52-Backyard Grasscutter Keeping PDF

agrodok
Backyard grasscutter keeping
52
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agrodok
Backyard grasscutter keeping
52
© Agromisa Foundation and CTA, Wageningen 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photocopy,
microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher.
First edition: 2014
Author: Adri Vink

Contributors and reviewers: Tegbe Enyonam Richmond, Wouter Joenje
Language editing: Catharina de Kat-Reynen
Illustrations: Barbera Oranje
Photos: Bram van Nieuwenhuizen, Ineke Puls, R.Tegbe
ISBN Agromisa: 978-90-8573-144-3

ISBN CTA: 978-92-9081-538-9
This publication has been supported by De Bouwkamp-Stichting.
Printed by: Digigrafi, Veenendaal, Netherlands

Foreword
This Agrodok is the outcome of cooperation with authors of earlier grass-

cutter publications in various African countries.
Agromisa believes in the potential of backyard grasscutter rearing.
Producing high-quality grasscutter meat for household use and/or for the
market is easily integrated into low-input ecological agriculture. Moreover,
keeping grasscutters can be profitable: after the initial investments in
stable(s) and stock, care and maintenance are relatively easy and feed can
be cheap; and grasscutter meat sells at good prices.
This Agrodok explains the details and hazards of grasscutter farming.
Within Agromisa’s overall aim of improving small-scale farming, this
booklet offers an approach to make grasscutter farming a successful and
rewarding enterprise.
Acknowledgements:
This guide to grasscutter farming could not have been written without the
valuable contributions of Wouter Joenje (University of Groningen) who
provided a first draft as basis for the present text and Richmond Tegbe
(Principal Research Assistant, University of Ghana’s College of Agriculture
and Consumer Sciences Soil and Irrigation Resarch Centre CACS-SIREC)
for his contributions on the ‘Profitability of Grasscutter Production’.
Agromisa volunteer Marg Leijdens must be mentioned for her advice on
Marketing and valuable editiorial contributions.
Wageningen, 2014
Contents
1 Introduction 7
1.1 The scope and focus of this guide 7
1.2 Structure of the Agrodok 8
1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of grasscutter farming 9
2 Biology and distribution 13

2.1 General characteristics 14
2.2 Reproduction 14
3 Selection, handling and domestication 17

3.1 Selection criteria 17
3.2 Handling and transporting animals 19
4 Housing: the stable with cages 25

4.1 The stable 25
4.2 Cage types and dimensions 30
4.3 Cage construction 32
4.4 Equipment and accessories 35
5 Reproduction and growth 37

5.1 Sexual maturity and mating 37
5.2 Pregnancy diagnosis and gestation period 38
5.3 The litter 40
6 Nutrition and feeding 43

6.1 Water 44
6.2 Forage 45
6.3 Other feed 48
6.4 Feed quantities 51
6.5 Feeding schedule; the grasscutters’ daily rhythm 51
6.6 Weight gain and feeding profitability 52
7 Health 53
7.1 Prevention 53
7.2 Ailments, symptoms, treatments and preventive measures 55
7.3 First aid box 60
8 Administration 63
8.1 Financial administration 63
8.2 Stock administration 64
8.3 Farm administration 65
8.4 Record-keeping for selection 70
8.5 Use and examples of records 71
9 Slaughtering and processing 73

9.1 Slaughtering and dressing 73
9.2 Nutrient value of grasscutter meat 75
10 Marketing 77
10.1 Place, product, promotion and price 77
10.2 Getting organised 79
11 Profitability of grasscutter farming 83

11.1 Profitability data in various reports 83
11.2 Case study - profitability of grasscutter production in Ghana 86
Appendix 1 Growing elephant grass for grasscutter fodder 89

Appendix 2 Preparation of concentrates for grasscutters 93
Further reading 95
Useful addresses 97
Glossary 99
6
1 Introduction
Domestication of the grasscutter (also known as cane rat) is slowly be-

coming a success story in sub-Saharan western and central Africa, where
grasscutter farming has proven to be a profitable business.
Because of its tasty meat – appreciated by all, regardless of ethnic origin or
religion – grasscutters have been hunted locally to the point of extinction.
For that reason, farmers have become interested in raising them in their
backyards.
Developing techniques for domestication and rearing of some of the heavily
hunted wild animal species is a sensible way to produce protein-rich food
for increasing human populations.
After initial problems, grasscutter farming has now become well estab-
lished, leading to a spate of booklets and guides on the subject. Some of
these sources give the impression that it is an easy way to ‘get rich quickly’.
Grasscutter farming can be quite profitable, but it demands good prepara-
tion, care and commitment.
1.1 The scope and focus of this guide

This Agrodok provides up-to-date information on grasscutter farming to
benefit the informed farmer and extension and rural development officers.
7
It targets farmers wishing to diversify their farms as well as their families’
diet, and those considering growing grasscutters for the market.
The name grasscutter is preferable to cane rat, which refers to the ani-
mal’s reputation as a marauder of planted crops (sugar cane!). Its popular
name grasscutter (or cutting-grass) better befits a species on its way to
domestication.
1.2 Structure of the Agrodok

Chapter 2 briefly describes the two grasscutter species in Africa, their orig-
inal geographical distribution, natural behaviour, feeding and reproduction.
Chapter 3 discusses criteria for animal selection when starting grasscutter
farming, natural behaviour and rules on their treatment in captivity, sex
determination, domestication and handling.
Chapter 4 deals with the basic criteria for good grasscutter housing. It de-
scribes shed(s)/stable(s) and the different types and arrangements of cages
within each housing unit. Possible building materials are listed and ad-
vantages/disadvantages of different designs and materials are discussed.
Necessary accessories for stable and cage (for storing, cleaning, eating,
drinking, gnawing) are described.
Chapter 5 deals with grasscutter reproduction: breeding groups, heat and
copulation, pregnancy and parturition, suckling and weaning, and mating
interval.
Chapter 6 discusses grasscutter feeding (forage, other feed, concentrates
and water) and feeding habits. Daily feeding and management routines are
discussed. Methods are presented for keeping an overview of grasscutter
breeding and growth performance.
Chapter 7 deals with health and health care, covering topics such as disease
prevention, wounds and their treatment, ailments and diseases (e.g. dental
problems, intestinal infections and worms, respiratory problems, external
parasites), first aid essentials, medicines and equipment.
Chapter 8 discusses administration. The two essential types of grasscutter
farm administration are explained: business/financial administration and
stock records. Methods to identify individual sheds/stables, cages/hutches
and animals are described. Examples of record sheets are given.
8
1 Introduction
Chapter 9 briefly describes grasscutter slaughtering and dressing, and

meat-preserving options.
Chapter 10 discusses marketing and trade, the local market, restaurants and
hotels, and grasscutter farmer cooperatives for supplying to regional and,
possibly, international markets.
Chapter 11 gives indications of the profitability of grasscutter farming.
An annex on concentrates, feed and feeding values, a list of useful address-
es, suggestions for further reading, and a glossary conclude this Agrodok.
Note: this Agrodok uses the metric system of weights and measurements
throughout; temperatures are expressed in degrees Centigrade.
1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of grasscutter farming
Advantages
• There is a good market for the animal’s tasty meat. As a type of bush-
meat, it is highly valued as well as pricey. It therefore offers a good source
of income that requires relatively modest efforts.
• Farmers may profit from the experience of and research results on grass-
cutter rearing from well-established grasscutter farming ventures in
Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria and Benin.
• Grasscutters are naturally clean animals; they urinate little and their en-
closure is not smelly, so they can be kept near the house in a quiet place.
• Feeding costs can be low, since grasscutters mostly eat forage that pos-
sibly can be harvested in the wild.
Disadvantages
• Docility. Grasscutters are not (yet) established farm animals, though do-
cility seems to be a heritable trait that might be improved through se-
lective breeding. This may also be true for a number of the following
characteristics.
• Relative low productivity. Average effective litter size is 3-4; they have
a long gestation period and hence on average fewer than two litters per
year.
9
• Stress prone: Stress-related injuries are a major cause of death. A fright-
ened animal may panic and jump from one corner to the other, often
injuring itself. Stress can be caused by noise and wind, to which grasscut-
ters are very sensitive. In suburban zones, the difficulty of finding a quiet
site for the grasscutter pen might be a limiting factor.
• Choosy feeders. They do not eat soft, powdery food and reject forage after
lying or urinating on it.
• Sensitive internal organs. The animal may die if held with force around
the abdomen; this requires the use of a catch or restrictor.
• High initial investment. Grasscutter farming demands a considerable ini-
tial investment, particularly for the animals’ housing (see Chapter 4).
• Expensive breeding stock. The initial breeding stock (1 male + 4-5 fe-
males to start a breeding unit) must be bought from other farmers, breed-
ers or poachers, and they are not cheap.
• Slow returns on investment. Initial returns, in the form of youngsters
ready for eating or sale, will not accrue until after about one year.
• Feeding. Many guides advocate using the cheap ‘feed (grasses) from the
wild’, more specifically cutting (elephant) grass from empty lots and/or
roadsides. Apart from the risk that this grass may be contaminated with
dung, garbage or litter, the ‘would-be grasscutter farmer’ is competing
here with fellow farmers who use the same feed source for their cattle,
goats, rabbits, etc. A farmer should consider where and how to get feed
for his animals before embarking on grasscutter farming.
• Price competition. Grasscutter bush-meat is still (readily) available in
some rural areas. Its selling price sets a maximum on the price of farm-
reared grasscutters grown for the market, limiting the feasibility of grass-
cutter farming in rural areas.
A farmer should thoroughly consider his/her motives, objec-

tives, resources and financial situation before starting to raise
grasscutters.
10
1 Introduction
Motivation
Reconsider why you would opt for grasscutters instead of other live-
stock before starting to invest. Did you weigh the pro’s and con’s of
other options for using available time, space, fodder, materials and
funds?
Objectives
Define your objectives before starting. Do you plan to raise a few an-
imals for household use, to farm grasscutters for sale on the market,
or to start a larger undertaking to supply specific markets, possibly
under contract? Inputs and efforts obviously grow in accordance
with your objectives.
Resources
Space. Raising grasscutters requires space for housing and –
possibly – for growing forage to feed them.
Housing
Grasscutter housing must be sturdy, quiet, well ventilated and well
protected from the elements. At least three cages are needed to start
with and the number rises quickly.
Forage
If you cannot cut (enough) grass from the roadside you may have to
grow your own grasscutter forage.
Time
Farming grasscutters for profit demands that time be spent on man-
agement (and on bookkeeping!) in addition to the tasks already car-
ried out by you and your household members. Grasscutters demand
a strict feeding and tending schedule every day of the year. Calculate
labour needs and how and by whom they will be met. Keep in mind
that total annual family labour hours are restricted!
11
Finance
Grasscutter farming requires an initial investment in housing and
breeding stock. If you start from scratch no income will accrue for
about one year. Housing, breeding stock and labour during the start-
up period must be pre-financed from your own resources or through
a loan.
This advice is not intended to discourage you from taking initia-

tives to improve your family’s living conditions, but to encourage
you to weigh the options before starting!
12
2 Biology and distribution
There are two species of grasscutters, the greater (Thryonomys swinderi-

anus) and the smaller (Thryonomys gregorianus).
The greater species is the second-largest African rodent after the porcu-
pine. The average adult weighs 4 to 9 kg; males (bucks) can reach up to
10 kg, and the females (does) remain less heavy. Their life span is up to
10 or 11 years. The greater grasscutter occurs in savannah grasslands, for-
est clearings, cultivated lands and secondary forests, where the animal is
common and heavily hunted. It is found throughout western, central and
south-eastern Africa.
The smaller grasscutter species with a mature weight of 3 to 7 kg, is char-
acterised by a bulbous nose, a short tail and very deeply grooved incisors. It
is mostly found in savannah areas, where it prefers slightly moister climatic
conditions (mainly central and eastern Africa). Its life span is somewhat
shorter than that of the greater grasscutter.
The greater grasscutter, Thryonomys swinderianus, is the species being

domesticated in grasscutter farming. It is the subject of this Agrodok.
13
Figure 1: The greater grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus), the species commonly used in
grasscutter farming
2.1 General characteristics

Grasscutters are herbivorous rodents that feed mostly on a wide variety of
grasses and drink very little water. They have sharp eyesight, a good sense
of smell, are smart, quick and may jump as high as two metres. They are
strong and, when caught by the tail, they sometimes rotate vigorously in
order to detach it from the body for escape.
Grasscutters are active at night; they are sensitive to wind and dry food,
which cause respiratory problems. They do not dig holes but rather use bur-
rows made by other animals. They consume nuts, bark and the soft parts
of grasses and shrubs, much preferring elephant grass and sweet potatoes.
They commonly ‘raid’ cassava, yam or sugar-cane plantations (hence the
name cane rat!) and are then considered pests.
2.2 Reproduction
In the wild, grasscutters reproduce year-round, although births seem to
peak at certain times of the year, correlated with weather conditions. One
14
2 Biology and distribution
male takes several females, and the family group has more than one gen-
eration of young. The average gestation period is 152 days. Litters nor-
mally contain from 3 to 11 young. Newborns are fully developed, their eyes
are open, they weigh approximately 80-150 g, have thick fur, and quickly
become accomplished runners; they can launch a biting attack an hour after
delivery and start eating forage not long after.
Females may be ready to copulate soon after delivery, though an interval
of 6-8 weeks between delivery and new mating is generally recommended.
Captive grasscutters can be kept in cages or boxes or in open areas enclosed
within walls or other fencing material. Males and females can be kept to-
gether, but not all the time. Depending on the size of cages used, stocking
rates of one male to five females are possible. Pregnant females must be
isolated to avoid the males killing the young.
Figure 2: Male (left) and female grasscutter in a cage; note difference in size: the male (buck)
is larger and heavier than the female (doe).
15
16
3 Selection, handling and
domestication
Selection criteria for choosing good animals for breeding are listed below.
Grasscutters have to be handled carefully to avoid internal injuries. (See
the final paragraph of section 3.2 for advice on grasscutter domestication.)
3.1 Selection criteria

Animals for starting a grasscutter farm must be obtained from hunters,
from other grasscutter farmers or from certified breeders. To avoid in-
breeding never buy animals from a farmer who does not keep proper stock
records.
Good health is the first selection criterion, obviously. Healthy animals are
characterised by a smooth, shiny and thick fur, and by their habit of jump-
ing from one corner to another if air is blown into their cages.
A good grasscutter female should:

• have a big body;
• have at least two pairs of teats (the number of teats determines the number
of pups the doe can nurture successfully);
• be fertile (sometimes a female turns out to be infertile).
17
A good grasscutter male should:
• have a big body
• have strong hind legs
• be able to stand well
• have two testicles of the same size
• be able to mate with and impregnate females without causing casualties
(some males are bad-tempered and easily kill any females brought to
them for mating).
Unfortunately you cannot verify a female’s fertility or a male’s temper

when acquiring them, but such animals should be culled when their mal-
functioning becomes evident.
If any symptoms are diagnosed, treat the animal immediately after buying it
in order to minimise risks of introducing disease or parasites (see Chapter 7).
Grasscutter sex determination

It is easy to determine the sex of grasscutters, even soon after birth. Sexing
is done through the determination of the distance between anus and geni-
tals, which in males is over twice the distance of that in females (see Figure
3). To be sure of the sex of the male, a little abdominal pressure can be
applied towards the tail to bring out the testicles, which usually lie hidden
in the abdomen.
A: female grasscutter B: male grasscutter

Figure 3: Anus – genital distance
18
3 Selection, handling and domestication
3.2 Handling and transporting animals

Grasscutters are essentially wild animals and therefore have to be handled
with care. Although some animals can be as tame as a rabbit, most frighten
and panic easily.
The wild grasscutter in its natural habitat sleeps where it feels comfortable
and safe, eats what and when it feels like eating, mates and plays with its
group members. Imagine the animal’s panic when it is caught, stuffed into
a bag and transported on someone’s shoulder or dumped into the back of a
pick-up lorry! Wild grasscutters bought from hunters need to be handled
and transported with special care to avoid casualties.
The safest way to move newly acquired animals is to transport them in a
cage stuffed with grass (see Figure 4). A double jute bag – a bag with another
one inside – fully padded with grass is a possible alternative. Poor handling
during transportation may result in internal bleeding and serious losses.
Figure 4: Grasscutter transport box in front of a concrete + cement-brick grasscutter cage

under construction
19
Grasscutter handling on the farm
A grasscutter farmer needs to handle his/her animals manually for a num-
ber of reasons:
• sex determination of young animals or of grasscutters brought in from
outside;
• pregnancy check;
• moving grassscutters from one cage to another, for copulation, delivery
etc.; or
• isolation and treatment in the event of a (suspected) disease (Chapter 7).
Handling grasscutters is both a dangerous and delicate task, because the

animal has sharp incisor teeth (rarely used on their handlers), powerful
claws (sometimes used to scratch their handlers) and a weak tail. They can
be handled by holding the tail carefully, by holding the back of the neck
or by holding the rump/ waist, again carefully to avoid damaging internal
organs.
The procedure for handling a grasscutter by the tail is as follows.

• Grasp the animal’s tail at the third section towards the end (with your left
hand if you are right-handed).
• Lift it quickly with its hind legs above the ground while keeping its front
paws on the ground (if lifted clear off the ground it may rotate quickly to
break off its tail and escape).
• Grasp the fore-shoulder firmly and quickly turn the animal upside down
to lift it from the ground.
• Examine it in this position (sexing and pregnancy test on tame animals),
or put it into a restrictor.
The grasping/ lifting procedure is illustrated in Figures 5,6 and 7.

Figures 8 and 9 show a metal restrictor in use. Figure 10 shows a netting
restrainer. Both are used to move grasscutters from one cage to another.
20
Figure 5: Grasp grasscutter by its tail and lift hind feet off the ground
Figure 6: Clamp grasscutter behind forelegs and press it (lightly) down
21
Figure 7: Turn grasscutter upside down for examination
Figure 8: Grasscutter being caught in a metal restrictor
22
Figure 9: Metal restrictor with grasscutter inside
Domestication
Grasscutters bought from another farm or a certified breeder have been
born and raised in captivity, so they should quickly settle down in their new
environment once accustomed to their cage and their keeper.
Wild grasscutters bought from hunters need special care after arriving at
the farm. When put into cages they may race around and injure them-
selves. Their immediate environment should be shaded and quiet without
other animals or people around. Feeding and handling should be done on a
regular basis and by the same people, so the animals become accustomed
to their attendants.
For domestication the grasscutter farmer should provide similar conditions
as in the wild. The cage should be fully stocked with grasses before a newly
acquired, wild animal is put into it. This prevents the animal from injury
itself as a result of running and hitting its head against the sides of the cage.
Aggressive males should be paired with matured tamed female(s), which
are ready to be crossed and vice versa.
Feeding new, wild grasscutters with sugar cane, cube sugar and salted cas-
sava has proven very effective in taming them. The housing unit should be
constructed to allow enough light into the cage so the grasscutter can see
the attendant, especially during the day.
23
Domesticated grasscutters exhibit the following characteristics:
• They are able to feel at ease and eat well in the presence of the caretaker.
They are docile; that is they are amendable to stroking or accepting feed
from the farmer’s hand.
• They are able to reproduce in captivity and to care for their pups.
Agitated grasscutters tend to run as if they are blind. If the keeper wants to
catch an animal from its cage or from the ground he should set it moving
and quickly block all escape routes except the one into the metal restrictor
or the nylon mesh restrainer.
Some grasscutter experts prefer the netting restrainer to the all-metal re-
strictor, which might injure the animal if it runs in at high speed.
Figure 10: Netting restrainer for catching and moving grasscutters
24
4 Housing: the stable with cages
A farmer raising a few grasscutters for household use just needs a few su-
perimposed individual cages with a thatched roof on top. Any more ambi-
tious grasscutter farming venture requires one or more stables/sheds with
hutches or cages inside.
(Note: some publications speak of ‘hutches’, others of ‘cages’. The words
mean roughly the same thing: an enclosure for housing individual animals
or small groups of animals. This Agrodok uses ‘cages’).
Good grasscutter housing should give the animals conditions comparable
to those in the wild, while offering accessibility and easy handling to the
farmer. Good housing is indispensable for animals and farmer alike. The
grasscutter stable should protect the animals from bad weather (wind, rain,
high temperatures), poor ventilation, noise (busy road, rumbling trucks,
market, disco, etc.), predators (ants, snakes, cats, dogs) and thieves.
4.1 The stable

Main considerations:
• The size and type of stable should be in accordance with the farmer’s
ambition and means.
• Construction and maintenance costs should both be taken into account.
25
• Local materials should be used wherever possible, such as bamboo, wood,
thatch, bricks, cement blocks, mud blocks, zinc sheets, wire mesh, etc.
Materials must be solid and easy to clean.
• Moist or swampy environments should be avoided because cement plas-
tering is easily destroyed by moisture.
• The location must provide protection from noise, predators and thieves.
• Roofing must be safe from leakage. The gradient of a thatched roof
should be steep. A zinc sheet roof should be laid with an adequate over-
lap between the sheets to prevent leaking. Zinc roofing may become
unbearably hot during the dry season, in which case it should be covered
with thatch.
• Good grasscutter housing should be spacey, dry, and well ventilated,
maintain normal temperatures and be protected from direct wind. It
should provide light during the day and darkness at night – the animals
need both for metabolism and growth.
• Grasscutters are very sensitive to dust, which causes respiratory problems
and mortality (see section 7.2). Stable and cage construction should re-
strict dust entering from outside. Stable(s) as well as cages must be kept
dust-free as far as practicable.
• A corridor of at least 1 m wide is needed to allow easy passage of persons,
wheel barrows, etc. without frightening the animals.
• A forage farm around the house is sometimes necessary.
The stable’s outer wall should be at least 1.2 m high to minimise the risk
of animals escaping and predators or thieves entering. If constructed with
cement-blocks the outer wall may double as the back wall of cement-block
cages.
The stable floor should preferably be plastered with cement to facilitate
proper cleaning.
Cage positioning within the stable can be:

• peripheral: a spacey central corridor with cages on either side;
• central: cages in the middle and a walkway all around; or
• combined: cages along the outer walls and in the middle.
26
The stable’s dimensions obviously depend on the number of cages needed.

A few medium-sized stables are preferable to a single large one, to facilitate
management and reduce contamination in the event of disease.
Cage arrangement
The arrangement of cages within the stable has to meet two requirements:
• It should make efficient use of stable space while providing adequate ven-
tilation and sufficient room for allowing easy passage of a wheelbarrow
and other equipment.
• It should enable farm labour to work professionally, efficiently and in a
comfortable position. Labour, whether hired or your own, is expensive;
it should not be wasted by working with poorly constructed and badly
placed cages or poor-quality equipment.
Both cement-brick and wood + wire mesh cages are customarily construct-
ed in layers of three or even four on top of each other (see Figure 11). This
forces the attendant to stoop down or kneel when working on the bottom
tier, which is uncomfortable and inefficient!
It is better to limit the number of superimposed cages to three tiers, with the
bottom one raised sufficiently above the stable floor to permit easy tending.
The space underneath can be used to store feed and equipment. The floor
of the top cages should be below eye level, allowing the farmer to inspect
every cage.
Special cage types have been developed to facilitate cleaning. Figure 13
shows a three-tiered wood + wire mesh double-room family cage arrange-
ment, where the roof of the bottom- and second-layer cages doubles as a
collecting tray for droppings and forage scraps falling through the wire
mesh cage floor.
Grasscutter stable photographs often show such cages placed with their
back against the outer wall, and with the waste-collecting trays slanting
upwards towards the front. This makes good cleaning difficult. Dust and
debris accumulating against the outer wall may easily cause respiratory
problems and grasscutter mortality (see section 4.1.8 and section 7.2 on
respiratory problems).
27
Figure 11: Two types of cages in a grasscutter stable: a single-layer, ground-level cement-
block cage at right and a three-layer concrete cage with iron-rod doors at left. Note metal
wire restrictors next to the attendant’s leg. The cage arrangement on the right is not
recommended because it uses available stable space inefficiently and all tending and
cleaning (such as scooping out droppings and unused feed) has to be done in an
uncomfortable position. The cement-block, iron-rod door cages at left are preferable
because more grasscutters can be housed within the same stable area. For the sake of
labour efficiency the bottom space should not be used as grasscutter cage, but for storage
(see Figure 12); the individual cages could be lower to allow the same three-layer cage
arrangement. The iron bars should be positioned vertically instead of horizontally, to prevent
grasscutters from getting stuck when trying to gnaw the horizontal bars.
Figure 12: Three-layer, cement-block

cages with the bottom level used for
storage.
28
Figure 14 shows a similar construction: two three-tiered cages back to back

in steel + wire mesh, with a metal plate underneath the top- and second-
layer cages’ wire mesh floors to collect waste.
Both the wood + wire mesh, and steel + wire mesh arrangements shown in
Figures 13 and 14 should preferably be placed with the narrow side against
- or close to the outer wall, and with cleaning trays slanting down towards
the front side.
Note that the solid outside stable wall must be at least 1.2 m high in both
cases.
Note also that both cage types (Figures 13 and 14) lack the solid back
wall, strongly recommended in section 4.3 on cage construction. In the
wood/wire-mesh cage (Figure 13) the partition between the right and left-
side cages should preferably be closed. The steel/wire-mesh cage unit
(Figure 14) should have solid partitions between the right and left cages
as well as between the front and back ones.
Figure 13: Three-layered wood + wire mesh cage; the slanting multiply cage tops facilitate
removal of spilled food and droppings. Cages must be placed with one side against the outer
wall, with adequate space between them to allow the attendant(s) to work.
29
Figure 14: Steel + wire-mesh cage, three-tier cage with two cages at each level, placed back
to back and with their narrow side against the wall. The forward-slanting steel plates
underneath the second and top tiers facilitate cleaning. Note exterior drinking bottles and
boxes for concentrates. The cage doors’ iron rods should be vertical, to prevent grasscutters
from gnawing on them to keep their teeth filed; see Figure 15. The partitions between the
right – and left cages, as well as the front and back cages should be closed, to make the
animals feel at ease.
4.2 Cage types and dimensions
Cage types
A grasscutter farm needs individual cages and group cages.
Individual cages are used for:

• housing male grasscutters > 4 months old (they will fight if housed
together);
30
• housing pregnant females about to give birth (the male may kill the
young);
• isolating a sick animal from the healthy ones, for observation and treat-
ment. Obviously the quarantine cage(s) should be situated away from the
other cages.
Group cages are used for:

• housing family groups, 1 male + 4-5 females (until the females are ready
to deliver);
• housing a female with her suckling pups;
• raising up to 10 youngsters until they are 4 months old (when the males
have to be kept in separate cages);
• raising females until they are ready for mating.
Obviously the number of animals per cage should be reduced gradually

according to their size; up to five females of similar weight may be housed
together.
Cage dimensions
Cage dimensions recommended in various grasscutter booklets differ.
They depend in part on the construction material used for the cages (ce-
ment blocks or wood + wire mesh).
For individual cages the following dimensions are cited:

• height (bottom to top) 35-45 cm
• width/ depth (front to back) 40-60 cm
• length/ width (left to right) 40-70 cm
For group cages:

• height as above, 35-45 cm
• depth 60 cm, up to 80-100 cm in some designs
• width 160-200 cm, usually with a partition in the middle, with an opening
between the two sections, so the animals can be moved from one side to
31
another to facilitate cage cleaning. (In some designs the two-section cage
width is just 100 cm or even less.)
Do not economise unduly on cage dimensions at the expense of

animal welfare. Well-kept, well-tended and well-fed animals grow
better and are less susceptible to stress and disease than grasscut-
ters crowded into small, dark cages.
4.3 Cage construction

The following general rules apply to cage design and cage size.
Cages must be easy to clean. Grasscutters are very neat animals, so the
cage should be easily cleaned or the wire mesh cage floor should allow
waste to fall through.
Wire mesh cage floors of pregnant or lactating mothers must have a mesh
size of 1 cm (or ½ inch) at most, to prevent newborn animals from getting
stuck.
Cages must allow the animals sufficient space to move. Cages for a lactat-
ing mother or a group of growers must be bigger than a single male’s cage.
Grasscutter cages should be:

• well ventilated (a factor to be taken into account in cage door construction);
• sufficiently spacious, and have at least one closed wall, to make the ani-
mals feel secure and to provide warmth during cool weather;
• made from durable materials (grasscutters are capable of gnawing
through any soft building materials such as non-durable wooden boards
or sticks unless protected by wire mesh, however closely fitted bamboo
may also be used);
• easy to maintain and clean, and designed such that it is easy to feed and
handle the animals.
Over the years two main types have emerged: brick or cement-brick cages
and cages of (ply-) wood + wire mesh.
Providing a list of materials and cost estimates is beyond the scope of this
Agrodok. These factors depend on the planned number of animals on the
32
farm. The farmer should check and compare availability and price of differ-
ent building materials, and calculate cage construction costs before decid-
ing what type of cage to use.
Cement-brick cages
Cage dimensions are more or less dictated by the customary size of the stand-
ard building block, often 10 × 20 × 40 cm. Floors and roofs of multi-layer
brick cages have to be constructed in reinforced concrete, because hori-
zontal brick masonry will collapse. Cage floors and, preferably, the walls
as well should be plastered with cement, to facilitate cleaning and good
hygiene. Ventilation must be provided through the top lids (or slats cover-
ing) of single-layer floor cages, or by the vertically hinged steel rod doors of
superimposed cages. Note that the cages’ back wall should have a ventilation
hole as well, fitted with nylon mesh to prevent vermin from entering.
A cement-brick outer stable wall may be used as the back wall of a cement-
brick cage, to economise on construction costs. Figures 12,16 and 17 show
different types of cement-brick cages.
Figure 15: Two-layer concrete + cement-brick cages in a stable. Cages are constructed well
above the floor to facilitate cleaning and tending. Cage height (above the floor?)is usually
determined by the standard size of the cement-blocks; it could also be lower to allow three
layers instead of two. Note marker tags on the cages.
33
Wood + wire mesh cages
Basically this type of cage consists of a wooden frame (boards or plywood)
fitted with wire mesh to protect it from gnawing by the animals. Walls are
made from 3 cm crimp square wire mesh; and cage floors are made of 1.5
cm crimp mesh to protect the animals’ feet if the floor is not fitted with
plywood underneath.
Steel wire mesh is sold in fixed heights. The farmer is well advised to adjust
cage size to the dimensions of the construction materials available in the
market, to avoid costly waste of material. Figure 18 shows a wood + wire
mesh cage.
Figure 16: Grasscutters inside a wood + wire mesh cage. The cage can be divided into two
sections by inserting a partition into the vertical slot.
Steel + wire mesh cages

Steel + wire mesh cages are sometimes used, constructed along the lines of
the wood + wire mesh cages. Given the price of steel they are normally more
expensive than the other two types, unless made from cheap scrap metal.
34
4.4 Equipment and accessories
Transporting box
The farm must have at least one transporting box (see section 3.2, Figure
4) for moving grasscutters safely to the farm, or from the farm to market.
Tools
Each stable should have the following tools:
• wheelbarrow;
• dustpan + broom;
• waste bin;
• a bucket or watering can;
• at least two catchers or restrictors, of different dimensions, depending on
the size of the animal (see Figure 9 – the catcher is used for holding and
restraining a grasscutter when moving it to another cage, for weighing
it, in pregnancy diagnosis, or for examination and treatment in case of a
disease);
• a weighing scale;
• a (small) sprayer.
Note: on a two-stable farm, the individual stables might share some

equipment.
Accessories
Each individual cage needs the following accessories:
• A drinking trough (rectangular, e.g. 18 x 18 cm, 10 cm high or round) and
a feeding trough for concentrates (similar dimensions). Both should be
made from cement, preferably, to prevent them from being toppled over
by the animals and for easy cleaning. See Figure 20, Chapter 6.
• A rack (horizontal or – preferably – vertical) for grass or vegetable feed.
Drinkers and feeding racks might be placed on the outside of small cages.
See Figure 14.
• A stick, bone or stone for the grasscutters to gnaw on and thereby keep
their continually growing incisors under control (see Chapter 7).
35
Final advice
Stable(s) and cages make up a substantial part of a farmer’s investments in
grasscutter raising.
Remember that grasscutters resemble other farm animals in that their
health and welfare are closely related. Well-housed animals that feel at ease
eat better, grow better, procreate better and are less prone to diseases than
poorly kept and fed ones. Better growth, less disease and lower mortality
mean higher profits from the grasscutter farming venture.
On the other hand ‘animal welfare’ costs time and money: money for stable
and cage construction and maintenance and time for tending the animals,
cleaning their cages and providing proper feed.
The farmer has to balance benefits and costs.
36
5 Reproduction and growth
Grasscutter reproduction is one of the business objectives of your grass-

cutter farm: breed and raise young animals for sale or slaughter, and for
replacement of your ageing breeding stock.
Obviously proper feeding is essential in making grasscutters reproduce
well.
Chapter 3 lists criteria for selecting and bringing in breeding stock from
outside and describes grasscutter sex determination. Reproduction termi-
nology (copulation, conception, gestation, delivery, etc.) is explained in the
Glossary.
5.1 Sexual maturity and mating
Sexual maturity
Females (does) can be mated when about 6 months old and weighing some
1.5 kg. Male grasscutters (bucks) become sexually mature at the age of
6 months, but it is advisable to start using them for copulation at 8 to
9 months or when they weigh at least 2 kg. Grasscutters show no clear
signs of heat.
37
Mating
It is advisable to use males from different origins for mating to compare
breeds and avoid incest. This provides variation in the offspring and gives
the opportunity to select for desired characteristics (fertility, docility,
growth rate, maximum weight, etc.).
To initiate mating first place one male in an empty group cage (see
section 4.2).
One day later, when the buck feels at ease, bring 4 to 6 females – depending
on cage dimensions – to the male. The buck should be larger and heavier
than any doe brought to it for copulation; but small females, especially
virgins, should not be given to oversize bucks.
The farmer should observe the level of aggression between male and fe-
males from a distance. Buck and does may have to be separated if serious
fighting develops.
Female grasscutter ovulation is reflex, or induced, ovulation; the doe re-
leases eggs only after a successful mating. For that reason it is usually
advised that the females are left with the male until clear signs of mating
and pregnancy are observed.
Mating studies at the University of Ghana showed the highest rate of female
sexual receptivity, conception and parturition during the first three days.
This supported the conclusion that the customary prolonged mating period
is not necessary.
5.2 Pregnancy diagnosis and gestation period
Signs of mating, pregnancy diagnosis

After a successful mating, marks such as fur removal or scratches appear
around the doe’s ear and ribs. The vagina becomes red and swollen and the
membrane on the vulva disappears and opens. Blood secretions may be
observed on the tip of the clitoris 30-45 days after mating as a result of the
implantation of the foetus.
Pregnant females can be differentiated in the following ways:

• Observation. The pregnant doe’s belly increases in size.
38
• Handling. Gentle palpitation of the abdomen can reveal a pregnancy.

• Weekly weighing. An above-normal weight increase indicates a pregnancy.
• A pregnancy test. By inserting a clean end of a cotton bud half-way into
the vagina, rotating it a bit and removing it the nature of the secretion can
be observed (see Figure 17). Dirty or blood-stained mucus indicates a
positive test. Testing still-untamed animals may be difficult.
Pregnant females should be separated from the male to prevent further

copulation, fighting and possible harm. The test should be repeated on the
other does every two weeks until they prove to be pregnant. A female can
be considered sterile after three unsuccessful tests; an infertile doe should
be culled.
Figure 17: Pregnancy test on a female grasscutter being held in a wire mesh restrictor.
Pregnancy, gestation period

The average gestation period (the time from successful mating to delivery)
is around 152 days (140-160), or about five months. The pregnant female
should be given production rations, including minerals and vitamins in its
feed and drinking water.
39
Several females at the same stage of pregnancy may be kept together in
a group cage, though each should preferably have its own separate cage
towards the expected delivery time.
After four months of pregnancy sufficient clean grass should be left in the
cage for the expectant mother to make a nest.
Do not disturb females showing strange behaviour (e.g. not eating) just
before delivery.
5.3 The litter
Delivery, litter size, suckling, weaning

The young are born at an advanced state of development, weighing from
80 to 150 g and not requiring any intensive care. They start suckling and
eating succulent grass a few hours after birth. Obviously both mother and
pups should be fed good forage and supplements.
If a doe dies during or soon after delivery her young could be suckled by
another doe with pups of approximately the same age.
Litter size (number born at one time) ranges between 2 and 11, averaging
4 at birth (in Ghana), and fewer at weaning, because of pup mortality.
The potential litter index (deliveries per year) is 2, though the average is
around 1.8 because most females deliver less frequently, especially young
does.
To maximise the litter index the young should be weaned at 4 weeks prefer-
ably, or when they have attained a weight of 500 g, which may take up to
6 weeks.
The doe can be crossed soon after giving birth, but it is advised to allow
her some 10 days’ post-weaning rest before she is brought to the buck for
the next mating.
This brings the (average) minimum interval between successive deliveries
to 152 + 28 + 10 = 190 days (4 weeks suckling to weaning), or less than 2
deliveries per year.
Tests with shorter suckling periods to increase the litter index are being con-
ducted in Ghana (see Richmond and Nyalemegbe, 2006, Further reading).
40
Observations on grasscutter growth and reproduction

The farmer’s objective in feeding and caring for grasscutters is for them to
grow and reproduce.
Studies on grasscutter growth and reproduction show the following
statistics:
Minimum age and weight of does at first 6 months, 1.5 kg

copulation
Minimum age and weight of bucks at first 8 months, 2 kg
copulation
Number of does per buck 4-6
Fertility rate 85%
Average duration of pregnancy 152 days
Age of doe at first delivery 11 months
Average interval between successive 211 days ± 70
deliveries
Potential maximum number of annual 2
deliveries
Average litter size about 4 pups
Still-born rate 1.5%
Average weight of newborn pups about 130 g
Optimal pup weaning age 6 weeks
Average weight at weaning (6 weeks) about 500 g
Mortality rate up to weaning (6 weeks) 11%
Noteworthy points in the above overview:

• Fertility rate is currently only 85%. This is certainly something to im-
prove through careful selection of breeding stock.
41
• There is generally a long interval between deliveries. This is also a point
for improvement through selection.
• Litter size ranges from 2 to 11 pups, with an average of 4. Though the
still-born rate and pup mortality probably increase with the number of
pups a doe has to suckle, average litter size may well be increased through
doe selection.
• The pup mortality rate of 11% between birth and weaning is high. In this
respect too, some does turn out to be better-than-average mothers; these
should be selected for breeding.
42
6 Nutrition and feeding
For a farm to be profitable the animals should reproduce well, remain

healthy, and put on weight at a steady rate with the lowest possible input of
feed and concentrates. Good nutrition is essential for good health, vigorous
growth and high fertility.
Note: this Agrodok uses the following terminology (see Glossary):

• Feed is whatever animals eat, in the wild or in captivity (‘food’ usually
refers to what is eaten by humans or their pets).
• Fodder is feed brought to animals in captivity.
• Forage is feed containing more water and fibre than digestible material
when green. Grasses, legumes, leaves and crop residues are all forage.
Forage may be dried (hay) or otherwise conserved (e.g. by silage) for use
in the dry season(s) when green forage becomes scarce.
• Roughage is the indigestible portion of plant feed (some texts use ‘rough-
age’ and ‘forage’ as equivalents).
In the wild, grasscutters collect their feed by foraging. They consume

a wide variety of grasses (both fresh and dry), tubers, leaves and fruit. They
ingest soil when digging for tubers to get essential minerals. Although
43
basically herbivores they are known to consume insects and small rodents.
Even cannibalism is not uncommon.
In captivity grasscutters need feed (forage and concentrates), water and
minerals/vitamins.
A grasscutter is a rodent; it holds its food in its paw/hand before eating it.
Therefore, its feed should be solid and not powdery. Powdery feeds tend
to block the animal’s respiratory tract due to the closeness of its nose to its
mouth.
Maintenance and production ration

Animals need water and feed to live, grow, work and reproduce. Even
at rest an animal needs energy and protein to stay alive. If these main-
tenance requirements are not covered, the animal will lose weight, it
might fall ill and it will not reproduce. For instance: a grasscutter preg-
nancy might disappear through embryo resorption if the pregnant doe is
underfed.
The farmer wants grasscutters to grow, reproduce, carry a pregnancy, pro-
duce milk to suckle pups and to put on weight. These production steps
require proportionally more protein and other nutrients than maintenance.
Therefore the grasscutters’ production requirements include the addition
of extra nutrients.
Incisor control (see also Chapter 7 on dental problems)

The grasscutters’ incisors grow continuously and will overlap and cause
wounds on the gums if not controlled. In the wild, the animal will gnaw
hard objects such as sticks, stones and bones to file its teeth. Such items
should be available in their cage.
6.1 Water
Grasscutters drink very little because fresh forage supplies them with some
of the water they require. Nevertheless clean water should be available
in the cage at all times, its quantity depending on the number of animals
housed together. Pregnant or suckling females need more water.
44
Water should be provided in small troughs that should be emptied daily and
washed before being refilled with fresh water from a clean source.
6.2 Forage
Grasscutters are mainly herbivores so about 70%-80% of their feed should
be forage. Other types of feed, including fruits, cassava and maize, should
be given in smaller quantities.
Grasses, legumes, leaves and crop residues may all serve as forage. Forage
may be dried (hay) or otherwise conserved (e.g. by silage) for use in the dry
season(s) when green forage becomes scarce.
Grasses
A wide variety of grasses can serve as forage (see the list below). Grass
may be harvested from a forage farm lot and/or from ‘nature’: roadsides,
vacant plots, etc.
Forage must be cut well above the ground from around noon, when insects
have moved downwards. It should be allowed to wilt in the shade for at
least 24 hours to prevent grasscutters from developing stomach problems.
Before being fed to the grasscutters, the wilted grass must be shaken well
to make insect eggs and larvae, bacteria and some worms fall off. It should
then be tied into boats (bundles) of about 30 to 90 cm in length to minimise
the space it will occupy in the cage. Putting the bundles against the cage
wall prevents the animals from lying or urinating on the forage, which they
will then reject.
Forage must be free of dry leaves and flowers and it should be replaced
daily.
Grasscutters prefer the basal parts (stem) of grasses even though they are
less nutritious than the leaves. Therefore the caretaker should feed more
leaves than stems.
In many cases forage grasses will be harvested along roads and other com-
mon places. There may be a shortage of such grasses in areas where many
farmers keep grasscutters or other grass-eating animals, e.g. near villages.
A farmer could grow his own grass for feeding on a small plot or in hedges.
45
Figure 18: Grasscutter eating grass put upright against the cage wall. Note the sturdy
drinking vessel and (empty) trough for concentrates.
Dried forage
In the wild, grasscutters consume both dry and fresh grass; and some
grasscutter farmers obtain favourable results by feeding them both fresh
and dried forage. Checking for insects and worms remains necessary.
Feeding dried forage is an option in the dry season, when fresh grasses are
not easily available. Hay, supplemented with other feed and concentrates, is
a good replacement for fresh forage. According to information from Ghana
(Richmond and Nyalemegbe, 2006), grass silage is rarely used, though grass-
cutters will probably eat it if they are hungry and some salt is added to it.
Changing to other types of grasses

The grasscutter farmer could introduce his/her animals to new, non-poison-
ous grasses that are common in the locality or easily grown on the farm.
Starving is the best way to have your animals accept new feeds. Pregnant
46
or lactating females should never be starved. The best time to start training
the grasscutters to eat local feeds is when they are very young. The follow-
ing types of grasscutter forage could be used:
Grasses (Poaceae)
Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), also known as napier grass
Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)
Maize (Zea mays): cob, leaves, husk
Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum): leaves
African giant star grass (Cynodon sp.)
Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus)
Sheep grass (Brachiaria decumbens)
Bamboo (Oxythenanthera abyssima): young shoots
Rottboellia (Rottboellia exaltata)
Wild sorghum (Sorghum spp.)
Other plants and weeds

Stylo (Stylosanthes spp.)
Spurge weed (Euphorbia heterophylla)
Growing elephant grass

If annual rainfall in your area is 800 mm or over and you have ac-
cess to some good land, growing elephant grass for fodder might be a
worthwhile investment. It has high potential productivity in terms of
total dry matter and TDN (total digestible nutrients) and CP (crude
protein) per ha if harvested young.
Agrodok 14, Dairy cattle husbandry, describes a way to grow, tend

and harvest elephant grass for continuing high yield. Note, however,
that it suggests fairly high fertiliser dressings that might lead to soil
degeneration and groundwater pollution, besides being expensive.
For maintaining a healthy, well-balanced soil, regular applications
of manure and/or good compost seem preferable.
47
Figure 19: Elephant grass growing beside a grasscutter stable
6.3 Other feed

Because forage is relatively poor in nutrients, the captive grasscutters’ diet
needs to be balanced by the daily intake of carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
minerals, salts and water. For that reason, the animals should be provided
with a variety of feeds other than forage every day, such as fruit, tubers and
grains. In addition, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals are often provided
in the form of concentrates.
Some of these additional nutrients can also be provided in the form of meal
leftovers and agro-industrial by-products that are safe for consumption.
Recommended fruits and tubers

Fruits
Banana, plantain (Musa spp.): leaves, stem
Oil palm (Eleis guineensis): young shoots
Mango (Mangifera indica)
Paw paw (Carica papaya)
Pineapple (Ananas spp.): leaves, peels
48
Tubers
Cassava (Manihot spp.): tubers, stem
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
Taro (Xanthosoma sagittifolia)
Yam (Diascorea sp.)
When feeding the animals fruit, make sure it is hard enough for the grass-
cutters to hold in their paws.
According to several manuals, fruits should be fed preferably in the after-
noon. Train your animals to accept fruits of high nutritional value common
in your locality.
Concentrates
Grasscutters in their natural habitat eat not only grasses but also oth-
er feeds like fresh groundnut hull, plantain pseudo stem, sugar-cane,
cassava tubers/stem, oil palm and cocoa-nut seedlings, shells and rice
(leaves, stem and grains) to obtain extra protein, minerals and vitamins
that their bodies require for growth and reproduction. Therefore, grass-
cutters in captivity should be given these nutrients in the form of con-
centrates to supplement those obtained from grasses in order to enhance
productivity.
Concentrates contain more digestible material than water and fibre. They
are fed to the animals in the form of grains, chips or pellets placed in the
feeders; large lumps should be sliced into chips. Concentrate must neither
be dusty nor pasty. Whatever is left uneaten by the grasscutters should be
collected so that the feeder is completely empty before new feed is intro-
duced. The leftovers can be fed to chickens. Feeding should never be done
during resting/sleeping periods.
You can formulate your own concentrate from locally available ingredients
like (roasted) groundnut, maize, wheat bran, shells, salt and minerals and
vitamins. Compact the concentrate into small pellets before feeding it to
the animals. Annex 1 describes the ingredients and procedure for making
concentrates.
49
Concentrates should be introduced tactfully to grasscutters that have never
eaten them before to avoid putting unnecessary pressure on the animals,
especially on pregnant or lactating mothers:
• Add sugar or some salt to the concentrate to make it more appetising.
• Starve the animal from morning and give it only the concentrate and
water. Never starve pregnant or lactating does.
• Pair grasscutters used to the concentrate with those being introduced to it.
• Introduce concentrates early to very young grasscutters from two weeks
old and above.
Never feed mouldy concentrates.
Note: Concentrates can replace grasses to some extent during the

dry season(s). On the other hand, it is not advisable to feed concen-
trates only, because the grasscutters’ digestive tract is structured
for breaking down grasses. Never feed too much concentrates (see
Table 1).
Minerals
As explained above, captive grasscutters need minerals in their feed,
specifically:
• salt
• calcium, from ground egg shell, ground oyster shell, or burnt snail shell
(Achatina spp.)
Minerals can be given through the drinking water or in the form of pelleted
concentrates in a separate trough.
Coprophagy
Coprophagy is a special form of grasscutter feeding. During its sleeping
time, especially around 4.00 in the morning, the grasscutter recycles its drop-
pings, moving them directly from its anus to its mouth. This peculiar prac-
tice recycles a part of its intestinal bacteria that is indispensable for cellulose
breakdown and protein synthesis. It also provides the animal with vitamin B.
50
6.4 Feed quantities

Table1 shows the recommended quantity of feeds per animal per day de-
pending on the physiological state of the animal and the type and nutri-
tional value of the feed.
Table 1: Recommended feed quantities
Supplement /
Forage / grasses supplementary feed in
Age (twice daily) pellet (solid) form
Young 100-150g (1handful) 10-50g (1milk tin of
(1-3 months) concentrate)
Adolescent 150-250g (1.5 handfuls) 50-100g (2 milk tins of
(4-6 months) concentrate)
Adults 250-400g (2 handfuls) 100-200g (3 milk tins of
(6 months and concentrate)
older)
(Source: Grasscutter training manual MoFA & SFSP, 2002)
6.5 Feeding schedule; the grasscutters’ daily rhythm

The feeding schedule should be adapted to the grasscutters’ daily rhythm.
Different authors cite different daily activity rhythms, but all agree that
strict feeding regimes are essential. Grasscutters spend about 13 hours a
day resting or sleeping, 6-7 hours eating, about 2 hours grooming them-
selves, and the remaining time playing.
According to research, grasscutters eat intensively from 8.00 to 12.00 in
the morning and intermittently between 18.00 and 22-23.00 hours in the
evening. They sleep (deeply) between midnight and 6.00 in the morn-
ing and groom themselves between 8.00 and 10.00. This would indicate
a twice-daily feeding schedule: once in the morning and once in the late
afternoon or at nightfall.
Other grasscutter manuals advocate three or even four daily feeding
times, for example: 8-10.00, 16.00, 21.00 as well as at 4.00 in the morn-
ing; or 7-8.00 (grass + water), 13-14.00 (supplementary feed), 17-18.00
(grass + other forage, fruit).
51
Grasscutters are wasteful feeders, regardless of whether they are eating
forage or pelleted concentrates. To minimise waste, they should therefore
not be fed more than twice, or at most three times, a day.
A strict schedule is in any case essential; all work in the grasscutter stable,
whether feeding, cleaning or tending, should be carried out at set times, in
a regular sequence and by the same attendant(s). No one should be in the
stable in between these set times.
Summarising:
• Always give feed during fixed feeding hours.
• Remove leftovers of the previous feeding before giving any new feed.
• Allow harvested grass to wilt in the shade for 24 hours before giving it
to the animals in order to prevent diseases. Fresh grass must also be in-
spected thoroughly for insects and worms before being fed to the animals.
6.6 Weight gain and feeding profitability

Observations on the monthly weight gain of grasscutters in captivity show
that bucks rapidly grow to about 2.5 kg by the recommended first mating
age of 8 months and to 3.5 kg by 12 months. Monthly weight gain continues
until the animal weighs more than 4 kg at around 16 months, before slowing
down rapidly. Does reach around 1.5 kg by the recommended first mating
age of 6 months, growing to around 2 kg at the age of 10 months and 3 kg
at 24 months.
Daily weight gain of bucks rapidly rises from 8 g at birth to just below 10
g per day at around 11 months. The profitability of feeding them starts to
decline from that age, so they are at this time ripe for sale or slaughter un-
less they are considered essential breeding stock.
Daily weight gain of does is stable at about 7.5 g per day from birth to
around the first mating age of 6 months, declining from then onwards (to
around 4 g per day at 24 months of age). Since does are kept mainly to
produce offspring this reduction in daily growth is less important than that
for bucks. Infertile does should be culled.
52
7 Health
Grasscutters are naturally clean animals in the wild and they are less sus-
ceptible to disease than most other farm animals. Nevertheless crowding
animals on a farm always increases the risk of ailments or diseases.
This chapter categorises the various types of ailments a grasscutter farm-
er might be confronted with, describing symptoms, cures and preventive
measures.
Note: antiseptics and antibiotics are regularly mentioned. Farmers should
consult their local veterinary officers to select the best and cheapest medi-
cine while keeping in mind the general caution on indiscriminate use of
antibiotics, which can lead to multi-resistant bacteria (see box at the end
of this chapter).
7.1 Prevention
Prevention is better than the cure! Some general measures to prevent dis-
ease and trauma are the following:
• Always give your animals adequate and complete feed.
• Make sure the feed is clean and free of dust or mould, and that forage has
been allowed to wilt in the shade for at least 24 hours.
53
• Fresh forage must also be inspected well for insects (eggs, larvae) and
worms before being fed to the animals.
• Inspect your animals visually every day.
• Regularly check their excrements (dry excrement in the form of coffee-
like grains indicate that the animal is healthy; wet excrement or excre-
ment that is not in pellet form indicates that the animal is sick).
• Separate a sick or wounded animal immediately from the healthy animals
and put it in the quarantine cage for observation and treatment.
• Provide a healthy environment by cleaning cages daily, and by disinfect-
ing eating and drinking troughs once weekly and the cages once monthly
with products like alkali or soda.
• Prevent fights by not overcrowding your animals in the cages, and by
separating young bucks into individual cages from the age of 4 months.
• Disinfect any cage occupied by a sick animal.
• Thoroughly disinfect the quarantine cage after use.
• Install an antiseptic foot bath at each stable entrance. (Note: Ghana grass-
cutter expert T.E. Richmond considers this a good idea, though he has
rarely seen it applied in Ghana).
• Construct a perimeter fencing around the entire grasscutter compound to
prevent unauthorised visitors or stray animals from entering.
Only one general preventive treatment is currently known, namely a sugar-

lemon-water mixture. It is prepared by squeezing 4 lemons in 2 litres of
water containing 8 cubes of sugar. It is provided as drinking water during
periods of stress, including after changes in season, environment or feed,
when an animal has a mild infection, or when it is experiencing pain caused
by wounds.
Main causes of disease and mortality

Studies on grasscutter disease and mortality in captivity show an average
monthly mortality of 2.5%. Trauma is the main cause (wounds caused by
54
7 Health
fighting, or panicking animals hurting themselves by trying to escape),

followed by ‘unknown causes’, blood poisoning and respiratory problems,
in that order. Mortality is highest in the sub-adult group (animals between
weaning age and first mating).
Stress seems to be an important predisposing factor in grasscutter diseases.
This underlines the need to:provide a clean and quiet environment for your
animals; avoid overcrowding;
• separate young bucks;
• follow a strict daily feeding and cleaning routine carried out by familiar
attendants; select and breed your grasscutters for docility!
7.2 Ailments, symptoms, treatments and preventive measures
Trauma: wounds, fractures, abscesses

Trauma is a frequent cause of mortality. Wounds are often caused by fight-
ing, by animals panicking and hurting themselves or from grasscutters
struggling while being handled.
Symptoms
Wounds and abscesses are easily diagnosed. Fractures are diagnosed by
observing the animal’s movements or by gentle palpitation.
Treatment of wounds
• Treat light wounds affecting only hairs and skin with an antibiotic aerosol
spray, e.g. Pedospray or an antibiotic powder.
• An animal with deep wounds that affect its muscles will need to be iso-
lated. The services of a veterinarian may be necessary as well.
• In situations where suturing is necessary, anaesthesia is required.
• In the event of serious wounds, like exposure of the viscera, slaughter is
recommended.
55
Figure 20: Serious cut resulting from a fight between buck and doe during copulation.
Treatment of fractures
• Isolate young animals to restrict their movement. Let them grow to
slaughter weight if they eat. If they lose appetite slaughter them.
• For (nearly) fully grown animals slaughter is recommended.
• A veterinarian may treat and heal the fracture; the farmer will have to
decide whether benefit outweighs cost.
Treatment of abscesses
• Abscesses may result from wounds or from inf luences like blood-
poisoning. Hygiene is important in their prevention.
• Incise them when they are ripe; apply any antiseptic afterwards.
Prevention
• Avoid overpopulation in the cages.
• Constitute groups of animals of roughly the same weight.
• Separate males, from each other and from females, when 4 months old.
• Maintain a calm attitude when feeding or cleaning.
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7 Health
• Be careful when handling a grasscutter to prevent it from getting frac-

tures or losing its tail. Lifting by the tail may cause the animal to start
rotating rapidly to break its tail and escape. If this happens, quickly let the
grasscutter’s forelimbs touch the ground, or release the animal complete-
ly. It is advisable to catch the grasscutter in a metal restrictor or a netting
restrainer (see Chapter 3) before examining, treating or transferring it.
Respiratory problems: cough, pneumonia

Symptoms
Cough, nasal discharge, sneezing, heavy, slow breathing; diarrhoea may
be present as well. Cough or aspiration pneumonia may be caused by in-
halation of dust from forage or feed. Bacterial pneumonia may result from
exposure to cold and wind during the rainy season.
A high concentration of ammonia gas emanating from the excrements may
also cause respiratory problems.
Treatment
Cough can be treated with the sugar-lemon-water solution, or by giving the
animal small chips of ginger and garlic in its feeder.
Bacterial pneumonia possibly requires antibiotic treatment, e.g.
Oxytetracycline or Tylosine (at the recommended dosage). Put the affected
animal into the isolation cage.
Prevention
Avoid dust, both in the forage/feed and in the environment.
Do not give spoilt or mouldy feed to your animals. Cut and dry forage in the
way described in Chapter 6, to prevent the animals from ingesting insects,
harmful plants and worm eggs. Regular de-worming every four months is
recommended by injecting an Ivomec solution (e.g. Ivermectine, against
roundworms and parasites).
Stable construction must permit fresh air circulation, while avoiding cold,
dust and moisture from entering the stable. The stable may even have to
be heated during cold nights with a kerosene lantern. Covering a stable
or cages with polythene sheeting might be preferable, to avoid noxious
57
k erosene fumes. Prevent grasscutters from coming into direct contact with
the polythene sheet. Clean out the cages regularly.
Digestive/intestinal problems
Symptoms
Diarrhoea, constipation, loss of appetite, eating but still becoming increas-
ingly weak, weight loss. The cause might be (1) eating spoilt or mouldy
feed, (2) a protozoa infection (Coccidiosis), (3) bacterial infections like E.
coli, Salmonella, etc., or (4) intestinal parasites: worms, nematodes. Worms
may be suspected or seen in the faeces; feeding insufficiently dried grass
is often the cause.
Treatment
Diarrhoea caused by eating spoilt or mouldy feed may be cured by feeding
dried paw paw seeds of unripe, but matured paw paws. The same cure is
recommended for worm infections. Coccidiosis can be cured by applying
coccidiostats-containing Amprolium at the recommended dosage.
Prevention
Do not give spoilt or mouldy feed to your animals. See recommendations
on cutting and drying forage and on regular de-worming above.
Skin problems: ticks, mites

Symptoms
Ticks can be observed in the animals’ fur. Mites cause mange, resulting in
loss of hair and scaly skin.
Treatment
Ticks are treated with a 0.5% Bromocycline bath rubbed on the affected
animal’s skin against the grain. Usually the other animals within the same
cage must be treated as well. Mange is treated by rubbing the whole body
with Ascabiol powder mixed with palm oil. All in-contact animals and
those suspected of having had contact with the affected animals should be
rubbed in as well.
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7 Health
Prevention
Tick infestation can be prevented by drying and shaking forage before
feeding it to grasscutters.
Dental problems
Symptoms
An affected animal grips feed, then drops it. General lethargy and loss of
weight are other symptoms. Dental fractures do occur; and they are easily
noticed.
Treatment
Grasscutter incisors grow continuously and would overlap and cause
wounds to the gums if not controlled. A hard object, e.g. a bone or stone, in
the cages allows the animals to control incisor growth by gnawing. Incisor
filing may be necessary in severe cases. Treatment of fractures: if healing
is considered possible, feed young forage and provide soft moistened feed,
e.g. boiled cassava or potatoes. If the fracture is inside the gums requiring
a long period for regrowth, slaughter is recommended.
Prevention
A stick, bone or stone in the cage is the first line of defence against dental
problems. Providing correct forage and feed and stress-free conditions are
essential as well.
Loss of appetite, loss of weight

Loss of appetite is rare for a healthy animal. It may result from dental prob-
lems, diarrhoea or internal bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus and
others in the lungs and other internal organs). Dental problems and diar-
rhoea have been discussed. If bacterial infection is suspected and the cause
cannot be identified, veterinary services may be necessary if the affected
animal’s qualities outweigh the cost. Otherwise slaughter is recommended.
Weight loss is indicated by visible spine and ribs. It is common with gestat-
ing and lactating females due to poor feeding. Females that are emaciated
after weaning should be allowed to regain weight before the next copulation.
59
Figure 21: Injecting a medicine under the grasscutter’s tail
7.3 First aid box
The grasscutter farm’s minimum first aid box

Note: the anti-stress sugar-lemon-water solution (see section 7.1) should
always be the first line of defence in most situations.
Pharmaceutical products
• Betadine as a local antiseptic
• Antibiotic aerosol spray for wounds
• Piperazine against worms
• Broad-spectrum antibiotic, e.g. Banoecine (in powder or injectable form)
• Oxytetracycline 20% (in powder or injectable form)
• Imalgine as an anaesthetic
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7 Health
Equipment
• A sharp blade for incising abscesses, etc.
• Gauze for cleaning wounds (cotton would leave fibres in the wound)
• Pliers
• Teaspoon for administering medicaments orally, or for mixing
• Syringe for administering medication orally or intra-muscular
Injectable antibiotics should be administered around the base of the ani-

mal’s tail on the underside (see figure 21).
Anaesthesia may be required for easy manipulation during treatment. It
consists of 20 mg xylazine2% (Rompun) + 100 mg ketamine (Imalgine
1000), administered intra-muscular at a dose of 0.35-0.2 ml/kg live weight
of the animal treated. The injection takes effect after five minutes and the
effect lasts for about one hour. Regulate the position of the animal’s head
to ensure good respiration while it is unconscious.
Caution!
Be careful and restrictive in the use of antibiotics. Indiscriminate use
of antibiotics on farm animals has already resulted in multi-resistant
strains of bacteria in many parts of the world. These potentially dan-
gerous bacteria may easily pass into the human food chain if the
animal’s meat is not thoroughly cooked/heated before consumption.
Final advice
Chapter 7 systematically describes ailments, their prevention and cure. As
underlined in the final paragraph of section 7.1 stress or trauma is a major
cause of grasscutter disease and mortality. Animal welfare experts speak of
‘grasscutter signals’ – the animal shows that it is under stress by panicking,
running around or cowering in a corner of its cage. Stressed animals grow
slower or die more easily than animals that are content and at ease.
The advice provided at the end of Chapter 4 is repeated here: ani-

mal welfare and animal health are closely related. Investing in good
housing, good feed and good care will repay itself.
61
62
8 Administration
Accurate records are indispensable in running and improving any business,

farms included. Good records are the key to successful farming and they help
a farmer to access commercial bank loans. Farms with livestock in whatever
form, from grasscutters to cows, need to keep stock records as well as finan-
cial records. Stock records are necessary to prevent inbreeding and to im-
prove the offspring by crossing the best male animals with the best females.
8.1 Financial administration

All farm activities are aimed to provide an income for the farmer and his/
her family (or, in the case of part-time farming, to augment an income from
other sources). Whether or not they actually do yield a positive return can
only be ascertained by keeping track of income and expenditure.
On a grasscutter farm money flows in from the regular sale (or household
use) of live animals or their meat, and incidental sales of live animals as
breeding stock. Expenditure comprises two distinct elements, fixed costs
and variable costs.
Fixed costs
Animal sheds, cages, durable equipment and tools, building up the grass-
cutter stock, land for growing forage, etc., are fixed costs. They demand
63
care, regular maintenance and, possibly, payment of land rent and/ or inter-
est on a loan. Annual maintenance costs of buildings and cages are usually
calculated as a fixed percentage (e.g. 5-10% for buildings) of the original
investment. Fixed costs continue, whether your grasscutter farm provides
any income or not!
Variable costs
Direct or variable costs are directly linked to running the farm; they in-
crease or decrease with the level of production. Labour, whether hired or
your own, forage and concentrates, cleaning chemicals, hand-tools, drugs,
veterinary services, etc., are examples of variable costs.
A sound financial administration is essential for keeping track of expendi-
ture and income – not just for knowing ‘where the money goes’, but also
for taking management decisions on where and how costs might be reduced
and income improved.
For more information on farm administration consult your local extension
service or study a handbook on the subject (e.g. Agromisa publications
Agrosource 3, The farm as a commercial enterprise, and Agrosource 4,
Farm accounting. Both were published in 2006 and can be ordered from
Agromisa.
8.2 Stock administration

Grasscutter farms need a good stock administration that records data on
each individual animal. This is essential to improve breeding and avoid
inbreeding.
Some animals are more disease resistant than others. Some does deliver
and raise two healthy litters a year, whereas others reproduce less well.
Docility is a heritable trait. Of course you want to select the healthiest,
most productive and most docile animals for breeding replacement stock.
Accurate stock records indicate which grasscutters to keep and which to
cull.
Inbreeding, i.e. bucks copulating with their own siblings or their own
female offspring, is a proven cause of increased morbidity and mortal-
64
8 Administration
ity. Here again, accurate stock records will indicate when to replace your
breeding bucks with fresh ones, brought in from outside (taking care not to
import siblings of your own stock!).
8.3 Farm administration
Diary
Keep a daily diary to record all ‘events’ in the daily work routine immedi-
ately when they occur, because information is easily forgotten.
Financial events are purchases of inputs (the variable costs), and sales, each
with total value and unit price.
Farm events include breeding data (copulation, delivery, litter size, etc.),
information on operations (animal a transferred to cage b for reason c, etc.),
feeding records, veterinary treatment, and so on.
Be precise in recording such events in your diary and regularly transfer-
ring them to permanent stock records and financial records (see informa-
tion on record-keeping below).
A farmer just keeping a few grasscutters for family consumption might
well argue that detailed records are not necessary. But do not forget that
you need a reasonable estimate of the production cost of 1 kg grasscutter
meat for the household pot, to decide if it would not be wiser to invest your
labour and money in some alternative crop or livestock and simply buy
meat in the market.
Identification
In order to keep track of all the different financial and farm events the
farmer must be able to identify the stables/sheds, the different cages in each
stable and the individual grasscutters.
Stables
Stables are simply identified by a painted letter or number near the door of
each one, in order of construction, e.g. A, B, C and so on.
65
Cages
Cages are identified by numbering them clockwise from the stable
door, from top to bottom and from left to right in the case of superimposed
cages.
The numbers, e.g. A.1.1. (top cage, first column of cages on the left in stable
A) can be written or painted on individual tags (made of plywood or card-
board) hanging on a nail at the top corner of each cage. They could also be
written on the cage with writing chalk.
Grasscutters
Identifying individual animals is important to keep track of breeding and
growing performance, and of each animal’s parental lineage to avoid in-
breeding. The following identification methods can be used:
• Record visual characteristics, such as the animals’ size, shape, coat colour
and natural marks. This is practicable only on small farms.
• Paint a specific colour on the animal’s fur. This is a temporal solution as
hair is lost and the mark eventually disappears.
• Tattoo the animal. A code number can be pierced on the skin with a spe-
cial iron, and then rubbed with a special ink. The imprint lasts a long time,
but it can be difficult to read because of the grasscutter’s thick fur.
• Notch the animal’s ears. This involves making ‘v’-shaped cuts in the ani-
mal’s ears with a very sharp, thoroughly disinfected knife or pincer (see
Figure 22). Location (left or right ear) and orientation (top, side or under-
side of the ear) of the notches indicate a numerical code; see Figure 23.
Notching is an easy and cheap identification method; however the time
involved in learning to decode the notching patterns is a disadvantage.
Moreover, hairy ears may make the notches difficult to see; and fighting
between the animals may destroy the markings.
• Attach ear-tags. Ear-tags are metal or plastic tags with a number or other
information that are clipped to the ear. This is a useful method, although
it is more expensive than notching. The same disadvantages apply: the
tags are difficult to read quickly, and the grasscutters may destroy their
ears in a fight. Figure 24 shows ear notches and a pincer used to apply
them.
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8 Administration
Note that grasscutters may be identified by a tag on their cage provided

each animal has its own cage, the tag is always kept up to date and it moves
with the animals when they are transferred.
Figure 22: Pincer to make ear notches; they could be made with a sharp (disinfected) knife
as well
Figure 23: Grasscutter identification by ear notches: number 22 (right)
Figure 24: Grasscutter ear-tags and the pincer to apply them
67
Records
Stock records
Cards are a simple way to organise your grasscutter administration. Each
animal has its own card with relevant information (identification number,
sex, age, etc.). Cards are sorted into a box (e.g. one for each separate stable).
Within each box they can be sorted by cage (or row of cages), sex, age, etc.
by vertically placed sticker cards. The cards can be rearranged easily when
animals are moved or sold.
Some experts recommend two types of record cards: breeders’ records and
weaners’/growers’ records.
Breeder record cards

Breeder record cards are used for bucks and does that are kept for further
breeding. They contain the following information:
• identification number (ID#)
• cage number in pencil, so it can be easily erased and replaced if the
animal is moved
• sex
• origin: wild, own farm, other growers/ farms
• bucks: date(s) of mating + number and ID# of does mounted, remarks on
mating behaviour (aggression, fighting), litter size (by sex) of each female
mounted
• does: date(s) of mating + delivery date and litter size by sex, number and
sex of young successfully weaned
• remarks
Note: data on mating behaviour and breeding performance are essential for
selecting the best animals for further breeding.
Weaner/grower record cards

Weaner/grower record cards are used for young animals after weaning.
They contain the following information:

• identification number (ID#)
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8 Administration
• ID# of parents
• date of weaning
• sex
• cage number (in pencil, see above)
• date of and reason for removal, e.g. dead, sold or kept as grower
• remarks
Samples of such record cards are shown at the end of this chapter. They can
be modified to suit your wishes.
Operational records
Some booklets suggest that separate operational records be kept, for ex-
ample of animal transfers on the farm (date, reasons, observations, etc.).
Since this information should be registered on the animals’ record cards a
separate register seems unnecessary.
Financial records, cash book

A grasscutter farm cash book should be kept up to date to register:
• cash out for purchases (feed, equipment, concentrates, medicines, etc.),
wages (including for the farmer’s own work), land rent, interest payment
on loans, etc.
• cash in from sales of live animals and/or meat
Calendar
Keeping an up-to-date, single page-per-month calendar is sometimes sug-
gested to keep an overview of upcoming activities on the grasscutter farm.
Such a calendar lists the expected/necessary events in the coming months,
such as mating, kindling, weaning, vaccinations, etc.
This makes sense for fast-breeding animals kept in larger numbers, like
rabbits (see Back-yard rabbit keeping in the tropics, Agrodok 20).
In view of the slower growth and longer pregnancy period of grasscutters,
a single-page-per-month calendar seems less useful. All of the necessary
information is on the animals’ record cards. If a calendar-type overview of
upcoming work is required or expected, ‘farm events’ like copulation, ges-
tation and weaning might be registered on any ordinary household calendar.
69
8.4 Record-keeping for selection
The records on grasscutter growth and productivity are essential for draw-
ing up a selection plan to identify your best future breeders.
For does the size and weight of the first litter at weaning is a selection
criterion. If the litter is small and/or of low weight at weaning, the breed-
er doe should be replaced. Littering interval is an additional selection
criterion for older does, besides litter size and litter weight at weaning.
Keep does with good litter size and weight and short littering interval as
breeders.
For bucks docility and weight gain from weaning to first mating are the
main selection criteria. Docility is first tested when bucks are separated
at the age of 4 months. If they fight or are difficult to handle they should
be replaced. First mating at the age of 8 months is the next docility test-
ing moment; bucks that fight with or wound the does brought to them for
mating must be culled. The same applies to bucks that have failed to put
on sufficient weight while growing to maturity. Keep the most docile and
fastest-growing bucks as breeders.
Breeding males have to be replaced after a few copulation rounds with
fresh bucks from outside to avoid inbreeding. Bucks bought from another
farmer must be well-documented to make sure you do not bring in siblings
of your own grasscutter stock!
Identification number (ID#)

Keeping track of the paternal lineage is essential in grasscutter keeping to
prevent inbreeding. For that reason the ID# should carry information on
the animal’s parents. Since each male copulates with 4-6 females at a time
the male lineage is especially important. For that reason it is recommended
naming the animals according to their parental lineage.
Bucks might be named A, B, C, etc., does a, b, c, d, e and so on. The off-
spring of buck A with does a-d would then carry the ID#s Aa, Ab, Ac, Ad;
the young of buck B would be Be, Bf, Bg and so on. The youngsters, if kept
on for breeding, could have a simple number, e.g. Ab1, Bf3 etc.
In that way the farmer keeps track of the parental lineage and can easily
avoid mating buck Ac2 with doe Ad4, etc.
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8 Administration
8.5 Use and examples of records

With good records the farmer should know or be able to verify the following:
Farm
• expenditure on housing, forage/feed, labour
• diseases and periods of incidence
• productive output of the grasscutter farm as a whole
Animals
• copulation, delivery, weaning
• reproductive ability
• final weight
What to tell a new caretaker or technician in case of a change.
Always keep in mind that comparing the past with the present
in order to improve the future is the main objective of keeping
accurate records!
Examples of breeder cards (female and male) and weaner/grower cards are
shown below.
Breeder card female Stable no.: Cage no.:

Number
Litter successfully
Date Male Date of size by weaned, by
ID# Origin mated ID# parturition sex sex Remarks
71
Breeder card male Stable no.: Cage no.:
No. and Number
ID of Litter successfully
Date females Date of size by weaned by
ID# Origin mated mounted parturition sex sex Remarks
Weaner/grower card Stable no.: Cage no.:

ID# Date of birth Origin Sex Date removed Reason Remarks
72
9 Slaughtering and processing
Note: slaughtering and the subsequent dressing and processing are needed
only if your farming objective is to sell grasscutter meat in the market or
to restaurants. The subject is of little interest if you plan to market mainly
live animals.
9.1 Slaughtering and dressing
Slaughtering weight
Farm-grown grasscutters are usually slaughtered when they have attained
a weight of 1.5-2 kg (does that have to be culled for some reason) or 3-3.5
kg (bucks). Daily growth rate of does slows down from the age of around 6
months when they have attained an average weight of around 1.5 kg. They
attain their maximum weight of around 2 kg at approximately 10 months
of age. The daily growth rate of bucks starts declining from around 10
months, when they weigh about 3 kg on average; at 12 months they have
grown to around 3.5 kg.
Apart from your prime breeders it does not pay to keep grasscutters once
their daily weight increase starts declining, because the return on their
73
feeding and tending costs will start declining as well. The only exception
is if the market demands larger animals and is willing to pay for them!
Slaughtering
Slaughtering grasscutters resembles slaughtering rabbits, but grasscutters
are usually heavier and stronger and therefore potentially more dangerous.
Preparation
Arrange (a) a clean working area, (b) a bucket with scalding hot water, or a
fire, to skin the grasscutter or burn off its fur, (c) a bucket or bowl to catch
blood, intestines, etc., and another one for the carcass, (d) a sharp knife and
(e) a way to hang the grasscutter during slaughtering and cleaning, plus a
string to hang the carcass.
Stunning
Stun or kill the grasscutter by a heavy blow to the head with a machete or
club. Make sure the animal is thoroughly stunned (or dead) before proceed-
ing, otherwise the next steps could be hazardous.
Killing
Hold the animal by its hind legs or hang it immediately if possible, and cut
its throat and jugular veins with the knife. Allow it to bleed; eventually cut
off its head to allow further bleeding. Press the bladder empty to prevent
the urine from spoiling the meat.
Skinning
Skin the carcass with hot water or burn off the thick fur over a flame.
Dressing
Hang the grasscutter from its hind legs. Cut off its front paws. Cut open
the abdomen starting from the navel, first moving up and then downwards.
Be careful to avoid puncturing the stomach and intestines whose contents
could spoil the meat. Carefully pull out the lungs, stomach, intestines and
bladder. Then remove the edible organs: heart, liver and kidneys and keep
74
9 Slaughtering and processing
them separately. Finally cut off the animal’s tail and the hind paws, leaving
the clean carcass. The dressing out percentage (weight of carcass plus ed-
ible organs as a percentage of live weight) is around 64%. The tail is usually
considered edible as well, so its weight should be included.
The meat is now ready for preparation, sale or preservation by drying,
smoking or freezing.
9.2 Nutrient value of grasscutter meat

Bush-meat is an important protein source for African rural populations.
In West Africa grasscutter, crested porcupine and giant rat are the most
popular bush-meats. Their meat is lower in moisture content and higher
in protein and essential minerals than beef, mutton or pork. Grasscutter
bush-meat is fatter than the two other bush-meats and the three domes-
tic ones. Whether this holds true for farm-grown grasscutter meat is
uncertain.
75
76
10 Marketing
Grasscutter meat is highly appreciated, and around population centres the

market is virtually unlimited. Bush-meat may restrict the profitability of
grasscutter farming in rural areas.
Section 10.1 sets out the basics of marketing. Consult advisers or books for
more information on the subject (e.g. Agrodok 26, Marketing for small-
scale producers). Section 10.2 outlines the need for coordination and co-
operation in grasscutter marketing, setting out strategies and procedures
for achieving them.
10.1 Place, product, promotion and price

Four Ps have to be considered in successful marketing:
• Place – where to sell, where is your product in demand
• Product – what to sell and what quality
• Promotion – how to attract buyers
• Price – at what price to sell
Place
Grasscutter meat is in high demand as people know and like it. When start-
ing a business it is advisable to focus on the local market where there are a
77
range of outlets, such as the village/town market(s), roadside stalls, restau-
rants and even wholesalers. Demand in the local market is a known factor.
This is an advantage, as it enables farmers to prepare the right quantity of
grasscutter meat for sale, avoiding the risk of unsold produce. You might
prefer to run a roadside stall yourself, selling prepared grasscutter meat,
smoked or in the form of tasty dishes. Of course you must adhere to the
general and/or municipal regulations (by obtaining a permit, adhering to
sanitary regulations, etc.) when starting and running a grasscutter kitchen.
Once your local business runs well, you might explore more distant market
outlets, starting in a nearby town and spreading out from there. Keep in
mind that meat is a perishable product, so transportation entails risks of
quality deterioration, spoiling and financial loss. (Of course this applies
equally to long-distance transport of other perishables like fruit, vegeta-
bles, fish or chicken/ goat/ rabbit/ etc. meat). For that reason you should
thoroughly explore the marketing potential before starting. Once you have
decided to go ahead and start deliveries, meat quality maintenance is of
the utmost importance. This may imply refrigeration or preservation by
drying or smoking.
Product
There are three product options:
• selling grasscutter meat
• selling live animals, to be slaughtered by the buyer
• selling live animals as breeding stock
A combination of several product options is also possible.

When selling meat, quality is important, meaning that the product must be
well processed, clean and fresh. There are national regulations for the trade
in meat which you must adhere to.
Selling live animals for slaughter by the buyer might be an option for
small farms or for members of a cooperative.
Selling live grasscutters as breeding stock to other farmers is a third
product option that might provide you with a good living. Quality breeding
stock results in healthy, well-selected and well-documented animals.
78
10 Marketing
(Note: specialised farms that only raise chicks for sale to other farmers are
well-known in the poultry sector.)
Promotion
Promotion means attracting clients. Finding buyers is probably not diffi-
cult at the local level. But you may be competing with other suppliers, for
example in the case of supplying local restaurants; so you have to promote
your product. Consider how to make a restaurant prefer your grasscutters to
those from other suppliers. Apart from delivering a good-quality product,
you have to look at the quality of your service, your communication with
the client, etc.
Price
Price is determined by consumer demand and quantity of supply. The price
will be known in a market where others sell grasscutter meat; however, an
increased supply may lower it. If you find an outlet where supply is limited
you may get a better price.
You can use price setting in your business strategy. When you are new in
a market, you might consider lowering the price slightly to attract clients.
Once you are known as a reliable supplier of quality meat you may raise pric-
es gradually. You may offer a discount to regular clients to tie them to your
business, e.g. a restaurant ordering a certain quantity periodically. Regular
sales at a modest price might be preferable to irregular sales at a higher price.
Finally: whatever your business strategy, make sure that important clients
do not play off you against your fellow farmers by forcing you and them
to sell a product below the cost of producing it. Cooperation is in this case
preferable!
10.2 Getting organised
Grasscutter farmers are strongly advised to form or join farmer

groups (associations or cooperatives). Groups have a stronger posi-
tion than individual small farmers in price setting, negotiations with
suppliers and buyers, and in dealing with the local authorities.
79
There is a solid demand for grasscutter meat in local and regional mar-
kets. To serve such markets well the grasscutter meat should be produced
in commercial quantities and under good hygienic conditions. This is
achieved best when individual farmers join forces in production groups, or
if they set up or join a certified cooperative.
Organised producers need to follow a series of steps for certification:

• registration of the organisation (cooperative, business venture, etc.);
• setting up quality criteria (feeding, health, slaughtering and dressing,
etc.);
• creating a common label;
• contacting potential markets with high demand for the products;
• building capacity to ensure uninterrupted supply.
Figure 25: Spiced grasscutter meat dish ready for sale
80
10 Marketing
Supplying larger clients

The last point above is of paramount significance: large-scale consumers
(wholesalers, larger restaurants, supermarkets) – whether local or overseas
– are willing to sign contracts only if a steady and uninterrupted supply
of good quality meat is assured. And remember that a signed contract is
legally binding!
It is strongly recommended that farmers seek advice on building up a
healthy, sustainable organisation.
The following aspects merit special attention when starting a new

organisation:
• It should be democratic.
• It must have a capable and trustworthy leadership.
• Its members should feel involved.
(See, for example, Agrodok 38: Starting a cooperative)
81
82
11 Profitability of grasscutter
farming
Reliable information on the profitability of grasscutter farming is hard to

find. The first section of this chapter summarises indicative data derived
from grasscutter publications on five selected subjects: initial investments,
breeding data, labour requirements, grasscutter selling prices, and viable
size of grasscutter farms.
Section 11.2 presents a grasscutter production profitability forecast from

Ghana.
Prices in FCFA, naira or other currencies have been converted into euros
(mid-2010 rate). Fluctuating exchange rates therefore contribute to the un-
certainty of the cost and profit data presented. Would-be grasscutter farm-
ers should thoroughly check local costs and prices before starting.
11.1 Profitability data in various reports
Investment in stables/cages/stock
All authors stress the importance of using local materials as much as prac-
ticable in constructing stable(s) and cages.
83
Widely different investment costs in construction are cited by various au-
thors; ranging from 5 euros per animal housed (Gabon, 1999), through
about 32 euros per animal (Nigeria, 2007) to more than 50 euros per animal
(Ghana, 2006/2010; see section 11.2 below).
Quoted acquisition costs of the initial breeding stock range from about 24
euros to 48 euros per animal.
Data on breeding results

The number of pups successfully weaned and subsequently successfully
raised to maturity per breeding doe per year is all-important in profitable
grasscutter farming. Some grasscutter farming guides assume that a breed-
ing doe is capable of littering twice a year and raising (at least) four pups to
weaning age each time (see section 11.2).
Weaning data of more than 1900 grasscutter litters in experimental stations

in Benin and Gabon showed the following results:
• Male – female sex ratio was roughly 1 – 1 at birth.
• The number of weaned young per breeding doe per year ranged from
6.8 down to 5.5. In private grasscutter farms in Gabon it was even lower.
Mortality from weaning age to sexual maturity is not included in this
data.
It should be possible to eventually increase doe productivity to a higher,

more profitable level through continued breeder selection, good feeding
and good farm management. However, this has not yet been achieved on
ordinary, private grasscutter farms.
Labour requirements
Labour in grasscutter farming should not be underestimated. A BBC report
on Ghana grasscutter farming states that tending each animal requires only
10 minutes a day. This may seem like a small effort for a farmer raising
some animals for household consumption, but it compounds quickly to
sizeable labour requirements on a semi-commercial farm. A grasscutter
family of one buck plus four does would require 50 minutes of care per
84
11 Profitability of grasscutter farming
day, or one man-hour, while a 10-family grasscutter farm would demand

full-time labour.
The tending time per grasscutter per day cited above agrees well with the
section 11.2 profitability forecast that calculates labour costs of 4 man-
hours a day for a 20-animal farm. Obviously ‘economies of scale’ may
reduce labour time per individual animal, but the conclusion remains the
same: calculate your labour requirements before starting!
Grasscutter selling prices

Different sources mention grasscutters selling at around 5 euros per kg
live weight. The average of 5 euros per kg live weight in urban centres
drops to some 2 euros in rural areas, because of bush-meat competition.
Reproductive animals sold as breeding stock fetched around 7 euros per
kg live weight.
Viable size of grasscutter farms

A World Bank study conducted in Ghana, found that a grasscutter farm
with 40 reproductive does was the most profitable system of animal ex-
ploitation, followed by poultry and rabbit farming. However, a farm of this
size in Gabon, with average production performances as observed, would
obtain a profitability threshold of 350-450 US$/ year. This production level
would therefore not be sufficient as a main source of income in Gabon.
Other African authors agree that a grasscutter farm of 40 reproductive does
is the most profitable scale of production, enabling the farmer to make a liv-
ing if high standards of housing, feeding and management are maintained.
Feasibility reports on grasscutter farming ventures indicate that the long-

term profitability is comparable to that of poultry farming. However, the
relatively high costs of initial inputs (cages, breeding stock), slow returns
and limited technical expertise have hampered the adoption of back-yard
grasscutter farming by peri-urban households, as well as the development
of large-scale commercial ventures.
85
Research by national extension services should develop cheaper methods
of grasscutter production and facilitate the transfer of appropriate technolo-
gies to small-scale farmers.
11.2 Case study - profitability of grasscutter production in

Ghana
(A contribution by Tegbe Enyonam Richmond, University of Ghana.
Source: Guide for commercial grasscutter production. Prices have been
updated to the 2010 level and converted into euros.)
The relatively high cost of initial investment in grasscutter production

makes it quite difficult to make a profit in the first year of production. Its
profitability is realised starting in the second year of production. The cost
of constructing the main housing unit and the cages discourages most in-
terested peasant farmers from venturing into the business. However, with
proper management coupled with the availability of grasses all year round,
the farmer can make up for the initial investment as well as make a modest
profit by the end of the second year.
As a commercial venture, it is not profitable to employ a full-time worker
to manage 20 grasscutters or below. If you have 20 animals or fewer, you
could pay someone on an hourly basis, for instance a wage of 1.60 euros
(US$2) for 4 hours of work per day. With 40 animals and above it will be
profitable to employ a full-time labourer.
(Note: a farmer tending his own animals saves wage payments, earning the
money himself instead).
Table 2 below shows the estimated cost of establishing a simple grasscut-
ter housing unit and stocking it with 20 grasscutters – 3 males and 17
females.
Table 3 shows expected output over five years.
The table below shows the estimated output over five years based on an av-
erage litter size of at least four surviving pups at weaning age. It is assumed
that all output is sold either as breeding stock or for consumption. Only 20
grasscutters are kept for multiplication.
86
11 Profitability of grasscutter farming
Table 2: Estimated costs for starting a grasscutter farm: 3 males and 17 females
Costs and benefits in euros

Budget item Quantity Unit cost (€) Amount (€)
Main housing unit 1 - 640
Cages
(Three-tier cage**) 3 110 480
Breeding stock 20 (17 Females) 24 480
Feeding (labour in 92 (4hrs/day=$2 = 1.6
man- days) euros) 1.60 147
Concentrate feeds (feeds
other than grasses) - - 80
Veterinary care - - 80
Miscellaneous Expenses - - 80
Total (€) 1,987
* The cost of the housing unit and the cage will depend on the materials used. Use local
materials available in your community to cut down cost.
** Each tier of the three-tier cage can be divided into four compartments, making 12
compartments in all.
Table 3 shows that the farmer can make enough money and thereby pay
off his initial investment cost at the end of the second year of production.
The venture is profitable if feed/grasses are available and easily accessible
all year round, coupled with good breeding stock and good management.
Grasscutter rearing is profitable if:

• the housing unit is situated close to a permanent source of feed (grasses)
at no cost to the farmer;
• good breeding stock is used with an average litter size of six, or at least
four at weaning age;
• pups are weaned at six weeks after birth; two litters per doe per year are
achieved, by using good breeding stock and careful selection;
• durable local materials are used in the construction of housing and cages;
• the grasscutter farm is well managed.
87
Table 3: Expected output per year over five years.
No. of Output
Year females (Sales) (€) Unit price (€) Revenue (€)
1 (litter once=4 /doe) 17 68 24 1,632
2 (litter 2x) 17 136 24 3,264
3 (litter 2x) 17 136 24 3,264
4 (litter 2x) 17 136 24 3,264
5 (litter 2x) 17 136 24 3,264
This case is based on a farm unit keeping 20 grasscutters and selling the rest at the end of
the year.
The author adds that a would-be grasscutter farmer is well advised to situ-
ate the farm near a source of free access to grasses and/or other forage.
Consequently it is most economical to rear grasscutters in the village and
sell them in the city.
88
Appendix 1 Growing elephant grass for grasscutter fodder
Appendix 1 Growing elephant grass

for grasscutter fodder
(adapted from Agrodok 14 - Dairy cattle husbandry)
Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), also known as napier grass, is

recommended as grasscutter forage because it:
• is high yielding; remains green during the dry season and withstands
drought better than most grasses; is suitable for cutting.
Types
Types of elephant grass differ with respect to the presence or absence
of hairs, differences in resistance to diseases and in stem thickness.
Experience gained by grasscutter farmers in your area is the best indicator
of which types are best as fodder for grasscutters.
Where it grows
Elephant grass requires high, well-distributed rainfall of at least 800 mm
annually but preferably more. At altitudes above 2100 m, growth is slow
because of low temperatures. It thrives best on deep fertile soils supplied
well with manure, and prefers well-drained soils, but can grow on almost
any soil. Without good nitrogen and potassium fertilisation (or, as an al-
ternative, regular dressings of good compost), yield and persistence will
decrease after 1-2 years.
89
Plant elephant grass in well-prepared, weed-free land at the beginning of the
rains. It can be established from root splits, which is the more labour-inten-
sive method, or from cuttings. Root splits from an uprooted plant without
leaves establish rapidly if there is enough rain. For cultivation from cuttings,
cut a well-matured cane into pieces with 3-4 nodes. The leafy top part should
not be used. Cuttings can give good results, even if rains are irregular.
How to plant
Figure 26: Elephant grass can be established from A: cane cuttings or B: root splits
Cuttings or splits have to be spaced properly. A row distance of 90 cm and

a spacing of 60 cm within the row is commonly used in favourable areas.
Row distance should be wider in drier areas.
How to achieve a high yield

Elephant grass grows well on fertile soils, but very poorly in fields full of
weeds. Weeding during the dry season will control vigorous weeds like
couch grass. Proper weeding combined with manure and fertiliser (or com-
post) application should be carried out after every cut.
It is important to return the grasscutter droppings with good compost to the
grass to sustain high production. Dig small ditches in between the rows, put
in manure and compost and cover with soil.
90
Appendix 1 Growing elephant grass for grasscutter fodder
Figure 27: Apply fresh manure after every cut
To obtain high yields, the grass will also need additional fertiliser. How
much and when depends on soil, climate, cutting management and the
amount of manure. For example, in the case of adequate rainfall in two
consecutive rainy seasons, 250 kg of NPK fertiliser (20-10-10) can be ap-
plied per ha, during the middle of the long rains and at the start of the short
rains. In between the long and short rains, a top dressing with 50 kg of
CAN (or 25 kg urea) per ha should be applied after each cut. Applying com-
post instead of artificial fertiliser is preferable in the long run, to prevent
gradual deterioration of the soil structure and groundwater contamination.
When to cut
The optimal cutting interval in the rainy season is about 6-8 weeks at a
height of 60-90 cm. Fodder quality of the grass declines if it grows to over
1.20 m.
91
92
Appendix 2 Preparation of concentrates for grasscutters
Appendix 2 Preparation of
concentrates for grasscutters
Formulation of concentrate
Some commercial grasscutter producers who cannot formulate their own
concentrates buy concentrates meant for goat and sheep in pellet form from
commercial feed producers. The composition below could be fed to grass-
cutters when prepared in pellet form.
Protein % 14
Energy Kcal 2520
Fibre % 12
Calcium % 1.5
Phosphorus % 1.0
Lysine % 0.6
Methionine and cystine % 0.5
Trytoplanm % 20
Source: GAFCO (Ghana Agro Food Complex), 2009
93
Farmers can also formulate their own concentrates locally by following the
steps below.
• Acquire the following ingredients:

Ingredients Quantity
Groundnut (roasted) 1 kg
Maize 10 kg
Wheat bran 15 kg
Oyster shell 2 kg
Salt 0.1 kg
• Grind and evenly mix all ingredients together.

• Add clean hot water as you mix until the whole mixture can form a ball.
Roll the dough on a clean board into a pen-like shape and cut into pellets
of about 3-5cm long.
• Preferably, bake the pellets in an oven immediately to prevent them from
getting contaminated. You can also roast the pellets on a well-regulated
fire to prevent them from burning to charcoal.
Do’s and don’ts in the preparation and use of concentrate

Do’s
• Use disease-free ingredients in preparing your concentrate.
• Concentrates should be placed in a feeding bowl that is solid and heavy
in order to prevent the bowl from being gnawed or toppled.
Don’ts
• Concentrates should never be given in a powdered state in order to pre-
vent respiratory diseases and feed wastage.
• Do not feed grasscutters only concentrates; they should be given as a
supplement to grasses.
• Never feed your animals mouldy concentrates.
94
Further reading
Further reading
AbdulAzeez, I. Grasscutter farming in Nigeria. 2012. Internet Forum,
answering questions, images, video’s. http://grasscutter234.proboards.com/
T: +2348023050835
Agbeluski, E. Ranching grasscutter, Thryonomys swinderianus t. for

meat production in the humid forest zone of Nigeria (On-line). 1997.
Accessed 11/19/01 at http://www.fao.org/montes/foda/wforcong/PUBLI/
V3/T18E/2-2.HTML.
Fitzinger. Cane Rats.1995. Pp. 1650-1651 in R Nowak, ed. Walker’s

Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Houben, P. Grasscutter breeding in Gabon. Data for Assessment.1999,

D.G.E.G; B.P. 9129, Libreville, Gabon: In Canopee (1999), Ecofac/E.E, No
15: 7 – 8.
Jori, F. and P. Chardonnet. Cane rat farming in Gabon status and per-
spective. 2001, Proceedings of the 5th International Wildlife Ranching
Symposium, March 2001, Pretoria, South Africa, pp: 33-51.
Mensah, G.A. and A.M. Okeyo. Continued harvest of the diverse

African animal genetic resources from the wild through domestica-
tion as a strategy for sustainable use: a case of the larger grasscutter
(Thryonomys swinderianus). 2005. Compilation report on grasscutter
studies (1988-2000, West Africa) on breeding parameters (age of mating,
litter size, kidding interval, mortality, feed consumption, growth, etc.).
Emphasis on breeding strategy for docility and growth, and the heritability
of these traits. Results are summarised in a set of ‘golden rules’ for grass-
cutter farmers. Includes some photographs and an extensive list of refer-
ences. W: http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org, search ‘grasscutter’.
95
Mills, G., L. Hes. The complete book of South African Mammmal. 1997.
Capetown: Struik Winchester. ISBN: 0947430555.
Muyiwa, A.S. 2004. Grasscutter domestication. 2004, 22 pp., Erodise

Publication Productions, P.O.Box 231, Ikire, Osun State, Nigeria, ISBN 978
3572628, A booklet in Akinbile’s Teach Yourself Farming series
Ngo-Samnick, E.L. Rearing grasscutters. 2012, 28 p. Série: Pro-Agro.Ed.

CTA ISF. ISBN:978-92-9081-491-7
Opara M.N. The Grasscutter I: A Livestock of Tomorrow. 2010,

Research Journal of Forestry, 4: 119-135.
Richmond , T.E. and K.K. Nyalemegbe. Guide for commercial grasscut-

ter production. 2006, 28 pp. University of Ghana, ARC Kpong.
96
Useful addresses
Useful addresses
BEDIM
Bureau for exchange and distribution of information on minilivestock.
Is a non-profit making international organization devoted to identification,
processing and diffusion of information and data concerning animal spe-
cies related to minilivestock and their products.
Faculté universitaire des Sciences agronomiques de Gembloux, Unité de
Zootechnie
Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgique
W: www.bedim.org E: [email protected]
CERUT
Centre for the Environment and Rural Transformation. Cameroon. Seeks
to provide practical solutions to local problems by applying participatory
approaches involving all stakeholders and based on existing local, national
and international policy frameworks.
T: +237 33 33 22 47 F: +237 33 33 22 47 or 33 33 23 00
E: [email protected] W: www.cerut.org
INRAB
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin. Institut responsable
de la recherche agricole au Bénin.Centre de Recherche Agricole à vocation
nationale basé à Agonkanmey.
0 1 BP 884 Recette Principale, Cotonou, Bénin.
W: www.inrab.bj.refer.org
E: [email protected]/[email protected]
ILRI
The International Livestock Research Institute works with partners world-
wide to enhance livestock pathways out of poverty, principally in sub-Sa-
haran Africa and Asia. The products of these research partnerships help
people in developing countries keep their farm animals alive and produc-
97
tive, increase and sustain their livestock and farm productivity, find profit-
able markets for their animal products, and reduce their risk to livestock-
related diseases.
P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
E: [email protected] W: www.cgiar.org/cgiar-consortium/
research-centers/international-livestock-research-institute-ilri
CSIR
Animal Research Institute.
P. O. Box AH 20, Achimota, Ghana
Grasscutter Domestication Programme
T: + 233 264 785 992/+ 233 285 012 228
W: www.csir.org.gh
98
Glossary
Glossary
Abdomen: Belly
Buck: Male grasscutter
Cages: Individual housing units that are situated inside a
house or stable
Catcher, restrictor: A small wire-mesh cage to hold a grasscutter for
transport, inspection or treatment
Coccidiosis: Intestinal parasites which occur quite frequently
in grasscutters but cannot be seen without a
microscope
Concentrates: High-quality feed, like grains, tubers or mixed
meals
Copulation: Mating, the coming together of male and female
Coprophagy: Eating droppings in general
Delivery: Giving birth, another word for kidding, kindling
Doe: Female grasscutter
Drenching: Giving medicine to the animal by pouring it down
its throat
Ecto-parasites: Parasites like lice or ticks in the animal’s fur
Feed: Whatever animals eat, in the wild or in captivity
Fodder: Green plants or plant residues eaten or used as
feed
Forage: Forage refers to feed which, in its green state,
contains more water and fibre than digestible
material. Grasses, legumes, leaves and crop
residues may all serve as forage. Forage may be
dried (hay) or otherwise conserved (e.g. by silage)
for use in the dry season when green forage
becomes scarce.
Gestation: Pregnancy
Inbreeding: The mating of close relatives (e.g. father and
daughter, mother and son). Inbreeding may result
99
in abnormalities such as reduced litter sizes, weak
young, deformed animals.
Kidding, kindling: Giving birth to young
Lactation: Period during which the doe produces milk for her
young
Litter: All young born after one gestation, whether alive
or dead
Palpation: Examination to check for pregnancy or injury
Pup: Young grasscutter (from birth to weaning)
Reproduction: The ability of a male and female to produce young
Roughage: Grass, leaves and other greens, as well as
hay, straw and stover. (Note: according to the
dictionary definition ‘roughage’ refers more
specifically to the indigestible portion of plant
foods/feeds that ease defecation.)
Scabies: Mange, a small mite causing the skin to become
flaky and crusty
Stable: Building containing several or many cages
Stover: Standing crop residues (e.g. bean stalks, straw,
etc.) that can be used as fodder
Stress: A condition in which the animal is pressured by
negative factors. In this situation diseases can
easily attack the animal.
Suckle: Feeding the young with milk from the mother’s
tits
Trough: Feeder or water container in the cage
Viscera: Intestines, guts
Weaning: Separating the young from their mother
permanently; stopping them from drinking their
mother’s milk
100
The Agrodok series
The AGRODOK-SERIES is a series of low-priced, practical manuals on small-scale and
sustainable agriculture in the tropics. AGRODOK booklets are available in English (E), French
(F), Portuguese (P), Kiswahili (K) and Spanish (S). Agrodok publications can be ordered from
AGROMISA or CTA.
Nr. Title Languages
1. Pig farming in the tropics P, F, E

2. Soil fertility management S, P, F, E
3. Preservation of fruit and vegetables P, F, E
4. Small-scale chicken production S, P, F, E
5. Fruit growing in the tropics P, F, E
6. Simple construction surveying for rural applications P, F, E
7. Goat keeping in the tropics P, F, E
8. Preparation and use of compost S, P, F, E
9. The home garden in the tropics S, P, F, E
10. Cultivation of soya and other legumes P, F, E
11. Erosion control in the tropics S, P, F, E
12. Preservation of fish and meat P, F, E
13. Water harvesting and soil moisture retention P, F, E
14. Dairy cattle husbandry P, F, E
15. Small-scale freshwater fish farming P, F, E
16. Agroforestry P, F, E
17. Cultivation of tomato P, F, E
18. Protection of stored cereal grains and pulses P, F, E
19. Propagating and planting trees P, F, E
20. Back-yard rabbit keeping in the tropics P, F, E
21. On-farm fish culture P, F, E
22. Small-scale production of weaning foods P, F, E
23. Protected cultivation P, F, E
24. Urban agriculture P, F, E
25. Granaries P, F, E
26. Marketing for small-scale producers P, F, E
27. Establishing and managing water points for village livestock P, F, E
28. Identification of crop damage P, F, E
29. Pesticides: compounds, use and hazards P, F, E
30. Non-chemical crop protection P, F, E
31. Storage of agricultural products S, P, F, E
32. Beekeeping in the tropics P, F, E
33. Duck keeping in the tropics P, F, E
34. Improving hatching and brooding in small-scale poultry keeping S, P, F, E
35. Donkeys for transport and tillage P, F, E
36. Preparation of dairy products P, F, E
37. Small-scale seed production P, F, E
38. Starting a cooperative S, P, F, E
39. Non-timber forest products P, F, E
40. Small-scale mushroom cultivation K, P, F, E
41. Small-scale mushroom cultivation – 2 P, F, E
42. Bee products K, P, F, E
43. Rainwater harvesting for domestic use P, F, E
44. Ethnoveterinary medicine P, F, E
45. Mitigating the effects of HIV/AIDS in small-scale farming P, F, E
46. Zoonoses P, F, E
47. Snail farming P, F, E
48. Entering the organic export market P, F, E
49. The Rural Finance Landscape P, F, E
50. Packaging of agricultural products P, F, E
51. Improving lowland rice cultivation F, E
52. Backyard grasscutter keeping F, E

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agrodok

Backyard grasscutter keeping

For more information about Agromisa’s services, visit our website or

The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) is a

For more information on CTA, visit www.cta.int or contact:

Backyard grasscutter keeping

First edition: 2014

Author: Adri Vink

ISBN Agromisa: 978-90-8573-144-3

This publication has been supported by De Bouwkamp-Stichting.

Printed by: Digigrafi, Veenendaal, Netherlands

This Agrodok is the outcome of cooperation with authors of earlier grass-

2 Biology and distribution 13

3 Selection, handling and domestication 17

4 Housing: the stable with cages 25

5 Reproduction and growth 37

6 Nutrition and feeding 43

9 Slaughtering and processing 73

11 Profitability of grasscutter farming 83

Appendix 1 Growing elephant grass for grasscutter fodder 89

Domestication of the grasscutter (also known as cane rat) is slowly be-

1.1 The scope and focus of this guide

1.2 Structure of the Agrodok

Chapter 9 briefly describes grasscutter slaughtering and dressing, and

1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of grasscutter farming

A farmer should thoroughly consider his/her motives, objec-

This advice is not intended to discourage you from taking initia-

There are two species of grasscutters, the greater (Thryonomys swinderi-

The greater grasscutter, Thryonomys swinderianus, is the species being

2.1 General characteristics

3.1 Selection criteria

A good grasscutter female should:

Unfortunately you cannot verify a female’s fertility or a male’s temper

Grasscutter sex determination

A: female grasscutter B: male grasscutter

3.2 Handling and transporting animals

Figure 4: Grasscutter transport box in front of a concrete + cement-brick grasscutter cage

Handling grasscutters is both a dangerous and delicate task, because the

The procedure for handling a grasscutter by the tail is as follows.

The grasping/ lifting procedure is illustrated in Figures 5,6 and 7.

Figure 6: Clamp grasscutter behind forelegs and press it (lightly) down

Figure 8: Grasscutter being caught in a metal restrictor

Figure 9: Metal restrictor with grasscutter inside

Figure 10: Netting restrainer for catching and moving grasscutters

4.1 The stable

Cage positioning within the stable can be:

The stable’s dimensions obviously depend on the number of cages needed.

Figure 12: Three-layer, cement-block

Figure 14 shows a similar construction: two three-tiered cages back to back

4.2 Cage types and dimensions

Individual cages are used for:

Group cages are used for:

Obviously the number of animals per cage should be reduced gradually

For individual cages the following dimensions are cited:

For group cages:

Do not economise unduly on cage dimensions at the expense of

4.3 Cage construction

Grasscutter cages should be:

Steel + wire mesh cages

11 Profitability of grasscutter farming 83