INDICES

SURDS
LOGARITHMS
PROPORTIONALITY

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

1. INDICES NOTES

Laws of indices

eg In the number 52 - 2 is the power or the index

- 5 is the base

When more than 1 index is considered we use the word indices

LAWS OF INDICES Fractional Indices

a
2. x a ÷ x b=x a −b 7. x b =√b x a

3. x 0=1

−a 1
4. x = a
x
b
5. ( x a ) =x ab

LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

1. log a MN =log a M +log a N

SURDS

1.√ mn =√ m × √ n
m √m
2.
√ =
n √n
3. Rationalising the denominator
1 2√ 2
e.g Rationalize (i) (ii)
√2 √3
1 √2
(iii) (iv)
√2−√ 3 3−√ 5

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

CBT Creativity Brings Transformation

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

Examples
1
i. Express log 2 ( 8 √ 3 )− log 2
3 ( 169 ) in the form p+q log 2 3 where p and q

are rational numbers to be found

Solution

1
ii. Use laws of logarithms to express 3 ln 4−ln 24− ln2.25 as a single
2
logarithm in its lowest form

Solution

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

Examples:

iii. Solve the simultaneous equations 2 logy=log 2+logx and 2 y =4 x

Solution

iv. Solve the equation 27 ( 9 x ) +9−x =12

Solution

2
v. Express −√ 63 in the form a+ b √ c , where a , b , c are integers
3−√ 7

Solution

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

Examples
x
vi. Given that 2 x =5 y , use logs to find the value of
y

correct to 3 significant figures

Solution

1+ x
vii. Express in partial fractions
¿¿
Hence or otherwise by letting x=√ 3,
show that 1+ x =7−4 √ 3
¿¿
Solution

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

Examples
1 1
viii. Showing all your working clearly express −¿ in the
√7 √ 63

a
form √ 7 where a∧b are integers and b ≠ 0
b

Solution

ix. Use substitution y=3 x to solve the equation 4 (32 x+1)+17 ( 3 x )−7=0

Solution

x. Solve 2 log 3 x=log 3 ( x +6)

Solution

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

Examples
xi. Write ln ( 2 x+1 ) −2lnx−1 as a single logarithm
Solution

x 1
. 3x+ 2=62 x can be written as 6 =2
x−3
xii. Show that 2
4

Hence solve the equation 2 x−3 . 3x+ 2=62 x

Solution

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 POLYNOMIALS
.Addition; Subtraction; Multiplication
& Division
.Factorization
.Factor & Remainder Theorems.

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

POLYNOMIAL DIVISION

Examples
Simplify the following
x3 −3 x 2−6 x +8 x3 +8 x 2 +12 x−9
a) b)
x−4 x +3
Solution Solution

2 x 3−x 2−117 x−324

Solution

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

FACTORISATION

Examples
Find a linear factor of x 3−4 x 2−2 x +20 . Hence find all the solutions of
3 2
x −4 x −2 x +20=0
Illustrate your answer by means of a sketch graph.
Solution

Sketch

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

FACTORISATION

Examples
2.Find all the roots of these equations
a) x 3−5 x 2+ 6 x −2=0
b) x 3+ 3 x 2−46 x=48
c) 2 x3 −x 2−18 x +9=0
Solution

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREMS

REMAINDER THEOREM

If ( x−a) is a factor of f (x) then f ( a )=0

REMAINDER THEOREM
If ( x−a) is not a factor of f (x) then f ( a )=R
R is the remainder.

Example

Find the remainder when 3 x 3+ 4 x 2 + x+ 6 is divided by (x−3)

Solution

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREMS

FURTHER QUESTIONS

1. Write f ( x )=x 3 + 4 x2 + x−6 as a product of three linear factors

2. Find the value of k for which ( x +2 ) is a factor of f ( x )=x 3 +2 x2 −kx−1 .

3. The polynomial p ( x ) =x3 + c x 2+ 7 x + d has a factor ( x +2) and leaves a

(ii) Find the exact values of the three roots of the equation

Solutions

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 CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

NOTES

CBT Creativity Brings Transformation CBT

CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

IDENTITIES AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS NOTES

1. Linear Factors in the denominator

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 A
Denominator with ( ax +b )( cx +d ) : Use
( ax+ b ) (cx + d)

Examples

x3 +3 x 2+ 10
Express in partial fractions
( x+1 ) ( x + 4)

Solution

CBT Creativity Brings Transformation CBT

CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

IDENTITIES AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS NOTES

2. Quadratic Factors in the denominator

A Bx +C
Denominator with ( ax +b ) ( x 2 +c 2 ): Use + 2 2
(ax +b) ( x +c )

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Examples

3 x 2−10 x−24
Express in partial fractions 2
x ( x −4)

Solution

CBT Creativity Brings Transformation CBT

CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

IDENTITIES AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS NOTES

3. Denominator with repeated roots

A B C
Denominator with ( ax +b )( cx +d)2 Use + +
( ax+ b ) (cx +d ) (cx + d)2

Examples

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 10+6 x−3 x 2
Express in partial fractions
( 2 x−1 ) ( x +3)2

Solution

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CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

IDENTITIES AND PARTIAL FRACTIONS NOTES

4. Improper Fractions

When the highest power in the numerator is EQUAL to OR GREATER than the

Highest power in the denominator then the fraction is improper

Examples

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 2 x 3+ 11
Express in partial fractions 2
( x + 4 ) (x−3)
Solution

CBT Creativity Brings Transformation CBT

CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES NOTES

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

 Expressions of the form a x 2+ bx+ c ; where a , b∧c are constants

1. Completing the Square

a x 2+ bx+ c=0

b c
a ( x ¿ ¿ 2+ x + )=0 ¿
a a

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 b b 2 c b 2
a ( x¿¿ 2+ x +
a 2a ( )
+ −
a 2a
)=0 ¿( ) i.e. ¿ ¿ perfect square

b 2 4 ac−b 2
a x+
[( )
2a
+
4 a2
=0
]
b 2 4 ac−b2
a x+ ( 2a )
+
4a
=0 (After Completing The Square)

b 2 −4 ac−b2
a x+ ( 2a )
=
4a

b 2 b2−4 ac
( x+
2a )=
4 a2

b b2−4 ac
x+
2a
=±
√ 4a
2

b2−4 ac
x=
−b
2a
±
√ 4 a2

−b √ b2−4 ac
x= ±
2a 2a

−b ± √ b2−4 ac
x= (Quadratic Formula)
2a

CBT Creativity Brings Transformation CBT

CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

Examples NOTES

1. Express 12 x−4 x 2 in the formc− ( ax+ b )2, where a , b∧c are constants

¿ be found

Solution

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2. Express 3 x 2−x+ 10 in the form p(x +q)2 +r and hence show that the

Equation 3 x 2−x+ 10=0 has no real root

Solution

CBT Creativity Brings Transformation CBT

CALENDAR BASED TUTORIALS

CURVE SKETCHING NOTES

Features of the Quadratic Curve

f ( x )=a x 2 +bx +c complete the square and obtain

b 2 4 ac−b 2
(
f ( x )=a x +
2a )+
4a
this results in the following features

1. a (+ ve)------Cup Shaped
2. a (−ve )------Dome Shaped
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 −b
3. x= ------Line of Symmetry
2a
−b 4 ac−b2
4. f( )
2a
=
4a
is the min or max point depend on the sign of a

Steps to follow when sketching the curve of a quadratic function

i. Complete the Square

b 2 4 ac−b 2
(
f ( x )=a x +
2a) +
4a

with its sign(min/max point)

(+ve)—Cup shape with opposite sign

ii. f ( x )=0 ( x−¿ intercepts)

iii. Substitute x=0 in f (x) and get y−¿intercepts

CBT Creativity Brings Transformation CBT

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