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Effects on Emissions of a Diesel Engine with Premixed HHO

S.Liu, Z.Wang, X.X.Li, Y.Zhaoand R.N.Li

RSC Advances Accepted Manuscript

Received 26th December 2015, ABSTRACT: Most parts of China suffer often from haze pollution, which has a huge impact on human health. Road traffic
Accepted has made the largest contribution to the haze. Of all the kinds of traffic tools, the diesel engine produces the most PM;
therefore, to reduce haze pollution, it is necessary research method storeduce the PM produced by diesel engines. HHO
DOI:
(Brown’s gas, Rhode’s gas and HRG) is formed from H2(60.79%) and O2(30.39%) as well as a small amount of water vapour
www.rsc.org/ and active substances, such as oxygen radicals (O) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), which have quite strong oxidizing properties
in the engine process, stimulating the C-H chain reaction during the combustion period and accelerating the oxidation of
HC, CO and PM emissions as a result. The influence of blending HHO with diesel on diesel engine emission characteristics is
well-researched, based on an 186FA single-cylinder diesel engine. The HHO was combined with air in the intake pipe. The
influence of HHO on the amount of CO, HC, NO and PM emissions was analysed by collecting data under various speeds
and loads. Through MOUDI, particles of various diameters under the highest torque working condition and declared
working condition were collected to analyse how HHO affected the particle mass distribution in different diameter ranges.
The analysis showed that when the speed was stable, the quantities of CO, HC and PM created were decreased by adding
HHO; in addition, HHO had the greatest effect on PM. As the load increased, the amount of CO, HC and smoke declined
gradually, but the decline of NO was smaller comparatively. Moreover, after blending with HHO, the quantity of NO
created increased by 9.52% when the diesel engine operated according to external characteristics, and the quantity of HC,
CO and PM created decreased by 31.6%, 11.3% and 20.71%, respectively. Finally, the gross mass of the particles dropped
67.48% and 42.53% under the highest torque working condition and declared working condition, respectively, with the
distribution of diameters moving to smaller sizes. Introducing HHO into diesel can effectively reduce the generation of PM,
which plays a positive role in reducing haze pollution.

KEY WORDS: HHO, Diesel engine, Emissions, PM diameter, HC, NO

tools, the diesel engine produced the most PM. HHO can
1. INTRODUCTION reduce the emission of PM. We conducted research to study
how HHO influences the quantity and volume of PM emissions
The diesel engine is widely used around the world as a power
produced by a diesel engine and to analyse the change in NO,
unit. Compared with other kinds of engines, it has good power
HC and CO and other conventional pollutants of diesel engines
performance and fuel economy to meet the needs of various
with the addition of HHO.
machines. However, PM (particulate matter) is a big problem
Researchers around the world have focused on the diesel
for the diesel engine[1~3]. There are many ways to reduce PM.
engine with premixed HHO for many years. In the 1970s, an
Introducing HHO (Brown’s gas, Rhode’s gas and HRG) as an
Australian professor named Yull Brown proposed an HHO
additive into the diesel engine can change the combustion
generator. HHO[7] is essentially oxygen O2 and hydrogen H2
progress and has a significant effect on the emissions of CO,
with the molar ratio 2:1, which can be produced by
HC and PM[4~6]. As is well-known, most parts of China suffer
electrolyzing alkaline solutions in an electrolytic tank. There
from haze pollution, and some individual regions have suffered
are some hydroxyl free radicals included in HHO, which
from haze pollution for a long time. A hazy environment
catalyse combustion and increase combustion efficiency. After
causes respiratory disease and even leads to lung cancer.
that, scholars abroad started researching how to apply HHO to
Studies have shown that road traffic makes the largest
engines. Ammar A[7~8] studied the Honda G200 single
contribution to the haze in China. Of all the kinds of traffic
cylinder gasoline engine to analyse the impact of HHO on its
emission performance. The results showed that NOx was
reduced approximately 50% and CO was reduced
Xuefu Road NO.301,Zhen Jiang, Jiang Suprovince, China
Address correspondence to Liu Shuai,School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering,
approximately 80% by introducing HHO gas into the engine. S.
Jiangsu University, ZhenjiangJiangsu 212013,China Bari[9] studied a 4-cylinder diesel engine. The results showed

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that, with HHO, the engine’s absolute effective efficiency OH is a kind of nonselective oxide, and its oxidability is only
increased 2.9% and the effective fuel consumption rate less than F2. Of all the reactive oxygen free radicals, OH is
reduced 8.1%. HC, CO2 and CO were reduced as the rate of regarded as the one with the strongest activity, playing the
HHO increased, but the NOx was increased a little. Adrian. main role[16]. It can easily oxidize almost all of the organic and
Birtas[10] and his collaborators studied diesel engines to inorganic pollutants with high oxidation efficiency and reaction
research the impact of HHO on diesel engines’ economic speed. Although its lifetime is short, its reaction is so powerful
efficiency and emission performance. Their results showed that the action radius is approximately 5-10 times its molecular
that the absolute effective efficiency of diesel engines diameter, even having great influence on the adjacent
decreased approximately 0.8%. Under low load conditions, by molecules[17].
introducing a small proportion of HHO, the emission of NOx Introduce HHO into a diesel engine and kindling it to cause an
decreased. As the proportion of HHO increased, CO and CO2 implosion formsa vacuum and negative pressure with the ratio
continuously decreased, and the PM decreased 30% at most. of 1860:1, thereby improving the disturbance inside the

RSC Advances Accepted Manuscript

Ali Can Yilmaz[11] and his collaborators also studied the cylinder of the diesel engine[18]. The trace amounts of OH free
impact of HHO on the performance and emissions of diesel radicals included in HHO have strong oxidizing properties,
engines. The result showed that, after introducing HHO, the which is catalytic combustion, to promote the reaction of the
emission of CO decreased 13.5% and HC decreased 5%. C-H chain during combustion and increase the quantity of OH
This paper studies the 186F single-cylinder diesel engine and free radicals inside the cylinder, thereby improving the
introduces HHO into the diesel engine to research the impact combustion of mixed flammable gas and the oxidization of the
of HHO on the emissions of CO, HC, NO, and FSN under unburned HC, CO and PM[19].
different rotation speeds or loads and to study the impact on
PM with a MOUDI particle classification sampling device.
3 Test Device and Procedure
This paper studies the 186F single-cylinder diesel engine. The
2 The Impact of HHO on Combustion important technical parameters of this engine are shown in
HHO is colourless and tasteless. The results of a study by the Table 1,and the schematic diagram of the test device is shown
Dublin Adsorption Laboratory showed that the molar mass of in Fig. 2. The main test devices are a G5020 five-gas analysis
HHO is 12.3 g/mol. HHO is mainly made up of H2 and O2, with metre, anFBY-201 fully automatic filter-type smoke metre, and
H2 accounting for 60.79%, O2 accounting for 30.39%, and a a Model 100 MOUDI particle classification sampling device.
small amount of water vapour, O, OH and some other active The generating means is the core component of the cell
substances accounting for the rest [12]. The energy stored in 1 electrode material having a greater impact on energy
Lof HHO is approximately 600J (±34J). HHO is unstable, and its consumption during electrolysis. The electrode plate material
lifetime is approximately 11 minutes[13]. After the active must be metal because H has good catalytic properties, a high
substances of HHO disappear, what remains is the melting point, and the number of outer electron atoms is 10.
combination gas of common H2 and O2, with a volumetric
proportion of 2:1.

Figure 1.Awater molecule gaining two electrons and turning

into a linear water molecule 1.Dynamometer control system; 2.HHO gas generator; 3.Diesel
According to Eckman[13], the common water molecule engine; 4.MOUDI particle classification sampling device;
includes two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The 5.Dynamometer
hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom connect to each other Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the test device
by bonding electrons; meanwhile,the molecule interacts with The H2O to HHO generation process of the main raw material,
another pair of electrons, forming a tetrahedral structure in at the point of the solution process, the cathode, H2, requires
space as showed in Fig. 1. A Rydberg cluster can be formed by an anode to produce O2. H2O is a very weak electrolyte; at
electrolyzing water, whose main ingredients are H2 and O2 25 ℃ it's theoretical conductivity is 5.5x10-6s/m. A strong
and also includes linear water molecules, whichstay in a state electrolyte is needed to improve the conductivity of the
of high energy with a trigonal bipyramidal shape, hydrogen electrolyte. Acid is a highly corrosive electrode, suitable as an
atoms, free electrons, and several kinds of free radicals. As electrolyte, in general, in a solution of NaOH or KOH as an
research on free radicals continues, the conclusion that OH can electrolyte.
be generated by electrolyzing water also confirms that HHO The results show that, for the free radicals in HHO, the survival
includes a small quantity of free radicals[14~15]. time is short. The shale gas engine, in the course of its work, to

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maintain the activity of HHO connects the device into the HHO, HHO had a greater impact on CO emissions, which were
trachea. Online means work occurs, and the resulting HHO reduced by approximately 80%.
occurs in the inlet with the page rock gas mixed with the mass Fig. 3a shows the effect of HHO on CO emission under
flow through the control valve to adjust the shale gas blending different loads at different speeds. It can be seen that CO is
ratio of HHO. decreased in any working condition with HHO and that as the
The Japanese Seiko JSM-7001F-type Scanning Electron load increases, the falling range increases. The main reason for
Microscope and the JEM-2100-Type Transmission Electron this is that HHO includes O2. Under high load conditions, the
Microscope are employed to record the particles’ morphology average temperature inside the cylinder is higher, and the O2
and the structure of the particle samples before and after the provides the vector for CO to be oxidized CO2[21].
blending and combustion with HHO. The scanning electron Fig. 3b shows the effect of HHO on CO emission at different
microscope has a resolution of 1.2 nm /3.0 nm, a minimum speeds at 100% load. It can be seen that as the speed
resolution of 1 nm and magnification of 10 to 800,000 times. increases, the decrease of CO first decreases and then

RSC Advances Accepted Manuscript

The transmission electron microscope has a magnification of increases. At the speed of 1800r/min, the decrease is the
2000 to 1,500,000 times, a point resolution of 0.23 nm and a biggest, reaching 31.6%. The main influencing factor is the
lattice resolution of 0.14 nm. When observing, 20 visual fields ratio of HHO in the total inlet during each circulation work.
are arbitrarily selected to obtain many particle projection When the production speed of the HHO generator is set at 2
pictures. L/min, the HHO will take approximately 0.53% (volume ratio)
Table1. Main technical parameters of the 186F diesel engine of the total circulation inlet air at the speed of 1800r/min, and
Item Parameter it will take 0.4% and 0.32% when the speed is 2400r/min and
3000r/min, reducing by 24.5% and 39.6% compared with
Diesel Engine Type 186F
1800r/min. The decreasing ratio of HHO causes its catalysis for
Cylinder Bore×Stroke /mm×mm 86×70
mixed flammable gas to become lower.
Compression Ratio 19
Displacement/L 0.406
Rated Power/kW 5.7
Rated Speed/r/min 3000
This study adopts two proposals for comparison. One is to
introduce HHO into the cylinder at the speed of 2 L/min from
the intake tube, and the other one is without HHO. Then, the
emissions of HC, CO, NO and PM with different loads of 10%,
25%, 50%, 75% and 100% at different speeds of 1800r/min,
2400r/min and 3000r/min are tested to analyse the effect of
HHO on the diesel engine’s emission under the conditions of
different speeds and loads.
To check the effect of HHO on reducing PM, the exhaust will
be introduced into the MOUDI particle classification sampling
device with a vacuum pump. The PM will hit against a strike
plate because of the influence of inertial airflow. The deeper
the strike plate’s position is, the smaller the strike plate’s hole
is. The speed of the airflow through the hole will be faster,
while the diameter of the PM caught will be smaller. Different
PM particles will be caught by different strike plates because
of the different diameters of the particles. Under the condition Figure 3. Variation of CO with load and speed with and
of 100% load, the PM will be sampled before and after using without HHO
HHO at different speeds of 1800r/min and 3000r/min, with a According to Fig. 3b, when HHO is introduced, CO emission
sample time of 20 min. We will measure the weight of PM decreases 22.2% and 11.6% at the speeds of 2400r/min and
caught by the different strike plates, perform the statistical 3000r/min, respectively, compared with the condition without
calculations, and analyse the PM diameter distribution with HHO. The effect of HHO on reducing CO emission at the speed
and without HHO. of 3000r/min is better that at 2400r/min. The main reason for
this effect is that, with 100% load, the exhaust temperature is
456℃and 541℃ at 2400r/min and 3000r/min. Therefore, the
4 Test Results and Analysis average combustion temperature inside the cylinder at
4.1 CO Emission 3000r/min is higher, more OH free radicalsemergeduring
combustion, and the oxidization of CO increases accordingly.
Ammar[20] studied the impact of premixed HHO on the Honda This effect is why the decrease of CO emission at 3000r/min is
G200’s emissions performance. The results showed that，by greater than at 2400r/min.
introducing a small amount of air into the engine after the

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4.2 HC Emission Samuel[23] studied the influence of HHO on the NOx emission
S. Bari[9] studied the influence of premixed HHO on four- performance of diesel engines. The results showed that when
cylinder diesel engines. The results showed that, with the fed 1.5 L/min HHO, NOx emission concentrations decreased
premixed HHO, the absolute maximum effective efficiency of 17.9%. When fed 2.8 L/min premixed HHO, NOx emission
the diesel increased by 2.9% and the highest fuel consumption concentrations rose.
was reduced by 8.1%. When a higher proportion of HHO was Fig. 5a shows the effect of HHO on NO emission under
added, HC and CO were reduced. different loads at different speeds. It can be seen that HHO has
Fig. 4a shows the effect of HHO on HC emission under no evident influence on NO emission under low load
different loads at different speeds. It can be seen that HC is conditions. This is because under low load conditions, fuel
decreased in any working condition with HHO. The main delivery is less and the excess air coefficient is larger; the
reason is that the main component of HHO is H2, which does refore, the introduced HHO has less effect on the combustion
not consume extra O2 in the air during combustion. of the mixed inflammable gas inside the cylinder.

RSC Advances Accepted Manuscript

Additionally,H2 has the characteristics of a large diffusion When the load of the diesel engine is higher than 50%, after
coefficient, wide ignition limits, small ignition energy and fast introducing HHO, the NO emission will be higher than for the
flame propagation speed when burned[22]. The introduced working condition without HHO. The reason is that, as the load
HHO increases ignition quantity and accelerates diffusive increases, fuel delivery also increases and the excess air
combustion. Moreover, with HHO, the fuel generates more OH coefficient inside the cylinder decreases. After HHO is
free radicals during combustion, whose strong oxidizing introduced, the ignition quantity becomes greater, the
properties promote the reaction with the C-H chain and diffusive combustion moves faster, and the maximum
continuously oxidize unburned HC after the main combustion explosion pressure and temperature are higher. Moreover,
period. Thus, HC emission is reduced. HHO itself contains O2, which promotes the combustion of
Fig. 4b shows the effect of HHO on HC emission at different mixed inflammable gas more fully; therefore the temperature
speeds under 100% load. It can be seen that the two curves of and pressure inside the cylinder are both a little higher than
HC emission are almost parallel before and after HHO is the condition without HHO, causing the increase in NO
introduced, so the effect of HHO on reducing HC emission is emissions [24].
not influenced much by rotation speed. At the speed of Fig. 5b shows the effect of HHO on NO emission at different
1800r/min, the decrease of HC emission reaches its greatest, speeds under 100% load. It can be seen that after HHO is
approximately 11.3%. At the speed of 3000r/min, the decrease introduced, as the speed increases, NO emission increases
is the smallest, approximately 8.8%. The reason is that at the 9.52%, 7.50%, 5.13%, 5.15% and 2.48, respectively; i.e., the
speed of 1800r/min, HHO accounts for a larger proportion of effect of HHO on NO emission becomes lower. The reason is
the inlet air. that, as the speed increases, the proportion of HHO decreases
gradually, so the effect of HHO on combustion becomes
weaker.

Figure 4. Variation of HC with load and speed with and

without HHO
4.3 NO Emission Figure 5. Variation of NO with load and speed with and
without HHO

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4.4 PM Emission 42.53,respectively, and the PM diameter distribution moves

Fig. 6a shows the effect of HHO on PM emission under towards smaller sizes. The reason is that, as the speed
different loads at different speeds. It can be seen that HHO has increases, the average temperature inside the cylinder
no evident influence on PM emission under low load becomes higher, making the combustion more complete, so
conditions. This is because, under low load conditions,the fuel PM decreases. In addition, at high speed, the temperature of
delivery is lessand the excess air coefficient is larger, so less combustion inside the cylinder and at the exhaust are higher;
PM is generated. Therefore, PM changeslittle after HHO is during the after-combustion and exhaust period, the ratio of
introduced[25]. PM that is oxidized increases, larger particle sizes are oxidized
into smaller ones, and smaller particle sizes are oxidized
completely, causing the PM diameter distribution to move
towards the smaller sizes. Because of the combined effect
described above, the total weight of PM decreases.

RSC Advances Accepted Manuscript

Preliminary studies suggest that this is mainly because the
active radicals in HHO promote the oxidation of dissolved
organic matter on particle surfaces, so that the viscosity on the
particle surface decreases, reducing the probability of particle
collision and agglomeration[26].

Figure 6. Variation of PM with load and speed with and

without HHO
When HHO is introduced, as the load increases, the decrease
in PM also increases. Under 100% load, the PM emission
reaches its maximum value at any speed, and the effect of
HHO on PM emission is also the most obvious. The possible
reasons are as follows. Under100% load, the fuel delivery
reaches its maximum, and therefore the generated PM
reaches its maximum. After HHO is introduced, the implosion
effect of HHO promotes the disturbance and combustion
inside the cylinder. During the PM oxidation phase, under high
Figure 7. PM diameter distribution with and without HHO at
different speeds
load the temperature inside the cylinder is higher, the speed of
4.6 PM Appearance
OH free radicals increases, and the high temperature
environment is maintained longer, promoting the oxidation of Figure 8 shows the morphology and structure of the particles
PM. Therefore, under the high load condition, HHO has a more before and after blending combustion with HHO. It is observed
obvious effect on PM. Fig. 6b shows the effect of HHO on PM that the particles are approximately spherical, and through
emission at different speedsunder 100% load. Compared to processes of collisions and coagulation, the particles intersect
high speed, PM decreases more significantly at the speed of together to form distribution patterns of flocculence, bulk and
1800r/min; the reduction rate is 20.71%. The main reason is chain. Compared with biodiesel particles, after blending
that, at 1800r/min HHO accounts for the largest proportion of combustion with HHO, particles in the forms of bulk and
the inlet air and the OH free radical included is the highest; flocculence are fewer but are mainly distributed in the forms
therefore the effect on promoting combustion is the most of chain and branch. Meshing is conducted by scanning
obvious. The same is true for inhibiting and oxidizing PM. electron microscopy images of each sample to obtain the
4.5 PM Diameter Distribution number of particles per square centimetre; combined with the
measurement capabilities in Digital Micrograph software,
According to Fig. 7a and 7b, with HHO, as the speed increases,
thenumber of particles finally obtained is the average of 20
the PM diameter distribution becomes smaller. At the speeds
fields of view for each sample. Calculations show that before
of 1800r/min and 3000r/min, the decrease is 67.48% and
and after blending combustion with HHO, the number of

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particles per unit area is 17.5 and 13.8, respectively, and

compared with biodiesel, the number of particles is decreased
by approximately 21.1%.

（a）Non Premixed HHO

RSC Advances Accepted Manuscript

（a）Non Premixed HHO

（b）Premixed HHO
Figure 9. Appearance of PM with and without HHO by TEM

（b）Premixed HHO
Conclusions
Figure 8. Appearance of PM with and without HHO by SEM In this paper, the influence of blending HHO with diesel on
diesel engine emission characteristics based on an 186FA
Figure 9 is a microcosmic structure chart of particles before single cylinder diesel engine was studied. HHO was combined
and after blending combustion with HHO. It is observed that with air in the intake pipe,and the influence of HHO on the
under the action of liquid bridges and solid bridges between amount of CO, HC, NO and PM emissions was analysed by
the particles, the particle granules (i.e., secondary particles) collecting data under various speeds and loads. Through
are prepared by mutual bond and accumulation of the MOUDI, particles of various diameters under the largest
elementary particles in different sizes to form micelles having torque working condition and declared working condition
a fractal structure, showing different density levels at the were collected to analyse how HHO affected the particle mass
junction, of which the darker area is the result of the distribution in different diameter ranges. The main conclusions
superposition of a plurality of elementary particles. Further are as follows:
amplified by particle agglomerates, it is observed that the After introducing HHO into the engine at the same speed but
basic carbon particles are composed of a core and a shell, and under low loadwith premixed HHO,the effect on
the carbon layer structure of the shell is strongly similar to the emissionsfrom the diesel engine is less. As the load increases,
microcrystalline structure of multilayer graphite with high the increase of NO emission increases at an average rate of
stability; the closer to the core, the more obvious the torsion 5%. The decrease of CO, HC and PM emissions increases
and translation phenomena between carbon layers will be, approximately 15%, 8.5% and 7.5%,respectively.
showing a highly disordered topography. Compared with the Under 100% load with HHO, as the speed increases, the
particles of biodiesel, after blending combustion with HHO, the increase of NO emission decreases at an average rate of 6%,
stacking between the basic carbon particles is decreased, there the decrease of CO, HC and PM emissions decreases
is a larger gap between the various basic carbon particles, and approximately 17.5%, 10%, 12%,respectively, and the weight
the aggregate structure is looser. This is mainly because, in the of PM decreases 6.672 mg on average.
combustion process with HHO, on the one hand the active Under the conditions of 1800r/min and 100%load, the effect of
radicals, such as OH,play the role in oxidizingthe soluble HHO on the emissions is the most obvious, with NO increasing
organic matter on the particle surface, thereby reducing the 9.52%, and CO, HC, PM decreasing 31.6%, 11.3%,
stickiness of the particle surface and the probability of particle 20.71%,respectively, PM weight decreasing 11.766 mg, and
collision agglomeration; on the other hand, OH active radicals the PM diameter distribution moving towards smaller particle
have the lowest reaction activation energy with particle sizes.
precursors (benzene) with fast reaction speed, which has When the diesel engine is working, the surface morphology of
played a role in suppressing particle nucleation, reducing the the particles is predominantly distributed in lump, chain and
generation of particles. arborescence and so on, and after the blending combustion
with HHO, the lump structure is reduced and the particles are
mostly distributed in chain and arborescence, and the number
of particles per unit area is reduced.

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RSC Advances Accepted Manuscript

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