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Lecture 1 (Mechanical Behaviour of Materials)

This document discusses key mechanical properties of materials including stress, strain, stress-strain curves, and related terms. It defines properties such as elastic limit, yield stress, ductility, resilience, and toughness. Mechanical properties are important for understanding how materials behave under load and for selecting appropriate materials for dental applications based on their strength, flexibility, and resistance to failure. Standardized testing of mechanical properties allows comparison of materials.

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Nazia Zaman
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208 views46 pages

Lecture 1 (Mechanical Behaviour of Materials)

This document discusses key mechanical properties of materials including stress, strain, stress-strain curves, and related terms. It defines properties such as elastic limit, yield stress, ductility, resilience, and toughness. Mechanical properties are important for understanding how materials behave under load and for selecting appropriate materials for dental applications based on their strength, flexibility, and resistance to failure. Standardized testing of mechanical properties allows comparison of materials.

Uploaded by

Nazia Zaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanical properties of

materials
By
Mohammad Altaf Hossain
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Chittagong University of
Engineering & Technology
Items to be covered
• Introduction on mechanical
properties
• Force
• Stress & types
• Strain
• Stress-strain curve
• Stress terms
Proportional limit
Elastic limit
Yield stress
Ultimate strength
Fracture strength
Strain terms
Flexibility
Ductility
• Energy terms
Resilience
Toughness
• Mechanical properties are important
in understanding and predicting
a material's behavior under load.
• Quantities of force, stress, strain,
strength, toughness, hardness,
friction and wear can help to
Identify the properties of a material
(polymer, ceramic and metal).
Understand reasons of failure.

Select and design of dental


restorations and appliances.

• Standardization of laboratory tests is


essential to control quality and
permit comparison of results
between investigators.
Force

• One body interacting with another


generates force. Forces may be applied
through actual contact of the bodies or
at a distance (e.g., gravity).

• The International System Unit of force


(SI unit) is the Newton (N).
Stress
 When a force acts on a body tending to produce
deformation, a resistance is developed to this external force
application.

 Definition: It is the Internal resistance to the externally


applied force.

 It is denoted by (σ)

 Stress (σ)= Force/Area (fig.1).

 Pascal = 1 N / m².

 Commonly stress is reported in terms of


megaPascals (MPA). MPA=106 Pascal.
Fig.1:Stress measurements
Types of stresses
1. Axial stresses
Compressive stress

Compression results when the body is subjected


to two sets of forces directed towards each
other in the same straight line. (fig.2)
Tensile stress
Tension results in a body when it is subjected
to two sets of forces directed away from each
other in the same straight line. (fig.2)
Fig.2.Types of axial stresses
• Axial
Compressive

Tensile
2. Non axial stresses

Shear stress

Shear is the result of two sets of forces


directed towards each other but not in the
same straight line.(fig.3)
Torsion
It results from the twisting of the body. (fig.3)
Bending
It results by applying bending movement.(fig.3)
Fig.3.Types of non axial stresses
• Non Axial

Shear

Torsion

Bending
Strain
• Definition: It is the change in length per unit
length.
• It represents the relative deformation of
an object that is subjected to stress.
• It may be elastic, plastic or both elastic and
plastic.
• It is denoted by “ε”
• Designated as ∆L / L. So, it is unitless.
• Strain(ε)= Deformation/Original length
• When the force is applied, the rod's

length changes from its original

length L0, to the extended length

L1. The resulted strain, ɛ, is given by

ɛ = (L1- L0)/ L0 (fig.4)


Fig.4:strain
In an object
subjected to
stress
Stress-Strain Relationship
• If a bar of material is subjected to an applied
force, F, the magnitude of the stress and the
resulting deformation (ɛ) can be measured.
• This is done with tensile, compressive or shear
loading of samples using universal testing
machine (Fig.5).
• Graph representing stress (or load) and strain
(elongation) can be obtained (Fig.6).
Fig.5: Universal testing
machine
Fig.6: Stress-strain curve for a material
subjected to tensile stress.
Stress-Strain Behavior (types of strain)
1. Elastic deformation
• Reversible: When the stress is removed, the
material returns to the dimension it had
before the loading.

2. Plastic deformation
• Irreversible: When the stress is removed, the
material does not return to its previous
dimension.
I. Stress terms
1.Proportional Limit
• It is the maximum stress up to which,
the stress is linearly proportional to
strain. (fig.6)Point A

• A material with high value of


proportional limit can withstand
greater stress without permanent
deformation.
Significance
• Dental restorations should be
constructed from materials with a
high proportional limit. Any dental
restoration that is permanently
deformed through the forces of
mastication is usually a functional
failure to some degree.
• For example, a fixed partial denture that
is permanently deformed by excessive
occlusal forces would exhibit altered occlusal
contacts.

2. Elastic Limit
• Maximum stress a material can withstand
without undergoing permanent
deformation.

• It describes the elastic behavior of the


material. (fig.6)Point B
• The elastic and proportional limits
have nearly the same values, as they
represent the same phenomena.

3. Yield Stress or Proof stress


• It is the stress at which materials
start to show permanent
deformation.(fig.6) Point C
Significance
• Permanent deformation and stresses
in excess of the elastic limit are
desirable when shaping
an orthodontic arch wire or
adjusting a clasp on a removable
partial denture.
4. Ultimate(Tensile or compressive)
Strength or stress
• Maximum stress that the material
can withstand before failure
(fracture) under tension or
compression respectively.

• The material could not withstand


any more stresses, as it will fracture.
(fig.6) Point D
• The yield strength is often of greater
importance than ultimate strength
in design and material selection
because it is an estimation of when a
material will start to deform
permanently.
5. Fracture strength or stress
• It is the strength at which the
material fractures. (fig.6) Point F
II. Strain terms
1. Flexibility
• The maximum flexibility is defined as the
strain occurring when the material is
stressed to its proportional unit.

Significance
• A larger strain or deformation with
slight stresses is an important
consideration in orthodontic appliances.
• Impression materials should have
large flexibility or elastic
deformation to withdraw through
severe undercuts without permanent
deformation.

2. Ductility
• The amount of plastic strain
produced in the specimen before
fracture.
• Or the ability of a material to be
drawn and shaped into wire by
means of tension.

• When tensile forces are applied, the


wire is formed by permanent
deformation.
• However, malleability of a substance
represents its ability to be
hammered or rolled into thin sheets
without fracturing.

Significance
• High ductility and malleability are
useful in adapting metallic
restorations to the margins by
burnishing.
• Very thin pure direct filling gold foil
is available for restorations.

• Orthodontic wires are drawn from


cast ingot.
Brittleness :
 If a material showed no or very little
plastic deformation on application of load
it is described as being brittle.

 A brittle material

fractures at or near

its proportional limit.


Ductile material Brittle material

1) Is the ability of a 1) brittle material


Material to withstand fractures at or near
Plastic deformation its proportional limit.
Under tensile stress
Without fracture.

Fracture occur far Fracture occur at or


Away from P.L near P.L
Elastic Modulus (E)
It is the constant of proportionality
between stress and strain.

It represents the slope of the elastic


portion of the stress – strain curve.

It is a measure of rigidity or stiffness


Materials with higher Young’s modulus
value are said to be stiffer or more rigid
than those of low Young’s modulus values
because they require much more stresses
to produce the same amount of strain.

It is measured by

stress/strain

 It is measured by GPA=109 Pascal.


Elastic Modulus of material (A) is higher
than that of material (B)
Significance
• Oral appliances and restorative
materials should have high
proportional limit and elastic
modulus to resist forces of
mastication and permanent
deformation.
• In orthodontic, when rapid large
forces need to be applied to cause a
tooth to move, a high stiffness wire
is used. However, flexible wires are
used when a low force is needed for
slow movement of the tooth.
III. Energy terms
1. Resilience
• Resilience is the resistance of a material to
permanent deformation.

• It indicates the amount of energy


necessary to deform the material to the
proportional limit.
• Resilience is therefore measured by
the area under the elastic portion of
the stress strain curve.

Significance
• Resilience has particular importance
in the evaluation of resilient-denture

lining materials, tissue conditioners


and maxillofacial materials.
2. Toughness
• Toughness, which is the resistance of a
material to fracture, is an indication of the
amount of energy necessary to cause
fracture.

• It is represented by

the area under the elastic

and plastic portions of

a stress-strain curve.
Significance

• Addition of zirconia, alumina and


leucite to dental porcelain to resist
crack propagation and increase the
fracture toughness.
ANALYSIS FOR A STRESS
STRAIN CURVE
STIFFNESS & FLEXIBILITY
1) If longitudinal portion of the curve
is closer to the long axis, the
material is stiff & not flexible.

2) If it is away from the long axis the


material is flexible.
TOUGHNESS & BRITTLENESS
1) If material fractures after a long
concave portion of the curve, it
donates that the material is tough
& ductile.

2) If elastic portion of the curve is


minimal, it shows the brittleness of
the material.
STRENGTH & WEAKNESS
• If longitudinal portion of curve is long, it
means that the material is strong.

• If longitudinal portion is short, it means


that the material is weak.

 HENCE FROM THE ANALYSIS OF THE


STRESS STRAIN CURVE, IT IS POSSIBLE
TO HAVE AN IDEA ABOUT THE
PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL.
Comparison of materials
properties
Thank You

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