Heat and thermodynamic, 19-UON-0558

Question No. 01
a)
Given data:
To = 0 ℃
T = 20 ℃
∆T = 20 ℃
Density of gasoline at 0° C = ρo = 730 kg⁄m3
Co − efficient of volume expansion = β = 9 × 10−4 (℃)−1
Volume at To = Vo = 10 gal
1 gal of gasoline occupies volume = 0.00380 m3
Volume at To = 10 × 0.00380m3 = 0.038 m3

To find out:
Mass of gasoline if we bought it at 0 ℃ =?

Solution
From definition of density, we first find the mass of gasoline at To .
m
ρo = ⇒ m = ρo Vo
Vo
As we know in volume expansion
∆V = Vi β∆T
⇒ Vf − Vi = Vi β∆T
⇒ Vf = Vi + Vi β∆T
⇒ Vf = Vi (1 + β∆T)
Here Vf is volume at temperature ‘T’ and Vi is volume at temperature To . So, in volume expansion, the
factor by which the volume changes is, Factor= 1 + β∆T
V = Vo (1 + β∆T)
Here β is the co-efficient of volume expansion. ∆T is the temperature difference. At temperature ∆T above
0°C, the same mass of gasoline occupies a larger volume V = Vo (1 + β∆T) the density of the gasoline is
m
ρ=
V
m
ρ=
Vo (1 + β∆T)
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 Heat and thermodynamic, 19-UON-0558
m ρo m
ρ= = Vo =
m(1 + β∆T) 1 + β∆T ρo
ρo
So, for the same volume of gasoline, the difference in mass between gasoline at 0°C and gasoline at 20.0°C
is,
o ρ
∆m = mo − m = ρo V − ρV = ρo V − 1+β∆T V

o ρ
∆m = ρo V(1 − 1+β∆T)

730 730
∆m = (730)(0.038) (1 − 1+(9×10−4 )(18)) = 27.74(1 − 1+0.0162)

∆m = 0.523 kg

b)
Given data
Volume of air = 1.00L= 0.001m3
Temperature = 100℃

To find out
Amount of energy=Q=?

Solution
As the volume is help constant, so the process is isovolumetric. Since air is mixture of different gases. So
the amount of heat energy can be found by calculating the no. of mole of each gas.
Q = mc∆T
The amount of energy absorbed to raise its temperature form 273k to 373k.Nitrogen, oxygen and argon
J
have heat capacities 27.7, 21, 12.5 respectively in kg℃. The percentage of nitrogen is 78.08, oxygen=20.95
and that of argon is 0.93. The equation of heat will be
Q = (mc∆T)N + (mc∆T)O + (mc∆T)a
Putting values, we get
Q = (78.08)(20.7) + (20.95)(21) + (0.93)(12.5)
Q = 1616.256 + 439.5 + 11.625
Q = 2067.381J

Question No. 02
Given data
Mass of ice = 250g = 250 × 10−3 kg
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 Heat and thermodynamic, 19-UON-0558

Mass of water = 600g = = 600 × 10−3 kg

Temperature of ice = 0℃
Temperature of water = 18℃
Latent heat of fusion of ice = Lf = 3.34 × 105 J⁄kg
Specific heat capacity of water = cw = 4190 J⁄K. kg
Specific heat capacity of ice = cIce = 2100 J⁄K. kg

To find out
a) Final temperature of the system = ?
b) Quantity of Ice at equilibrium = ?

Solution
a)
If the whole mass of ice is melted, it must absorb energy, the energy required to melt ice is
Qrequired = mLf

Where ‘m’ is mass of ice and ‘Lf ’ is latent heat of fusion of ice
Qrequired = (250 × 10−3 kg)(3.34 × 105 J⁄kg)

Qrequired = 8.35 × 105+2−3 = 8.35 × 104 J = 83.3kJ

The energy released when 600g water cools from 18℃ to 0℃

|Qreleased | = |mc∆T|

|Qreleased | = (600 × 10−3 kg)(4190 J⁄K. kg)(18K)

|Qreleased | = 4.52 × 104 = 45.2kJ

Since the heat required to melt 250 g of ice at 0°C is greater than the heat required to cool 600 g of water
from 18°C to 0°C, not all the ice melts, so, the final temperature of the system (water + ice) must be 0 C
.

b)

Let ‘m’ represent the mass of ice that melts before the system reaches equilibrium at 0°C. From the concept
of calorimetry

Qcold = −Qhot

mLf = −mw cw (0℃ − 18℃)

m(3.34 × 105 J⁄kg) = −(600 × 10−3 kg)(4190 J⁄K. kg)(0℃ − 18℃)

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 Heat and thermodynamic, 19-UON-0558

45252000 × 10−3
m=
3.34 × 105

m = 13588503 × 10−8 = 0.136kg = 136g

So the ice remaining = 250 g −136 g = 114 g.

Question No. 03

Given data
Mass of the aluminum block = m = 1.0 kg

Constant pressure on the block) = P = 1 atm = 101325Nm−2

Initial temperature of the block = Ti = 22℃ = 273+22 = 297 K

Final temperature of the block = Tf = 40℃ = 273+40 = 313 K
Density of aluminum = ρ = 2700 kg⁄m3
Co-efficient of linear expansion of aluminum = α = 24 × 10−4 ℃−1
J
Specific heat capacity of aluminum = c = 900 ⁄K. kg

To find out
a) The work done on the aluminum.
b) The energy added to it by heat.
c) The change in its internal energy.

Solution
a)
Since the block is kept under constant pressure, so the work done on it is
W = −P(Vf − Vi )
W = −P(∆V) Since Vf − Vi = ∆V
Here ∆V is change in volume. Since we know that in volume expansion,
∆V = Vi β∆T
So,
W = −P(Vi β∆T)
W = −PVi β(Tf − Ti )
m
As we know that β = 3α and Vi = ρ . So,

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 Heat and thermodynamic, 19-UON-0558
m
W = −P(3α)( )(Tf − Ti )
ρ
1
W = −(101325 Nm−2 )(3)(24 × 10−4 ℃−1 )( )(40 − 22)
2700
W = −(101325 Nm−2 )(72 × 10−4 ℃−1 )(3.707 × 10−4 )(18)
W = −4799.9 × 10−10 × 101325
W = −4859.99 × 10−5
W = −0.048599J
b)
As we know that
Q = mc∆T
Q = mc(Tf − Ti )
J
Q = (1kg)(900 ⁄K. kg)(18)

Q = 1.62 × 104 J
c)
According to the first law of thermodynamics
∆Eint = Q + W
∆Eint = 1.62 × 104 − 0.0486
∆Eint = 1.62 × 104 J

Question N. 04
a)
Given data:
Thickness of the pot=9mm
Area A = 0.130m2
Water evaporating = 0.400kg
Time t = 3min = 180s
Tc = 100℃
J
Heat of vaporization of water = Lv = 2.26 × 106 ⁄kg

To find out:
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 Heat and thermodynamic, 19-UON-0558

Temperature of lower surface of pot =Th =?

Solution:
We know that the
Q
P = ∆t … (i)

Where
P= Rate of transfer of energy by heat, Q= Amount of heat, ∆t = Change in temperature
As
±Q
L= ⇒ Q = ±mL
m

Where
m= mass of the substance, L= latent heat, Q= Amount of energy added into the system or left out of the
system due to temperature difference (it is positive when energy added to the system and negative when
energy leave the system)
Form equation (1), we get
mL
P= ∆t

For water
mw Lv
Pw = t

(0.400)(2.26×106 )
Pw = 180

(0.904×106 )
Pw = 180
904000
Pw = 180
J
Pw = 5022.22 s

Now, the rate of heat flow per unit time is

∆Q Th −Tc
P= = KA
∆t L

Where P= rate of heat flow, Q= amount of heat flow, K= thermal conductivity of material, A= Area of
cross section, L= Length of rod
Rearranging above equation, we get
PL
= Th − Tc
KA
PL
+ Tc = Th
KA

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 Heat and thermodynamic, 19-UON-0558

(5022.22)(8.5×10−3 )
Th = 100 + (50)(0.130)

(42688.87×10−3 )
Th = 100 + 6.5

Th = 100 + 6567.52 × 10−3

Th = 100 + 6.5675
Th = 106.5675℃

b)
Given data
Intensity of solar radiation on the surface of earth=IE =1.4 kW⁄m2

Required
Intensity of sun light on surface of Mars = IMars =?

Solution
The radius of the sun= R = 6.96 × 108 km
The wavelength of the light emitting from the surface of the sun= λ = 500 × 10−9 m
By Wien’s law
0.0029
T = wavelength of light

In case of sun
0.0029
T = 500×10−9 = 5800k

As we know that
P = eσAT 4
Where

e = Emmisitivity equal to 1 here , σ = Stephan boltz constant = 5.66 × 10−8 W⁄m2 k 4 , A=

surface area of the sun, T = temperature of at the surface of sun
P = (1)(5.66 × 10−8 )(4π)(6.96 × 108 )58004
P = 3.3 × 1026 W
Using the formula for intensity
Power of the sun
IMars = average distance between Sun and Mars

Using values, we get

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 Heat and thermodynamic, 19-UON-0558

3.3×1026
IMars = 4π(2.06655×1011)2 W⁄m2

3.3×1026
IMars = 4π(4.2704×1022) W⁄m2

3.3×1026
IMars = 5.367066×1023 W⁄m2

IMars = 0.62604 × 1026−23 W⁄m2

IMars = 626.04 W⁄m2

Question No. 05
Given data:
Temperature = 273k
Pressure =1.00 × 10−2 atm = 1.01325 × 103 Nm−2 (∵ 1atm = 1.01325 × 105 Nm−2 )
g kg g kg
Density of the gas =ρ =1.24 × 10−5 ⁄cm3 = 1.24 × 10−2 ⁄m3 (∵ 1 ⁄cm3 = 103 ⁄m3 )

To find out
a) vrms =?
b) Molar mass = M =?
c) Identification of the gas =?

Solution:
a) vrms =?
As we know that

3RT
vrms = √ … (i)
M

Where
R is general gas constant,
T is temperature and
M is molar mass.
As we know that
m
ρ=
V
mass (m)
Since we know that moles(n) = ⇒ mass(m) = moles(n) × molar mass(M)
molar mass (M)

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 Heat and thermodynamic, 19-UON-0558
nM ρV
ρ= ⇒M=
V n

Put in Eq. (i).

3nRT
vrms = √ ρV

As we know
PV = nRT, so,

3PV 3P
vrms = √ ρV = √ ρ

Substituting the values;

3 × 1.01325 × 103
vrms =√
1.24 × 10−2

3 × 1.01325 3.03975
vrms = √ × 103+2 = √ × 105 = √2.4514 × 105 = 495.12 m⁄s
1.24 1.24

vrms = 495.12 m⁄s

b) Molar mass = M =?

As

3RT
vrms = √
M

Squaring both sides, we get

3RT 3RT
(vrms )2 = ⇒M=
M (vrms )2
Substituting the values of “R” and “T” we get
3×8.314×273 6809.166 kg⁄ kg⁄
M= = 245143.8144 = 0.027776 mol = 27.776 mol
(495.12)2

g
M ≈ 28 ⁄mol

c) Identify the gas

As the molar mass is 28. So, it is nitrogen gas N2 .

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