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CHAPTER 1
NUMBER SYSTEMS
Points to Remember :
1. Number used for counting 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are known as Natural numbers.
2. All natural numbers together with zero i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..... are known as whole numbers.
3. All natural numbers, zero and negative numbers together i.e. ...., –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are known
as Integers.
p 2 5 4
4. Rational Numbers : Numbers of the form
q
where p, q both are integers and q  0. For e.g. , ,
3 7 1
etc.
5. Every rational number have either terminating or repeating (recurring) decimal representation.
Terminating Repeating (Recurring)
2 13
For eg.  0. 4 ,  3.25 etc. For e.g. 1  0.333.....  0.3
5 4 3
15
here, prime factors of denominator are = 2.142857142857...
7
2 and 5 only.  2.142857 etc.
6. There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers.
p
7. Irrational Numbers : Numbers which cannot be written in the form of q , where p, q are integers and

q  0.
For e.g. 2 , 3 , 17 , , 0.202202220......,3 9 etc.

8. Real numbers : Collection of both rational and irrational numbers. For e.g.  3, 7 , 0 , 2 , 5 ,  etc.
5
9. Every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line. Also, every point on the number
line represents a unique real number.
10. For every given positive real number x, we can find x geometrically..
11. Identities related to square root :
Let p, q be positive real numbers. Then,
p p
(i) pq  p. q (ii)  ;q  0
q q
(iii) ( p  q ) ( p  q )  p  q (iv) ( p  q ) 2  p  2 pq  q
12. Laws of Radicals : Let x, y > 0 be real numbers and p, q be rationals. then
(i) xp × xq = xp+q (ii) x p  x q  x p  q
(iii) ( x p ) q  x pq (iv) x p . y p  ( xy) p
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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1. Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4. —NCERT.

Solution. We know that between two rational numbers a and b, such that a < b, there is a rational number
a b
.
2
1 7
A rational number between 3 and 4 is (3  4)  .
2 2

7 1 7  1  6  7  13
Now, a rational number between 3 and is  3      .
2 2 2 2 2  4

7 17  1  7  8  15
A rational number between and 4 is   4     .
2 22  2 2  4

13 1  13  1  12  13  25
Also, a rational number between 3 and is  3     
4 2 4  2 4  8

15 1  15  1  15  16  31
A rational number between and 4 is   4    
4 2  4  2 4  8

31 1  31  1  31  32  63
A rational number between and 4 is   4    
8 2 8  2  8  16

25 13 7 15 31 63
 3      4
8 4 2 4 8 16
This can be represented on number line as follows :

OR
(without using formula)
10 30 10 40
We have, 3  3   and 4  4 
10 10 10 10
We need to find six rational numbers between 3 and 4 i.e.
30 40 31 32 33 34 35 36
and , which are , , , , , . Ans.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Example 2. Find four rational numbers between 1 and 4 .

4 3
1 1 3 3 4 4 4 16
Solution.    and   
4 4 3 12 3 3 4 12
3 16 1 4 4 5 6 7
 4 rational numbers between and i.e. and are , , , .
12 12 4 3 12 12 12 12

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p.
Example 3. Express 0.12 in the form of rational number,
q

Solution. Let x  0.12  0.121212 ..... ...(1)

multiplying both sides by 100, we get
100 x = 12.1212..... ...(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2),
100 x – x = 12.1212..... – 0.1212....
12 4
 99 x = 12  x   Ans.
99 33
Example 4. Represent 3 on the number line.
Solution. Let XOX be number line with O as origin. Let OA = 1 unit. Draw AB  OA such that AB = 1 unit.
Join OB. Then using Pythagoras theorem, In OAB

OB  OA 2  AB2  12  12  2 units
Again, draw DC  OB such that BC = 1 unit. Join OC.

then, OC  OB 2  BC 2  ( 2 ) 2  (1) 2  3 units .

With O as centre and OC as ra-
dius, draw on arc, meeting OX at
P. Then OC = OP = 3 units.
Example 5. State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers.
(i) Every irrational number is a real number.
(ii) Every point on the number line is of the form m , where m is a natural number..
(iii) Every real number is an irrational number —NCERT
Solution. (i) True, since collection of real numbers is made up of rational and irrational numbers.
(ii) False, no negative number can be the square root of any natural number.
(iii) False, for example 5 is a real but not irrational.
Example 6. Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of decimal expansion each as:
36 1 1 3 2 329
(i) (ii) (iii) 4 (iv) (v) (vi) —NCERT
100 11 8 13 11 400

Solution. (i) 36  0.36  Terminating decimal expansion.

100
1
(ii) Consider , by long division, we have :
11
0.090909
11 1.000000
99
100
99
100
99
1

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1
  0.090909......  0.09, which is non-terminating and repeating decimal expansion.
11

(iii) 4 1  4  8  1  33 . By long division, we have

8 8 8
4.125
8 33.000

32
10
8
20
16
40
40
0

 33  4.125, terminating decimal expansion.

8
3
(iv) Consider, by long division, we have
13
0.23076923....
13 3.0000000
26
40
39
100
91
90
78
120
117
30
26
40
39
1

3
  0.23076923.......  0.230769, which is non-terminating and repeating decimal expan-
13
sion.

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2
(v) Consider, , by long division, we have
11
0.181818
11 2.00000
11
90
88
20
11
90
88
20
11
90
88
2

2
  0.181818.....  0.18 , which is non-terminating and repeating decimal expansion.
11
329
(vi) Consider, , by long division, we have
400
0.8225
400 329.0000
3200
900
800
1000
800
2000
2000
0

329
  0.8225, which is terminating decimal expansion.
400

Example 7. What can be the maximum number of digits be in the repeating block of digits in the decimal
1
expansion of ? Perform the division to check your answer.. —NCERT
17

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0.588235294117647....
Solution. 17 1.0000000000000000
85
150
136
140
136
40
34
60
51
90
85
50
34
160
153
70
68
20
17
30
17
130
119
110
102
80
68
120
119
1

1
Thus,  0.588235294117647
7
1
 The maximum number of digits in the quotient while computing are 15.
17

p
Example 8. Look at several examples of rational numbers in the form (q  0) , where p and q are integers
q
with no common factors other than 1 and having terminating decimal representations (expan-
sions). Can you guess what property q must satisfy? —NCERT
Solution. Let us consider various such rotational numbers having terminating decimal representation.

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1 3 5
 0.5 ;  0.75;  0.625
2 4 8
39 11 43
 1.56;  0.088;  0.215 etc.
25 125 200
from the examples shown above, it can be easily observe that, ‘‘If the denominator of a rational
number in standard form has no prime factors other than 2 or 5 or both, then and the only then it
can be represented as a terminating decimal.’’
Example 9. Visualise 3.765 on the number line, using successive magnification. —NCERT
Solution. We know that 3.765 lies between 3 and 4. We divide portion of number line between 3 and 4 in 10
equal parts i.e. 3.1, 3.2, ....., 3.9 and then look at the interval [3.7, 3.8] through a magnifying glass
and observe that 3.765 lies between 3.7 and 3.8 (see figure).

Now, we imagine that each new intervals [3.1, 3.2], [3.2, 3.3], ...... , [3.9, 4] have been sub-divided
into 10 equal parts. As before, we can now visualize through the magnifying glass that 3.765 lies
in the interval [3.76, 3.77]. (see figure).

Again, 3.765 lies between 3.76 and 3.77. So, let us focus on this portion of the number line, and
imagine to divide it again into 10 equal parts. The first mark represents 3.761, second mark repre-
sents 3.762, and so on. So, 3.765 is the 5th mark in these subdivisions.
Example 10. Recall,  is defined as the ratio of the circumference (say c) of a circle to its diameter (say d).

That is,   c . This seem to contradict the fact that  is irrational. How will you resolve this
d
contradiction? —NCERT
Solution. There is no contradiction. Remember that when you measure a length with a scale or any other
device, you only get on approximate rational value. So, you may not realise that either c or d is
irrational.
Example 11. Simplify the following :
(i) 3 7  4 7 (ii) ( 7  3 ) ( 7  3 )

(iii) ( 5  3 ) 2 (iv) 8 30  2 5

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Solution. (i) 3  4  ( 7 ) 2  12  7  84

(ii) ( 7 ) 2  ( 3 ) 2  7  3  4

(iii) ( 5 ) 2  ( 3 ) 2  2( 5 )( 3 )  5  3  2 5  3  8  2 15

8 30
(iv)  4 6
2 5

Example 12. Find 5.3 geometrically..

Solution. Draw AB = 5.3 units and extend it to C such that BC
= 1 unit. Find mid-point O of AC. With O as centre,
and OA as radius, draw a semicircle. Draw
BD  AC, interesting semicircle at D. Then BD
= 5.3 units. With B as centre and BD as radius,
draw an arc, intersecting AC produced at E. Then,
BE  BD  5.3 units.

3 2
Example 13. Find value of a and b, where a  b 2  .
3 2

3 2 3 2 3 2
Solution. We have,  
3 2 3 2 3 2

(3  2 ) 2 9  2  6 2 11  6 2
  
(3) 2  ( 2 ) 2 92 7

11 6
  2  ab 2
7 7
11 6
 a and b 
7 7
Example 14. Simplify the following :
2 4 1 1
4 1
(i) 3 5  3 5 (ii) 7 3  7 4 (iii) (3 ) (iv) (32) 2/5
2 4 2 4 6

Solution. (i) 3 5 5 3 5  35
1 1 4 3 1

(ii) 7 3 4 7 12  7 12
1 1
(iii) 34 x(–1)  34  
4
3 81
2 2
5 1 1
(iv) (25 ) 5 2 5  22  2

2 4

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1 1 1
Example 15. Simplify :   .
1  x b a  x c  a 1  x a b  x c  b 1  x b  c  x a c
1 1 1
Solution. Given expression   
b c a c b
x x x x x xa
1 a
 a 1 b
 b 1 
x x x x x c xc

1 1 1
 a b c
 b a c

x x x x x x x  xb  x a
c

xa xb xc

xa xb xc x a  xb  x c
    1
x a  xb  xc x a  xb  xc x a  xb  xc x a  xb  x c

PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. Represent each of the following rational numbers on the number line :

3 7
(i) (ii) (iii) – 3.6 (iv) 4.53
5 4

1 2
2. (i) Find 4 rational numbers between and .
5 3

3 4
(ii) Find 5 rational numbers between and .
4 3

3. (i) Represent 2 and 3 on the some number line

(ii) Represent5 on the number line.
4. Without actual division, find which of the following rationals are terminating decimals.
13 19 6 17 31
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
24 125 35 80 200
5. Find the decimal expansions of the following :
16 22 11 37
(i) – (ii) (iii) (iv)
9 7 30 175
1 1
6. Find the decimal representation of . Deduce from the decimal representation of , without actual
7 7
2 3 4 5
calculations, the decimal representation of , , and .
7 7 7 7
p
7. Express each of the following recurring decimals in the form of a rational number, :
q
(i) 0.7 (ii) 0.123 (iii) 0.45 6 (iv) 3.456

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2 4
8. (i) Find three irrational numbers between and .
3 5

(ii) Insert three irrational numbers between 2 and 3.

9. Give an example of two irrational numbers whose :
(i) difference is a rational number.
(ii) difference is an irrational number.
(iii) sum is a rational number.
(iv) sum is an irrational number.
(v) quotient is a rational number.
(vi) quotient is an irrational number.
(vii) Product is a rational number.
(viii) Product is an irrational number.
10. Simplify each of the following :

(i) (7  3 ) (7  3 ) (ii) ( 5  3 ) 2

(iii) 12 20  3 5 (iv) (2 3  3 2 ) 2

(v) (4 2  3) (4 2  3) (vii) 3 20  3 5  2 2  4 18
11. Represent the following on the number line :
(i) 2.4 (ii) 5.7 (iii) 6.8 (iv) 9.2
12. Rationalize the denominator :

1 2 2 3 1
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2 3 3 5 2 3 5 3
13. Rationalize the denominator:
1 3 1 1
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
52 3 6 3 2 5 33 5 2 3 3 2
14. Simplify the following :
4 3 4 3 3 5 3 5
(i)  (ii) 
4 3 4 3 3 5 3 5

3 2 5
15. If a and b are rational numbers and if  a  b 5 , find a and b.
3 2 5

5 1 5 1
16. If x and y are the rational numbers and   x  y 5 , find x and y.
5 1 5 1
17. Evaluate the following :
(i) 53  52 (ii) 58  55 (iii) (32 ) 2 (iv) (64) 2/3

(v) (3 8 )1/2 (vi) 3 –2  4 –2

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18. Find the valueof x if :

3x  2
1
(i) 23 x 1  1 (ii) 32 x 1   
9

7 3 x x 3 2 3 x x 1
1 2 2 3
(iii)    6 (iv)      
6 3 3 2

19. Find whether the product of irrational numbers (5  2 ), (3  7 ), (3  7 ) and (5  2 ) is a rational or

irrational number.
1
20. (i) Given 2  1.414 , find value of
2 1

2 3
(ii) 3  1.732, find value of .
2 3

21. (i) Prove that 2 is not a rational number..

(ii) Prove that 2  3 is an irrational number..

22. Simplify the following :
(i) 0.2  0.3  0.4 (ii) 0.42  0.34 (iii) 2.13  1.16 (iv) 4.16 1.25
23. Simplify the following :

2 n 1  2 n
(i) (ii) x 1 y y 1 z z 1 x
2 n  2 n 1
24. Assuming that x is positive real number and a, b, c are rational numbers, show that :
a b c a b b c ca
 xb   xc   xa   xa   xb   xc 
(i)  c   
 xa 

 xb
 1
 (ii)  b 


 xc



 xa


1
x      x     
1 1 1
25. If 2 x  3 y  6  z , show that   0
x y z
2 1
26. (i) If x  4  15 , find the value of x  .
x2

(ii) If x  5  2 6 , find the value of 1 .

x
x
27. Simplify the following :

1 2 1 3 2 4 3 2 3
(i)   (ii)  
2 3 5  3 2 5 6 3 6 2 6 2
28. Rationalize the denominator of following :
1 2
(i) (ii)
1 2  3 1 3  5

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29. Prove that :

1 1 1 1
(i)    ....  2
1 2 2 3 3 4 8 9

1 1 2
(ii)  
2 3 5 2 3 5 2
30. Represent the following on the number line :
(i) 13 (ii) 17 (iii) 2 3 (iv) 1  2

PRACTICE TEST
M.M : 30 Time : 1 hour
General Instructions :

Q. 1-4 carry 2 marks, Q. 5-8 carry 3 marks and Q. 9-10 carry 5 marks each.

3 4
1. Find three rational numbers between and .
4 3
2. Represent 5 on the number line.
3. Rationalise the denominator :
1
52
16
4. Find decimal representation of .
45
5. Simplify the following :
(i) ( 5  2 ) 2 (ii) (3 2  2 3 )(3 2  2 3 )

4 3
6. If a and b are rational numbers and  a  3b , find a and b.
4 3
7. Evaluate the following :
7 3 2 / 5
 11  4  11  4  1 
(i)      (ii)  
2 2  32 

8. Express 0.246 as a rational number in the simplest form.

9. Represent 4.2 on the number line. Also, give step of constructions.

6 3 2 4 3
10. Simplify :  
2 3 6 3 6 2

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ANSWERS OF PRACTICE EXERCISE

4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14
2. (i) , , , (ii) , , , ,
15 15 15 15 12 12 12 12 12
4. (ii), (iv) and (v) 5. (i)  1.7 (ii) 3.142857 (iii) 0.36 (iv) 0.21142856
1 2 3 4 5
6.  0.142857 ,  0.284714,  0.428571,  0.571428,  0.714285
7 7 7 7 7

7 61 137 1711
7. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
9 495 300 495
8. (i) 0.68010010001 ..., 0.69010110111 .... and 0.7101001000... (ii) 1.501001000 ... and 1.601001000...
9. (i) 3  5 and 5  3 (ii) 3 5 and 5 (iii) 3  5 and 3  5

(iv) 4 5 and  2 5 (v) 20 and 5 (vi) 20 and 6

(vii) 2 3 and 3 (viii) 3 2 and 4 3

10. (i) 46 (ii) 8 – 2 15 (iii) 8 (iv) 30  12 6 (v) 23 (vi) 3 5  10 2

1 1
12. (i) 2  3 (ii) (3  5 ) (iii) 7  4 3 (iv) ( 5  3)
2 2
1 1 1
13. (i) ( 5  2 3 ) (ii) ( 6  3 2 ) (iii) (5 3  3 5 ) (iv)  1 (2 3  3 2 )
7 4 30 6
38 29 12
14. (i) (ii)  3 5 15. a  ,b  16. x = 3, y = 0
13 11 11
1 1 1
17. (i) 3125 (ii) 125 (iii) (iv) (v) 2 (vi) 144
81 16
1 5 5 4
18. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
3 8 2 5
7 422 1540
19. Rational 20. (i) 0.414 (ii) 13.928 22. (i) 1 (ii) (iii) (iv)
90 231 297
23. (i) 2 (ii) 1 26. (i) 62 (ii) 12 27. (i) 0 (ii) 0
1 2
28. (i) ( 2  2  6 ) (ii) (7  3 3  5  2 15 )
4 11

ANSWERS OF PRACTICE TEST

10 11 12
1. , , 3. 52 4.  0.35 5. (i) 7  2 10 (ii) 6
12 12 12

19 8 11 111
6. a ,b  7. (i) (ii) –4 8. 10. 0
13 13 2 450

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