Log ..................................................................... 124

Changes from 4180A-08/02 to 4180B-04/03 .................................................... 124
Changes from 4180B-04/03 to 4180C-12/03.................................................... 124
Table of Contents ............................................................................. 125
iii
4180C–8051–12/03
Atmel Corporation Atmel Operations
2325 Orchard Parkway Memory RF/Automotive
San Jose, CA 95131, USA 2325 Orchard Parkway Theresienstrasse 2
Tel: 1(408) 441-0311 San Jose, CA 95131, USA Postfach 3535
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Fax: (49) 71-31-67-2340
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Europe 2325 Orchard Parkway 1150 East Cheyenne Mtn. Blvd.
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Literature Requests
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Disclaimer: Atmel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products, other than those expressly contained in the Company’s standard
warranty which is detailed in Atmel’s Terms and Conditions located on the Company’s web site. The Company assumes no responsibility for any
errors which may appear in this document, reserves the right to change devices or specifications detailed herein at any time without notice, and
does not make any commitment to update the information contained herein. No licenses to patents or other intellectual property of Atmel are
granted by the Company in connection with the sale of Atmel products, expressly or by implication. Atmel’s products are not authorized for use
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© Atmel Corporation 2003. All rights reserved. Atmel® and combinations thereof are the registered trademarks
of Atmel Corporation or its subsidiaries. ONCE® is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Other terms and
product names may be the trademarks of others.
Printed on recycled paper.
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Features

Table 1. Memory Size

AT89C51RC2 32K 1024 1280 32

AT89C51IC2 32K 1024 1280 32

ALE/ PROG C51

(2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1)

Table 2. C51 Core SFRs

ACC E0h Accumulator

PSW D0h Program Status Word CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV F1 P

SP 81h Stack Pointer

DPL 82h Data Pointer Low Byte

DPH 83h Data Pointer High Byte

Table 3. System Management SFRs

AUXR 8Eh Auxiliary Register 0 DPU - M0 XRS2 XRS1 XRS0 EXTRAM AO

AUXR1 A2h Auxiliary Register 1 - - ENBOOT - GF3 0 - DPS

CKCKON1 AFh Clock Control Register 1 - - - - - - - SPIX2

Table 4. Interrupt SFRs

IEN1 B1h Interrupt Enable Control 1 - - - - - ESPI EI2C KBD

IPH1 B3h Interrupt Priority Control High 1 - - - - - SPIH IE2CH KBDH

IPL1 B2h Interrupt Priority Control Low 1 - - - - - SPIL IE2CL KBDL

Table 5. Port SFRs

P0 80h 8-bit Port 0

P1 90h 8-bit Port 1

P2 A0h 8-bit Port 2

P3 B0h 8-bit Port 3

TL0 8Ah Timer/Counter 0 Low Byte

TH0 8Ch Timer/Counter 0 High Byte

TL1 8Bh Timer/Counter 1 Low Byte

TH1 8Dh Timer/Counter 1 High Byte

WDTRST A6h Watchdog Timer Reset

WDTPRG A7h Watchdog Timer Program - - - - - WTO2 WTO1 WTO0

T2MOD C9h Timer/Counter 2 Mode - - - - - - T2OE DCEN

TH2 CDh Timer/Counter 2 High Byte

TL2 CCh Timer/Counter 2 Low Byte

Table 7. PCA SFRs

CL E9h PCA Timer/Counter Low Byte

CH F9h PCA Timer/Counter High Byte

Table 8. Serial I/O Port SFRs

SBUF 99h Serial Data Buffer

SADEN B9h Slave Address Mask

SADDR A9h Slave Address

BRL 9Ah Baud Rate Reload

Table 9. SPI Controller SFRs

SPSTA C4h SPI Status SPIF WCOL SSERR MODF - - - -

Table 10. Keyboard Interface SFRs

Table 11. SFR Mapping

0/8 1/9 2/A 3/B 4/C 5/D 6/E 7/F

CH CCAP0H CCAP1H CCAPL2H CCAPL3H CCAPL4H

CL CCAP0L CCAP1L CCAPL2L CCAPL3L CCAPL4L

CCON CMOD CCAPM0 CCAPM1 CCAPM2 CCAPM3 CCAPM4

PSW FCON (1)

T2CON T2MOD RCAP2L RCAP2H TL2 TH2

SPCON SPSTA SPDAT

P3 IEN1 IPL1 IPH1 IPH0

P2 AUXR1 WDTRST WDTPRG

SCON SBUF BRL BDRCON KBLS KBE KBF

TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 TH1 AUXR CKCON0

P0 SP DPL DPH PCON

*NIC: No Internal Connection