Designation: F 330 – 89 (Reapproved 2004)

Standard Test Method for

Bird Impact Testing of Aerospace Transparent Enclosures 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 330; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of 
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Sco
Scope
pe 3.2.2 Bird velocity
velocity,, and
1.1 This test method covers cond conductin
ucting
g bird impact tests 3.2.3 Instrumentatio
Instrumentation.n.
under a standard set of conditions by firing a packaged bird at
4. Signi
Significanc
ficancee and Use
a stationary transparency mounted in a support structure.
1.2 The values stated in in inch-pound units are to be regarded 4.1 This test method may be used for: bird
bird impact testing of 
as ththee st
stan
anda
dard
rd.. Th
Thee va
valu
lues
es gi
give
ven
n in pa
pare
rentnthe
hese
sess ar
aree fo
forr aircraft crew compartment transparencies and supporting struc-
information only. ture to verify the design; compilation of test data for use in
1.3   This sta
standa
ndardrd does not purport
purport to add
addre ress
ss all of the verificati
verification
on of futu
future
re trans
transparen
parency
cy and suppo
supportin
rting
g stru
structur
cturee
safe
sa fety
ty co
conc
ncer
erns
ns,, if an
anyy, as
asso
soci
ciat
ated
ed wi
with
th it
itss us
use.
e. It is th
thee design and analytical methods; and comparative evaluation of 
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- materials.
 priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Appa
Apparatus
ratus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific hazard
statements, see Section 8. 5.1 Gun, compressed gas, conforming in principle to Fig. 1,
comprising:
2. Terminology 5.1.1   Pressure Tank , of capacity and working pressure as
2.1   Definitions: discussed in Note 1.
2.1.1   bird —the
—the carcass that is used to impact the test article. NOTE 1—A gun capable
capable of propelling a 4-lb (1.81-
(1.81-kg)
kg) bird in excess of 
2.1.2   bird package—the bird and container that encases the 650 knots (334 m/s) has a barrel 60 ft (18.3 m) long, bore of 6 in. (153
bird to prevent disintegration enroute to target. mm), and a pressure tank volume of 30 ft3 (0.849 m3) with an allowable
2.1.3 gun—t —the
he dedevi
vice
ce ththat
at pr
prop
opel
elss th
thee bi
bird
rd to
towa
ward
rd th
thee working pressure of 250 psi (1.725 3 106 Pa).
target. 5.1.2   Release Mechanism , comprised of a firing solenoid,
2.1.4   sabot —the
—the con
contai
tainer
ner that is use
used
d to ada
adapt
pt the bird diaphragm, and a cutter. Upon initiation of the firing sequence,
package to the gun barrel. the release mechanism allows the compressed gas stored in the
2.1.5   stripper —the
—the device that stops the sabot at the end of  pressure tank to flow rapidly into the gun barrel and propel the
the gun barrel so that only the bird and package exits from the projectile.
barrel.
NOTE   2—The most common designs normally use either one or two
2.1.6   test arti
article
cle—the tran
transpare
sparency
ncy and suppo
supportin
rting
g struc
struc-- diaphragms in the release mechanism.
diaphragms mechanism. In the single diaphragm design, the
ture. diaphragm is mechanically ruptured upon firing (see Fig. 1). In the dual
diaphr
diaphragm
agm syst
system,
em, pre
pressur
ssurize
ized
d gas betw
between
een the two pre
pressu
ssuriz
rized
ed gas
3. Summa
Summary
ry of Test Method diaphragms is bled to initiate firing by allowing the stored gas to burst
3.1 This test method
method employs a smoo smooth-bo
th-bore
re bird gun that each diaphragm in rapid succession.
fires a chicken carcass so that it impacts a stationary aerospace 5.1.3  Barrel (Launch Tube) , a smooth bore tube that guides
transparency mounted in a supporting structure. the packaged bird (and sabot if used) during its acceleration by
3.2 The specific parameters
parameters described
described by this test method the expanding air from the pressure tank. The bore and length
are: of the barrel is chosen both to accommodate the largest of the
3.2.1 Bird weight
weight and condi
condition
tion,, projectiles to be used and for the overall performance require-
ments of the gun.
1
5.1.4   Sabot Strip
Stripper 
per   may
may be mo
moun
unte
ted
d at th
thee en
end
d of th
thee
Thiss test method
Thi method is und
under
er the jurisdicti
jurisdiction
on of AST
ASTM M Com
Commit
mittee
tee F07 on
Aerospace and Aircraft and is the direct respon
Aerospace responsibility
sibility of Subcommittee
Subcommittee F07.
F07.08
08 on
launcher tube. The purpose of the sabot stripper is to arrest or
Transparent Enclosures and Materials. deflect the sabot, allowing only the packaged bird to impact the
Currentt editio
Curren edition
n appro
approved
ved Oct. 1, 2004. Publis
Published
hed October 2004. Originally
Originally test article.
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 330 – 89 (1999).

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 F 330
330 – 89
89 (20
(2004)
04)

FIG. 1 Repre
Representa
sentative
tive Air Gun

5.2  Velocity Measurement System : 5.4  Test Instrumentation :

5.2.1 The esse
essential
ntial features
features of the velocity measurement
measurement 5.4.1   Weight Measurement —The —The weight scale shall have an
system are that it be accurate and repeatable, not be triggered accuracy of at least 0.063 oz (1.8 g).
by small stray objects that may be traveling with the projectile, 5.4.2   Moun
Mountin tingg Ang
Anglele Me
Measu
asure
remen
mentsts (Pi
(Pitc
tch,
h, Rol
Rolll and 
and not alter the flight path or damage the projectile. Yaw)—The instrument for measuring the angle, at which the
5.2.2 Prefe
Preferred
rred velocity measurement
measurement syste
systems
ms use timi
timing
ng test article or its support structure is mounted, shall have an
stations, located between the gun barrel and the test specimen, accuracy of  1 ⁄ 4  ° (0.004 36 radian).
which are triggered by the projectiles breakage of a mechanical
5.4.3   Temperature
Temperature Measuremen
Measurement  t —The
—The instr
instrument
ument syst
system
em
link “break wire” or through the interruption of a light beam. for measuring temperatures shall have an accuracy of  65°F
The velocity is then computed and averaged from the known
(2.8°C).
distances between the timing stations. Rapid sequence photog-
5.4.4   Velocity
Velocity Measur
Measurement 
ement —The
—The instinstrume
rumentat
ntation
ion used
raphy,, in conjunction
raphy conjunction with a backg
background
round gridwork,
gridwork, may be
with the veloc
velocity
ity measurement
measurement system shall provi provide
de for an
used to provide a redundant system.
overall system accuracy within 62 %.
NOTE   3—When
3—When using a ligh lightt bea
beam
m mea
measuri
suring
ng sys
system
tem under high
high-- 5.4.5   Rapid Sequence , at least one high-speed camera shall
humidity conditions, it is possible that the bird can become enveloped in
be used to provide records of the bird impacting the target. The
a cloud of water droplets that could cause triggering of the light beams and
the bird package shown in the film might not be clear. When using a
camera
came ra ligh
lighting
ting condi
conditions
tions and contr
controlli
olling
ng inst
instrumen
rumentati
tation
on
“break
“br eak wire” system,
system, it is imp
impera
erative
tive that the tens
tension
ion of the wires be shall
sha ll be adj
adjust
usteded to pro
provid
videe a min
minimu
imum m of the followin
following g
adjusted to within close tolerances in order to obtain consistent results. camera frames per second at impact:
5.3  Environmental Control : F  5 1000 1 5 V  or (1)
5.3.1 The environment
environmentalal control apparatus
apparatus may be used to
heat or cool the test article to the desired temperature at the F  5 1000 1 1.53 v (2)
time of impact. The environmental control required shall be
capable of providing the temperature range surrounding the test
where:
article
article that would crit
critical
ically
ly af
affect
fect the physi
physical
cal prop
propertie
ertiess of  F  = expos
exposure
ure rate
rate (fram
(frameses per
per second)
second),,
aircraft transparencies. This range is normally −65°F (−54°C) V  = proj
projecti
ectile
le velocit
velocity y (ft/s),
(ft/s), and
to 250°F (121°C). The facility shall be capable of providing v = projprojecti
ectile
le veloc
velocity
ity (m/s
(m/s))
these temperatures for a sufficient time to achieve steady-state
Timing marks may be automatically placed on the film at a
temperature gradients as required in the test article. A uniform
rate of at least 100/s and at an accuracy of at least 1 % to verify
source of heat or cold shall be provided; that is, no “cold” or
the cam
camera
era exp
exposu
osure
re rat
ratee dur
during
ing the imp
impact
act seq
sequen
uence
ce (se
(seee
“hot” spots shall be developed in the test article, and this shall
Table 1 for camera exposure rate versus impact velocity).
be ver
verifie
ified
d by the use of the thermo
rmocou
couple
pless pla
placed
ced at str
strate
ategic
gic
points throughout the test article or by use of infrared (pho-
6. Mate
Material
rialss
tography) thermographs.
5.3.2 Enclose the mounted test test article and circulate
circulate precon- 6.1   Bird :
ditioned air within this enclosure, stabilize the test article at the 6.1.1
6.1.1 The bir bird
d com
combin
bined
ed wit
withh the pacpackag
kaging
ing for
forms
ms the
desired
desir ed test temperature,
temperature, and remoremove
ve the encl
enclosure
osure immedi- projec
pro jectil
tilee tha
thatt im
impac
pacts
ts the tes
testt art
articl
icle.
e. If a rea
reall car
carcas
casss is
ately before the impact test. A coolant, carbon dioxide or liquid selected, it may be either a domestic or wild bird depending on
nitrog
nitrogen,
en, may be mi mixed
xed with the air to coo cooll the air bel
below
ow the required weight. The standard weight of the bird used in
ambient temperatures. Hot air, heat lamps, or energized elec- this test shall be 4 lb (1.81 kg). Use a chicken as the bird for
trical conductive coatings within the test article may be used to this standard weight. Either freshly kill the bird just before use
raise interior or exterior temperatures. Antiicing or defogging (within 1 h) or freeze immediately after killing for future use.
systems, or both, may also be required. Store the frozen bird at 0°F (−18°C) or lower for no more than

2
 F 330
330 – 89
89 (20
(2004)
04)
TABLE 1 Camera Exposure Rate Versus
Versus Bird Impact Velocity continue past the stripper are not considered to be significantly
V  detrimental to the test article as observed in rapid sequence
F 
Bird Impact Velocity photographic records.
Exposure Rate 6.4   Crew Simulation —Manikins, modeling clay, styrofoam
ft/ s m/ s
(Frames/Second) witness plates, or other flight crew representation devices may
100 30.5 1500 be used to record impact effects on the crew.
200 61.0 2000
300 91.4 2500 6.5   Coolant :
400 122.0 3000 6.5.1   Carbon Dioxide and   Liquid Nitrogen—For introduc-
500 152.0 3500
600 183.0 4000 tion to preco
precondit
nditionin
ioning
g air for temp
temperat
erature
ure cont
control.
rol. Cauti
Caution
on
700 213.0 4500 should be exercised when using these materials. See 1.3.
800 244.0 5000
900 274.0 5500
1000 305.0 6000 7. Transparency and Supporting Structure Test
Test Article
1100 335.0 6500
1200 366.0 7000 7.1 Unles
Unlesss othe
otherwise
rwise specified,
specified, the tran
transpare
sparencies
ncies and sup-
porting structure described as the test article shall be produc-
tion parts and assemblies. Mount the transparency at the angle
of inc
incide
idence
nce in a proproduc
ductio
tion
n str
struct
ucture
ure res
restra
traine
ined
d at des
design
ign
30 days. Thaw a frozen bird carcass at normal room tempera- levels of rigidity. Install aircraft quality fasteners with appro-
ture for approximately 24 h (for a 4-lb bird) before use and the priate
pria te aircr
aircraft
aft inst
installa
allation
tion proc
procedure
edures.s. The test range shal
shalll
minimum internal body temperature shall be 60°F (15.5°C) at
contain firm tie-down points for mounting the test articles.
the time of use.
6.1.2 Weigh the bird just before use. To To achieve the required
8. Haza
Hazards
rds
weight, the carcass may be either trimmed, or water (or gel
containing 98 % water) may be added as long as the carcass’ 8.1 Operation and maintenance
maintenance of the gun shall be such that
original weight does not change more than 10 % (see Table 2). maximum personnel protection is provided at all times. Per-
Removee only portions
Remov portions of the bird’s extremities
extremities (wings and sonnel safety shall be the prime consideration in developing
legs) when a weight reduction is necessary. operating
oper ating procedures
procedures for any faci facility
lity.. Desig
Designn pres
pressure
sure lines
6.2   Bird Container : according
acco rding to appro
approved
ved engin
engineeri
eering
ng proce
procedures
dures and provi
provide
de
6.2.1
6.2 .1 The bird containe
containerr is used to prevent
prevent the bird from adequate safety factors.
becoming damaged or grossly deformed before impacting the 8.2 Rope or fence off off the test area, including
including the area from
specimen. Construct it so as to form a cylindrical projectile and the muzzle
muzzle of the gun to the target target bac
backst
kstop
op and adequate
adequate
of materials that minimize its effect during impact. Materials surrounding area. Warning signals shall make the evacuation
commonly used in fabricating the bird container include nylon, areaa app
are appare
arent
nt to per
person
sonnel
nel bef
before
ore a firifiring.
ng. Giv
Givee ade
adequa
quate
te
cotton or polyethylene bags, cardboard cartons, and expanded audible warnings to inform all personnel in the immediate area
shapes. The weight of the bird container shall not exceed 10 % of the status of the test from the time the announcement to clear
of the total projectile weight as indicated in Table 2 for the the area is given until the all-clear announcement is given.
standard projectile weights.
8.3 After a warning is given to clear
clear the area before a firing,
6.3   Sabot :
one of the operating crew shall visually check to assure that
6.3.1 The sabot is used to protect and support
support the packaged
packaged
there are no personnel in the test area.
bird during the launching and must fit intimately with the bird
package and gun barrel. 8.4 If it is necessary for personnel
personnel to enter the test area after
after
6.3.2 The packaged
packaged bird remains in the cavity of the sabot the ann
announ
ouncem
cement
ent to cle
clear
ar the are
areaa is giv
given,
en, tak
takee ade
adequa
quate
te
until the sabot reaches the end of the launcher at which point safeguards to assure that the gun cannot either accidentally or
the sabot is arrested by the stripper and only the packaged bird deliberately be fired until the area is again cleared.
is allowed to continue on to impact the test article. A sabot and 8.5 Provi
Providede means to preve
prevent
nt personnel from entering
entering the
stripper combination shall be designed so that either all of the test area after the gun is loaded.
sabot is arrested by the stripper or the fragments of sabot which 8.6 Wash the test area thoroughly
thoroughly at the end of a peri
period
od of 
shooting (such as a shift or day) and remove and dispose the
bird
bird de
debr
bris
is.. Th
Thee ar
area
ea ma
mayy be th
thor
orou
ough
ghly
ly sp
spra
raye
yedd wi
with
th a
TABLE
TABLE 2 Bird Projectile
Projectile Weights
A
disinfectant to kill germs and minimize odor.
W S W NB B  W AC  W P D 
8.7 The test range shall contain shields
shields to protect personnel
2.00 6 0.063 lb 2 lb 0.20 lb 0.20 lb
(0.91 6 0.028 kg) (0.91 kg) (0.09 kg) (0.09 kg) and property from debris resulting from the impact.
4.00 6 0.125 lb 4 lb 0.40 lb 0.40 lb
(1.81 6 0.057 kg) (1.81 kg) (0.18 kg) (0.18 kg)
9. Gun Calibrati
Calibration
on
8.00 6 0.250 lb 8 lb 0.80 lb 0.80 lb
(3.63 6 0.113 kg) 3.63 kg) (0.36 kg) (0.36 kg)
9.1 Cal
Calibr
ibrate
ate the gun
gun,, usi
using
ng the standard
standard bird wei
weight
ght,, to
A
W S  = projectile weight including bird and bird container. determine its performance over the velocity range to be used.
B 
W NB  = nominal bird weight.
C 
W A = maximum allowable weight to be removed from or added to the bird. Develo
Dev elop
p cur
curves
ves sho
showin
wingg the rel
relati
ation
on bet
betwee
weenn bir
bird
d lau
launch
nch
D 
W P  = maximum allowable weight of the bird container. velocity and the amount of pressure required.

3
 F 330
330 – 89
89 (20
(2004)
04)
10. Standardization 13. Repor
Reportt
10.1
10. 1 Ali
Align
gn the mounted
mounted tes
testt art
articl
iclee or ref
refere
erence
ncess on the 13.1 The report shall include
include the foll
following
owing..
support structure to the gun barrel axis to within 61 ⁄ 2  ° of the 13.1.1   Test
Test Arti
Article
cle Ident
Identifica
ification
tion—source, manufacturer’
manufacturer’ss
specified angle. codee and ser
cod serial
ial number
number, posposit
ition
ion and angangle
le of imp
impact
act,, and
10.2 The center of the bird shall impact a proj projected
ected target
target method of mounting. If second and third impacts are performed
point
poi nt ort
orthog
hogona
onall to the pro
projec
jectil
tilee tra
trajec
jector
tory
y wit
within
hin a 1-i
1-in.
n. on any one transparency, record previous impact test history on
(25.4-mm) radius. Probability and associated confidence level that transparency and its support structure. Include a descrip-
estimates should be historically supportable for various impact tion of any hardware fixes that were necessitated by damage
point predictions. occurring during previous bird impact testing.
10.3 Do not mount the test article
article impact point any closercloser 13.1.2  Documentation of Visual Inspection —Results of sig-
than ten barrel diameters (bore or inside diameter) from the end nificant visual inspections and pertinent photographs of the test
of the gun barrel. article before and after testing.
13.1.3 Pr Pret
etes
estt an
and d Tesesti
ting
ng TheThermrmal
al Con
Condiditi
tion
onining
g
11. Procedure  Documentation—The thermal conditioning of the test article as
11.1 Visu
Visually
ally inspect the mounted test article before
before impact- well as the monitored test article temperature at the time of 
ing and record any defects. testing.
11.2
11 .2 Mark the im impac
pactt poi
point
nt wit
withou
houtt dam
damagi
aging
ng the testestt 13.1.4   Ambient Conditions —The ambient temperature and
article, position and instrument as desired the simulated crew, relative humidity of the target area at the time of testing.
and position and check the test instrumentation. 13.1.5   High-Speed Filming Records —A description of the
11.3 Proceed with the test article thermal
thermal conditioning if the filming details and a record of the results including windshield
test temperatures are different from ambient temperatures. deflections as required by approved test plan.
11.4
11. 4 Prepa
Prepare
re the bird and packaging.
packaging. Record the weights of  13.1.6   Camera Index ing—The location
Indexing location of the high-speed
high-speed
the various components. camera with respect to the test article impact locations and size
11.5
11. 5 Inse
Insert
rt the packa
packaged
ged bird into the sabot and insert the and location of background grids when applicable.
sabot into the gun. 13.1.7   Bird Identification —A descrip
descriptio
tion
n of the bird and
11.6
11 .6 Install
Install the req
requir
uired
ed dia
diaphr
phragm
agm and prepressu
ssuriz
rizee the packaging preparation; weight of the carcass, weight added to
vessel. or removed from the carcass, and weight of the packaged bird.
11.7
11. 7 Once the test article
article cond
condition
itioning
ing has been completed
completed 13.1.8   Impact
Impact Velocity—T —The
he pl plan
anne
ned
d anandd ac
acua
uall im
impapact
ct
and the test parameters have been recorded, proceed with firing velocity.
sequence of the gun. 13.1.9   Impact Location Verification —The planned and ac-
tual impact locations as verified from photographic records.
11.8
11. 8 After impa
impact,
ct, reco
record
rd post
posttest
test para
paramete
meters,
rs, incl
including
uding
13.1.10  Attachments and Installation Procedures —Any de-
velocity. Examine and record the condition of the test article
viation from requirements.
and simulated crew for severity of damage.
13.1.11 InsInstru
trumen
mentat
tation
ion and Degr Degree ee of Acc
Accura
uracycy —
11.9
11. 9 Obtai
Obtainn photo
photograph
graphic
ic records of the test article
article and the
Descriptions of the test instrumentation and accuracies.
simulated crew.
13.1.12   Supporting Structur
Structuree —Desc
—Describe
ribe suppo
supporting
rting struc
struc--
ture. When test is performed to verify the design of a specific
12. Inter
Interpret
pretatio
ation
n of Resu
Results
lts
configuration, any deviation to the production aircraft structure
12.1   Test Article —Visually assess the damage to determine used as a test support shall be noted.
the ext
extent
ent tha
thatt it af
affec
fects
ts res
residu
idual
al vis
vision
ion and the str
struct
uctura
urall
condition of the test article. 14. Prec
Precisio
ision
n and Bias
12.2 Exam
Examineine the simulated
simulated crew for dama
damage
ge after the test. 14.1 It is not prac
practica
ticable
ble to specify the precision
precision or bias for
Factors that may be considered in this investigation are: test this test method because the interpretation of the results will be
article
article deflec
deflection
tion effects;
effects; the amoun
amount,
t, locat
location,
ion, and size of  to determine conformance with a pass/fail criteria established
fragment impacts; and the severity with which the test article or for a specific application.
fragments impact the simulated crew. This damage interpreta-
tion as related to a flight crew may require the assistance of a 15. Keyw
Keywords
ords
medical authority
authority.. 15.1 bird; impact; transparent
transparent enclosures
enclosures

4
 F 330
330 – 89
89 (20
(2004)
04)
REFERENCES

(1) LTR-ST.701 “Capabilities of the NAE/NRC Flight Impact Simulator (5) FAR 25, Paragraph 25.775, “Windshield and Windows Bird Impact
Facility,” National Research Council of Canada, 8 April 1974. Requirements.”
(2) TR 66
66008
008,, “T
“The
he De
Deve
velo
lopm
pmen
entt of a Sm
Smoot
ooth
h Bo
Bore
re Gu
Gunn fo
forr th
thee (6) AFS
AFSC C Des
Design
ign Hand
Handbook
book DH2-1, Des Design
ign Note 3A1, ParParagr
agraph
aph 9,
Projection
Projection of Bird Carcasses,”
Carcasses,” Royal Aircraft
Aircraft Establis
Establishment,
hment, January “Bird Resistance.”
(7) CAA
CAADRPDRP,, Bri
British
tish Civi
Civill Air
Airwor
worthin
thiness
ess Req
Requir
uireme
ements,
nts, Sec
Section
tion D,
1966.
Chapterr D4-2, and Sectio
Chapte Sectionn K, “Requirements
“Requirements for Comme
Commercial
rcial Air-
(3) San
Sander
ders,
s, E. J., “Th
“Thee Von Kar
Karman
man Gas Dyna
Dynamic
micss Fac
Facilit
ility
y Ran
Range
ge craft.”
S3—Description and Capabilities,” AEDC-TR-76-9, January 1976. (8) MIL-S
MIL-STD-0088
TD-008865,
65, Airpla
Airplane
ne Streng
Strength
th and Rigidit
Rigidity,
y, Miscel
Miscellaneous
laneous
(4) AFML-TR-74-234 (Part I & II), “Bird Strike Capabilties of Transpar- Loads.
ent Aircraft Windshield Materials,” December 1974, Air Force Mate- (9) MIL-W-81752, General Specification for Windshield System, Fixed
rials, Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Wing Aircraft.

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