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WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION INDEX OF LAKE TEMPE IN SOUTH

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Poll Res. 38 (3) : 568-574 (2019)
Copyright © EM International
ISSN 0257–8050

WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION INDEX OF LAKE TEMPE IN

SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA
AHMAD YANI*ab, MOHAMAD AMIN*c, FATCHUR ROHMANc AND
ENDANG SUARSINIc, HAERUNNISAb
a
Postgraduate Program, Department of Biology Education Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
b
Biology Education Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Puangrimaggalatung
Sengkang, South Sulawesi, 90915, Indonesia
c
Depaetment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Malang,
Malang, 65145, Indonesia
(Received 22 February, 2019; accepted 20 April, 2019)

ABSTRACT
Lake Tempe is one of the largest lakes in South Sulawesi. It is located in the Wajo district. The
primary source of Lake Tempe water is several rivers nearby that accommodate a number of
human activities such as transportation, bathing, washing, agriculture and other activities. The
direct interaction of the community with the rivers that flow into the lake may adversely impact
the water ecosystems. The aim of this study was to analyze the water quality and pollutant index
of Lake Tempe. Water samples of Lake Tempe were collected from seven sampling points. In situ:
temperature, hydrogen ion (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO) and ex-situ: turbidity, total suspended
solid (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate (PO4), nitrate (NO3) measurements
were performed to examine the physicochemical parameters of the water. The results of the
physical and chemical parameter tests showed a decrease in the water quality of Tempe Lake with
a series of values: temperature (29-31.50°C), pH (6-7), DO (3.5-6 mg/L), BOD (5.5-8.00 mg/L),
turbidity (60-80 mg/L), TSS (80-180 mg/L), PO4 (0.10-0.31 mg/L) and NO3 (0.10-0.25 mg/L). Based on
the government regulation of the Indonesian water quality standard concerning the management
of water quality and control of water pollution, these figures indicate that the lake is “medium
polluted”. The water quality index analysis showed that the three sampling points were
categorized into the “bad” class and the other four were in the “middle class”.

KEY WORDS : Lake Tempe, Physicochemical, Water quality index

INTRODUCTION One approach to assessing the quality of lake

water is the Water Quality Index (WQI) (Villa-
Water quality can be affected by things, such as: achupallas et al., 2018). This approach was
household wastes, agricultural wastes, and developed by Horton (1965) in the United States and
industrial wastes (Rijal et al., 2015). Deteriorating widely used and accepted in European, African, and
water quality can contaminate water with pollutants Asian countries (El-Serehy et al., 2018). Compared to
(Batta et al., 2013), adversely affect aquatic the traditional water quality assessments, the WQI
ecosystems (Caraka et al., 2018), and even affect method combines multiple environmental
human health (Deepa et al., 2016). According to parameters and effectively converts them into a
Sener, Sener and Davraz (2017), in order to maintain single value that reflects water quality status and
water quality, it is necessary to assess and monitor provides integrated quality information (Wu et al.,
water physicochemical parameters regularly as well 2018). According to Pradesh, Sharma, and Walia
as examine pollutants in the waters that are (2016), the monitoring and assessment of water
regularly used by the community. quality are very important for the purposes of

*Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

 WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION INDEX OF LAKE TEMPE IN SOUTH SULAWESI 569

environmental protection and water conservation,

such as rivers and lakes.
Lake Tempe in South Sulawesi is an example of a
freshwater that has been contaminated by
uncontrolled community activities (Haerunnisa et al.
2015; Yani et al., 2018). Lake Tempe water is used by
the community as a source of clean water and a
place to bathe and do the laundry (Surur, 2018). It
also supports the production of food crops and
freshwater fisheries, irrigation and plantation water
resources, and the development of water tourism
(Haerunnisa et al., 2015). From the hydrological
point of view, Lake Tempe is considered as a Fig. 1. Sampling Sites at Lake Tempe, South Sulawesi
secondary terminal (a reservoir for several rivers)
which affects three watersheds, including Bila and
Sidenreng on the north, and Batu-Batu on the west could be determined (Figure 1). Sampling was
(Pance et al., 2014). Lake Tempe watershed are carried out in January, February, and March 2018.
dominated by paddy fields (24.8%), dry agriculture Water samples were collected from seven sampling
(15.8%), natural forests (12.9%) and mixed gardens points at a depth of 2 to 5 meters from the water
(10.4%), while the open lands and the settlement are surface.
relatively small; each stretches around 3.7% and Physicochemical parameters
1.5%, respectively (Aisyah and Nomosatryo 2016).
An uncontrolled use of lake water and bad Hydro chemical physical parameters such as
watershed conditions, such as the reduction of water temperature, pH, and DO were measured in situ,
quality, the ingress of pollutants into the waters while the measurement of turbidity, BOD,
(Deepa et al., 2016), sedimentation and phosphate (PO4), and nitrate (NO3) were performed
eutrophication (Haerunnisa et al., 2015) will affect ex-situ in the Laboratory of the South Sulawesi
the lake ecosystems. Several researchers have Environmental Protection Agency (Table 1).
studied the status of aquatic ecosystems in Tempe Laboratory test results were adapted to the water
Lake (Aisyah and Nomosatryo, 2016; Haerunnisa et quality standards based on the regulatory
al., 2015; Surur, 2018). However, none of these requirements of the Indonesia water quality
studies specifically explained the physicochemical standard concerning the management of water
parameters of the water nor reported on the status of quality and control of water pollution.
the pollutant indices and water classifications using Pollution Index
the water quality index approach. Therefore, this
The quality of the lake water was calculated using
study aimed to quantitatively assess the quality of
the IP method established by the decree of the
Lake Tempe water using the Water Quality Index
Minister of the Environment of Republic of
(WQI) and evaluate the suitability of these indices
Indonesia. 115/2003 with the following formula:
for sustainable water resources needs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of Water Where:

The location for taking water samples was IPj = fouling index for the label (j), which is a
determined using the sample survey method by function of (C/Lij)
subdividing the study area into stations that were Ci = concentration of water quality parameters (i)
expected to represent the research population. The obtained from the results of water sampling
determination of sampling points was based on the at a sampling point from a flow channel.
characteristics of land use and community activities, Lij = Concentration of the water quality
taking into account their accessibility, the cost and parameters specified in the water quality
the time spent, so that the water quality of the points standard (j)
570 YANI ET AL

Table 1. Analysis Methods of the observed parameters

Parameter Unit Laboratory Equipment Standard Measurement
0
Temperature C Thermometer digital ISO 10523:2012 In-situ
pH - Portable pH meter - In-situ
DO mg/L Do meter digital SNI 06 6989-3-2004 In-situ
TSS mg/L Gravimetric ISO 5814:2012 Ex-situ
Turbidity mg/L Turbidity meter - Ex-situ
BOD mg/L Winkler SNI 6989.72 : 2009 Ex-situ
PO4 mg/L Spectrophotometer SNI 06-6989.31 : 2005 Ex-situ
NO3 mg/L Spectrophotometer SNI 06-6989.9-2004 Ex-situ

(C/Lij) M = maximum C/Lij value parameter i-parameter, and the multiplication result
(C/Lij) R = Average C/Lij value was summed as follows.
The results of this IP calculation showed the
degree of water pollution based on the water quality
standards according to the Indonesia water quality
standard. The status of water quality was divided Formula description
into four classes (Table 2). Wi = Weight of parameter values
Li = The sub-index value, obtained using the NSF
Table 2. Status of Water Quality Based on Pollution Index WQI Online Calculator on the website: water-
research.net/watrqualindex/ index.htm
Value Pollution Index (IP) Status of Water Quality
WQI values allow interpreting water quality
IPj ≥ 10 Severely polluted according to the classification proposed by Brown et
5,0 ≤ IPj ≤ 10 Moderately polluted al. (1970): 0–25, very bad; 26–50, bad; 51–70,
1,0 ≤ IPj ≤ 5,0 Lightly polluted
medium; 71–90, good; 91–100, excellent (Villa-
0,0 ≤ IPj ≤ 1,0 Good condition
Achupallas et al., 2018).

Water Quality Index (WQI) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The quantitative values of water quality were
analyzed using the Water Quality Index method Physicochemical Parameters
based on the Water Quality Index of the National
Sanitation Foundation (NSF WQI) (Sener et al., The physical parameters of water quality include
2017). The results of the analysis were used to temperature, turbidity, TSS (Table 4) and the
determine eight parameters that are part of the chemical parameters of water quality consist of pH,
index. The eight parameters include temperature, DO, BOD, NO3, PO4 (Table 5). Temperature is a very
turbidity, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, PO4 and NO3 (together important factor for aquatic ecosystems as it affects
with its relative weight per parameter) (Table 3). The organisms as well as the physical and chemical
weight of the value (Wi) was multiplied by the value
of the sub-index (Ii) adjusted from the curve of the Table 4. The Physical Parameters of Lake Tempe Water at
Different Sampling Sites
Table 3. Weight of NSF WQI water quality index Sampling Parameters
parameters Point Temperature Turbidity TSS
Parameter Unit Relative weight (Wi) 1 30.50 ±0.50 60.00 ±2.00 85.00 ±5.00
Temperature 0
C 0.10 2 29.00 ±1.00 58.00 ±2.00 87.00 ±0.00
pH - 0.11 3 30.00 ±1.00 60.50 ±0.50 85.00 ±5.00
DO mg/L 0.17 4 30.50 ±2.50 66.00 ±4.00 98.50 ±1.50
TSS mg/L 0.07 5 31.00 ±2.00 71.00 ±1.00 138.00 ±2.00
Turbidity mg/L 0.08 6 30.50 ±1.50 66.00 ±2.00 113.50 ±6.50
BOD mg/L 0.11 7 31.50 ±1.50 80.00 ±0.00 186.00 ±6.00
PO4 mg/L 0.10 (Source: Primary data, January, February, and March
NO3 mg/L 0.10 2018)
 WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION INDEX OF LAKE TEMPE IN SOUTH SULAWESI 571

properties of water (Addo et al., 2011). Of the seven 2019). Lake Tempe water pH was measured at pH 6-
sampling points, the water temperature of Lake 7 from point 1 to point 7 (Table 4). However, the pH
Tempe was between 29 and 31.50 °C (Table 4). The of acid water (6.00) at point 3 is still within tolerant
highest temperature was observed at point 7 limits, based on the Indonesian water quality
(31.50°C) and the lowest temperature was at 29°C. standard on Water Quality Standards. According to
The temperature conditions are still within the limits Kant et al. (2016), pH values of 7.0 to 8.7 are
of water quality standards set out in the Indonesian favorable for aquatic organisms. Another study
water quality standard, where class I and II waters supporting this study shows that the pH of the
possess 3 oC deviation difference compared to the household and agricultural water in the target water
natural temperature conditions of the environment. quality range is between 6 and 9 (Villa-Achupallas et
According to Kant et al. (2016), the ideal temperature al., 2018; Wu et al., 2018). In this view, the pH of Lake
in seawater is between 29 °C and 31 °C. High and Tempe water can still support the life of aquatic
low water temperatures are influenced by the biota and is within the range that may be used for
surrounding weather (Bhardwaj, 2018) and the domestic, agricultural purposes to aid the survival
vegetation density on the banks of the water (Wu et of aquatic organisms.
al., 2018). At points 3, 6, and 7, high water Each sampling site reported a different degree of
temperatures are caused by the intensity of sunlight turbidity. The turbidity values are between 60 and
entering the body of water because the location of 80 mg/L (Table 4). The turbidity of Lake Water is
the sample is an open area exposed to direct mainly influenced by erosion that occurs along the
sunlight. The temperature measurement from point inlet streams of the lake. In addition, there is a
1 to point 7 was performed during the day between fishing system called “Bungka Toddo” which uses a
10:00 and 12:00 pm. During the temperature pile of water hyacinth and mud as a place for
measurement, the weather was very hot and the sky spawning fish (Haerunnisa et al., 2015). The results
was very clear without clouds, so that the intensity of the study by (Lena and Maneemegalai, 2015)
of the sun entering the water body was quite high. suggest that the water turbidity concentration can be
Hydrogen ion matching (pH) is the acidic or influenced by climatic conditions. In the rainy
alkaline nature of water (Bhardwaj et al., 2018) and season, water turbidity tends to be higher than in the
has a range of values between 0 and 14 (Li et al., dry season. Cloudy waters reduce the penetration of

Table 5. The Chemical Parameters of Lake Tempe Water at Different Sampling Sites
Sampling point Parameters
DO pH BOD NO3 PO4
1 3.51 ±0.50 6.50 ±0.50 5.30 ±0.30 0.15 ±0.01 0.22 ±0.02
2 5.04 ±0.00 6.50 ±0.50 6.50 ±0.50 0.17 ±0.01 0.25 ±0.01
3 4.60 ±0.41 6.00 ±0.00 5.50 ±0.50 0.13 ±0.01 0.24 ±0.00
4 5.88 ±0.12 7.50 ±0.50 7.90 ±0.10 0.16 ±0.00 0.31 ±0.01
5 5.32 ±0.19 7.50 ±0.50 5.85 ±0.15 0.15 ±0.00 0.26 ±0.01
6 3.51 ±0.50 6.50 ±0.50 7.95 ±0.05 0.10 ±0.02 0.12 ±0.03
7 3.95 ±0.55 7.50 ±0.50 6.50 ±0.50 0.26 ±0.01 0.31 ±0.01
(Source: Primary data, January, February, and March 2018)

Table 5. Pollution Index, Water Quality Index and WQI Class

Sampling Point IP Water Quality Status WQI WQI Class
1 5.54 Moderately polluted 51 Medium
2 5.51 Moderately polluted 50 Medium
3 5.55 Moderately polluted 48 Bad
4 5.75 Moderately polluted 51 Medium
5 5.86 Moderately polluted 52 Medium
6 5.71 Moderately polluted 49 Bad
7 6.65 Moderately polluted 49 Bad
572 YANI ET AL

light into the water and thus influence the speed of in Lake Tempe ranged from 0.10 to 0.25 mg/L (Table
photosynthesis, plant growth and oxygen 5). According to Tepe et al. (2005), nitrate-nitrogen
production in the water (Kale, 2007). levels in natural waters are almost never more than
The results of TSS measurements on Lake Tempe 0.1 mg/L; if it is more than 0.2 mg/L, eutrophication
from point 1 to point 7 ranged from 80-180 mg/L (enrichment) of water can occur and it may affect the
(Table 4). The TSS parameters have exceeded the algae growth and stimulate aquatic plants’
water quality standard limit set by the Indonesian blooming. Similarly, Haerunnisa et al. (2015)
water quality standard, which requires water quality confirmed that Lake Tempe has underwent
standards to limit the suspended solids in river eutrophication. In addition to nitrate levels,
water and lakes to a maximum of 50 mg/L. This is phosphate can also be used as an indicator of
due to the high rainfall during the sampling process. eutrophication (Gupta and Dubey, 2015).
It can also be caused by the high turbidity The test results showed that the phosphate levels
concentration. According to Kant et al. (2016), the in Lake Tempe waters were between 0.10 and 0.31
content of suspended solids has a positive mg/L (Table 5), with the tolerant threshold
correlation with turbidity. according to Indonesian water quality standard on
The DO levels in seven samples were between Quality Management and Pollution Control 0, 2
3.5-6 mg/L (Table 5). Each sampling point has mg/L. Referring to the water quality standard, only
different DO concentration because the sampling point 6 is within the tolerance limits, while other
area has different properties. At point 4, for sampling points (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7) have exceeded
example, the DO value (6 mg/L) is high because this the water quality standards. This is in line with the
location is overgrown with several aquatic plants as phosphate concentrations reported by Kan et al.,
the main source of DO. According to Aisyah and (2016) in waters with a maximum tolerance of 0.005
Nomosatryo (2016), DO in waters is derived from to 0.02 mg/L, which should be referred to as a non-
plant photosynthesis, and the direct uptake/binding polluted ecosystem. High levels of phosphate in
of oxygen from the air through contact between the waters can limit nutrient productivity and lead to
water surface and air. In line with this, Dumouchelle eutrophication (Abhijna, 2016). High levels of
and Stelzer (2014) have suggested that DO phosphate can be the result of human septic systems
concentrations are affected by aquatic plants and and agricultural wastes. High concentration of
DO mirror activity fluctuates throughout the day, phosphate in a body of water can also be a reminder
rising in the morning and peaking in the afternoon. that wastewater has not been properly treated
Falling oxygen levels in waters may affect the before being discharged into the water (Rijal et al.
respiratory process of aquatic organisms or the 2015).
direct release of surface water into the atmosphere
Pollution Index and Water Quality Index
(Haerunnisa 2013).
Based on the measurement results of the Lake The results of the Pollution Index analysis based on
Tempe-BOD from point 1 to point 7, the BOD values the Indonesian water quality standard showed that
are between 5.5 and 8.00 mg/L (Table 5). The the status of Lake Tempe water fell into the category
maximum permissible BOD for drinking water and of moderately contaminated, such as presented in
for supporting the life of aquatic organisms and for Table 5 below.
irrigation and fishing purposes is between 2 and 12 The physicochemical parameters varied at each
mg/L (Indonesian water quality standard). The sampling point and have exceeded the maximum
BOD concentrations at points 1-3 have exceeded the threshold of the water quality standard. According
water quality threshold of class III, while at points 4- to Yuliati et al. (2018) fluctuating physical and
6 the BOD concentrations have exceeded the water chemical parameters of waters are influenced by
quality threshold of class II. The lowest BOD value tides, seasons, and organic matter from household
was observed at point 4 and the highest values were wastes, peat bogs, and industrial wastes.
found at points 1 and 2. The high BOD The average water quality index for all sources is
concentrations may be influenced by human between 48 and 52. The sampling point, which has
activities such as bathing, washing, and bowel the highest water quality index, was point 5, while
movements. These community activities increase the the lowest water quality index was observed at
organic matter in river water. point 3. The NSFWQI water quality index was low
The test results showed that the nitrogen content at the sampling point as all of its parameters
 WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION INDEX OF LAKE TEMPE IN SOUTH SULAWESI 573

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