Summary: Chapter 1

Candide lives in the castle of the baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh in Westphalia. C

andide is the illegitimate son of the baron s sister. His mother refused to marry
his father because his father s family tree could only be traced through seventy-on
e quarterings. The castle s tutor, Pangloss, teaches metaphysico-theologo-cosmolo-ni
gology and believes that this world is the best of all possible worlds. Candide lis
tens to Pangloss with great attention and faith. Miss Cunégonde, the baron s daughte
r, spies Pangloss and a maid, Paquette, engaged in a lesson in experimental physi
cs. Seized with the desire for knowledge, she hurries to find Candide. They flirt
and steal a kiss behind a screen. The baron catches them and banishes Candide.
Summary: Chapter 2
Candide wanders to the next town, where two men find him half-dead with hunger a
nd fatigue. They give him money, feed him, and ask him to drink to the health of
the king of the Bulgars. They then conscript him to serve in the Bulgar army, w
here Candide suffers abuse and hardship as he is indoctrinated into military lif
e. When he decides to go for a walk one morning, four soldiers capture him and h
e is court-martialed as a deserter. He is given a choice between execution and r
unning the gauntlet (being made to run between two lines of men who will strike
him with weapons) thirty-six times. Candide tries to choose neither option by ar
guing that the human will is free, but his argument is unsuccessful. He finally ch
ooses to run the gauntlet.
After running the gauntlet twice, Candide s skin is nearly flayed from his body. T
he king of the Bulgars happens to pass by. Discovering that Candide is a metaphy
sician and ignorant of the world, the king pardons him. Candide s wounds heal in tim
e for him to serve in a war between the Bulgars and the Abares.
Summary: Chapter 3
The war results in unbelievable carnage, and Candide deserts at the first opport
unity. In both kingdoms he sees burning villages full of butchered and dying civ
ilians.
Candide escapes to Holland, where he comes upon a Protestant orator explaining t
he value of charity to a crowd of listeners. The orator asks Candide whether he
supports the good cause. Remembering Pangloss s teachings, Candide replies that [t]he
re is no effect without a cause. The orator asks if Candide believes that the Pop
e is the Antichrist. Candide explains that he does not know, but that in any cas
e he is hungry and must eat. The orator curses Candide and the orator s wife dumps
human waste over Candide s head. A kind Anabaptist, Jacques, takes Candide into h
is home and employs Candide in his rug factory. Jacques s kindness revives Candide s
faith in Pangloss s theory that everything is for the best in this world.
Summary: Chapter 4
Candide finds a deformed beggar in the street. The beggar is Pangloss. Pangloss
tells Candide that the Bulgars attacked the baron s castle and killed the baron, h
is wife, and his son, and raped and murdered Cunégonde. Pangloss explains that syp
hilis, which he contracted from Paquette, has ravaged his body. Still, he believ
es that syphilis is necessary in the best of worlds because the line of infectio
n leads back to a man who traveled to the New World with Columbus. If Columbus h
ad not traveled to the New World and brought syphilis back to Europe, then Europ
eans would also not have enjoyed New World wonders such as chocolate.
Jacques finds a doctor to cure Pangloss, who loses an eye and an ear to the syph
ilis. Jacques hires Pangloss as his bookkeeper and then takes Candide and Panglo
ss on a business trip to Lisbon. Jacques disagrees with Pangloss s assertion that
this is the best of worlds and claims that men have somehow corrupted Nature. God
never gave men weapons, he claims, but men created them in order to destroy thems
elves.
Summary: Chapter 5
A furious storm overtakes Candide s ship on its way to Lisbon. Jacques tries to sa
ve a sailor who has almost fallen overboard. He saves the sailor but falls overb
oard himself, and the sailor does nothing to help him. The ship sinks, and Pangl
oss, Candide, and the sailor are the only survivors. They reach shore and walk t
oward Lisbon.
Lisbon has just experienced a terrible earthquake and is in ruins. The sailor fi
nds some money in the ruins and promptly gets drunk and pays a woman for sex. Me
anwhile the groans of dying and buried victims rise from the ruins. Pangloss and
Candide help the wounded, and Pangloss comforts the victims by telling them the
earthquake is for the best. One of the officers of the Inquisition accuses Pang
loss of heresy because an optimist cannot possibly believe in original sin. The
fall and punishment of man, the Catholic Inquisitor claims, prove that everythin
g is not for the best. Through some rather twisted logic, Pangloss attempts to d
efend his theory.
Summary: Chapter 6
The Portuguese authorities decide to burn a few people alive to prevent future e
arthquakes. They choose one man because he has married his godmother, and two ot
hers because they have refused to eat bacon (thus presumably revealing themselve
s to be Jewish). The authorities hang Pangloss for his opinions and publicly flo
g Candide for listening with an air of approval. When another earthquake occurs la
ter the same day, Candide finds himself doubting that this is the best of all po
ssible worlds.
Summary: Chapter 7
Just then an old woman approaches Candide, treats his wounds, gives him new clot
hes, and feeds him. After two days, she leads him to a house in the country to m
eet his real benefactor, Cunégonde.
Summary: Chapter 8
Cunégonde explains to Candide that the Bulgars have killed her family. After execu
ting a soldier whom he found raping Cunégonde, a Bulgar captain took Cunégonde as hi
s mistress and later sold her to a Jew, Don Issachar. After seeing her at Mass,
the Grand Inquisitor wanted to buy her from Don Issachar; when Don Issachar refu
sed, the Grand Inquisitor threatened him with auto-da-fé (burning alive). The two
agreed to share Cunégonde; the Grand Inquisitor would have her four days a week, D
on Issachar the other three. Cunégonde was present to see Pangloss hanged and Cand
ide whipped, the horror of which made her doubt Pangloss s teachings. Cunégonde told
the old woman, her servant, to care for Candide and bring him to her.
Summary: Chapter 9
Don Issachar arrives to find Cunégonde and Candide alone together, and attacks Can
dide in a jealous rage. Candide kills Don Issachar with a sword given to him by
the old woman. The Grand Inquisitor arrives to enjoy his allotted time with Cunégo
nde and is surprised to find Candide. Candide kills him. Cunégonde gathers her jew
els and three horses from the stable and flees with Candide and the old woman. T
he Holy Brotherhood gives the Grand Inquisitor a grand burial, but throws Don Is
sachar s body on a dunghill.
Summary: Chapter 10
A Franciscan friar steals Cunégonde s jewels. Despite his agreement with Pangloss s ph
ilosophy that the fruits of the earth are a common heritage of all, Candide noneth
eless laments the loss. Candide and Cunégonde sell one horse and travel to Cadiz,
where they find troops preparing to sail to the New World. Paraguayan Jesuit pri
ests have incited an Indian tribe to rebel against the kings of Spain and Portug
al. Candide demonstrates his military experience to the general, who promptly ma
kes him a captain. Candide takes Cunégonde, the old woman, and the horses with him
, and predicts that it is the New World that will prove to be the best of all po
ssible worlds. But Cunégonde claims to have suffered so much that she has almost l
ost all hope. The old woman admonishes Cunégonde for complaining because Cunégonde h
as not suffered as much as she has.
Summary: Chapter 11
The old woman tells her story. It turns out that she is the daughter of Pope Urb
an X and the princess of Palestrina. She was raised in the midst of incredible w
ealth. At fourteen, already a stunning beauty, she was engaged to the prince of
Massa Carrara. The two of them loved each another passionately. However, during
the lavish wedding celebration, the prince s mistress killed the prince with a poi
soned drink, and the old woman and her mother set sail to mourn at their estate
in Gaeta. On the way, pirates boarded the ship and the pope s soldiers surrendered
without a fight. The pirates examined every bodily orifice of their prisoners,
searching for hidden jewels. They raped the women and sailed to Morocco to sell
them as slaves.
A civil war was underway in Morocco, and the pirates were attacked. The old woma
n saw her mother and their maids of honor ripped apart by the men fighting over
them. After the fray ended, the old woman climbed out from under a heap of dead
bodies and crawled to rest under a tree. She awoke to find an Italian eunuch vai
nly attempting to rape her.
Summary: Chapter 12
The old woman continues her story. Despite the eunuch s attempt to rape her, she w
as delighted to encounter a countryman, and the eunuch carried her to a nearby c
ottage to care for her. They discovered that he had once served in her mother s pa
lace. The eunuch promised to take the old woman back to Italy, but then took her
to Algiers and sold her to the prince as a concubine.
The plague swept through Algiers, killing the prince and the eunuch. The old wom
an was subsequently sold several times and ended up in the hands of a Muslim mil
itary commander. He took his seraglio with him when ordered to defend the city o
f Azov against the Russians. The Russians leveled the city, and only the command
er s fort was left standing. Desperate for food, the officers killed and ate two e
unuchs. They planned to do the same with the women, but a pious and sympathetic re
ligious leader persuaded them to merely cut one buttock from each woman for food
. Eventually, the Russians killed all the officers.
The women were taken to Moscow. A nobleman took the old woman as his slave and b
eat her daily for two years. He was executed for court intrigue, and the old woman
escaped. She worked as a servant in inns across Russia. She came close to suici
de many times in her life, but never carried it out because she loved life too muc
h. The old woman wonders why human nature makes people want to live even though
life itself is so often a curse. She tells Candide and Cunégonde to ask each passe
nger on the ship to tell his story. She wagers that every single one has been up
set to be alive.
Summary: Chapter 13
At the old woman s urging, Candide and Cunégonde ask their fellow passengers about t
heir experiences. They find that the old woman s prediction is correct. When the s
hip docks at Buenos Aires, they visit the haughty, self-important governor, Don
Fernando d Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza, who orders Candide
to review his company. When Candide leaves, Don Fernando begs Cunégonde to marry
him. The shrewd old woman advises Cunégonde to marry the governor, as marrying him
could make both her and Candide s fortune.
Meanwhile, a Portuguese official and police arrive in the city. It turns out tha
t when the Franciscan who stole Cunégonde s jewels tried to sell them, the jeweler r
ecognized them as belonging to the Grand Inquisitor. Before he was hanged, the F
ranciscan described the three people from whom he stole the jewels ostensibly the
Grand Inquisitor s murderers. The authorities sent the Portuguese official to capt
ure these three. The old woman advises Cunégonde to remain in Buenos Aires, since
Candide was responsible for the murder and the governor will not allow the autho
rities to do Cunégonde any harm. The old woman advises Candide to flee immediately
.

Summary: Chapter 14
Candide s new valet Cacambo is fond of his master and urges Candide to follow the
old woman s advice. Cacambo tells Candide not to worry about Cunégonde because God a
lways takes care of women. Cacambo suggests that they fight on the side of the r
ebellious Paraguayan Jesuits. The two reach the rebel guard and ask to speak to
the colonel, but the colonel orders their weapons and their horses seized. A ser
geant tells Candide and Cacambo that the colonel does not have time to see them
and that the Father Provincial hates Spaniards. He gives them three hours to get
out of the province. Cacambo informs the sergeant that Candide is German. The c
olonel agrees to see him.
Candide and Cacambo are led to the colonel s lavish pavilion. Their weapons and ho
rses are returned. It turns out that the colonel is Cunégonde s brother, now the bar
on of Thunder-ten-tronckh. Candide and the baron embrace one another in tearful
joy. Candide reports that Cunégonde also survived the attack and that she is with
the governor. While they wait for the Father Provincial, the colonel tells his s
tory.

Summary: Chapter 15
When the Bulgars attacked the castle, the colonel was left unconscious and appea
red dead. He was thrown into a cart full of corpses and taken to a Jesuit chapel
for burial. A Jesuit sprinkling holy water on the bodies noticed the colonel s ey
es moving, and immediately made arrangements for the colonel s care. After three w
eeks the colonel recovered completely. Being a very pretty boy, he earned the tende
r friendship of a highly regarded Jesuit and eventually became a Jesuit himself.
He was sent to Paraguay, where he became a colonel as well as a priest.
The colonel hopes to bring Cunégonde to Paraguay. Candide says he wishes to do the
same because he plans to marry her. This statement infuriates the colonel, as C
andide is not of the nobility. Candide claims that he agrees with Pangloss s state
ment that all men are equal, and reminds the colonel how much he has done for Cu
négonde and how happily she agreed to marry him. The colonel slaps Candide with hi
s sword, and Candide responds by running the colonel through with his own sword.
Candide bursts into tears. Cacambo rushes into the room. He dresses Candide in
the colonel s habit, and they flee the pavilion.
Summary: Chapter 16
Candide and Cacambo end up in a strange country with no roads. They see two nake
d women running in a meadow pursued by two monkeys biting at their legs. Candide
hopes he can rescue the women and gain their assistance, and so he kills the mo
nkeys. However, instead of being grateful the women fall to the ground and weep
over the dead monkeys. Cacambo informs Candide that the monkeys were the women s l
overs. Candide and Cacambo hide in a thicket where they fall asleep.
They awaken to find themselves bound and surrounded by a tribe of fierce natives
known as Biglugs. The Biglugs rejoice, excited that they are going to get reven
ge on the Jesuits by eating one. Cacambo tells them in their language that Candi
de is not a Jesuit. He explains that Candide killed a Jesuit and wore the Jesuit
habit to escape. He urges the Biglugs to take the habit to the border and ask t
he guards to confirm the story. The Biglugs do so and discover that Cacambo is t
elling the truth. They show Candide and Cacambo the greatest hospitality and acc
ompany them to the edge of their territory. Candide affirms his faith in the per
fection of the world.
Summary: Chapter 17
Cacambo and Candide continue to travel, but their horses die and their food runs
out. They find an abandoned canoe and row down a river, hoping to find signs of
civilization. After a day, their canoe smashes against some rocks.
Cacambo and Candide make their way to a village, where they find children playin
g with emeralds, rubies, and diamonds. When the village schoolmaster calls the c
hildren, they leave the jewels on the ground. Candide tries to give the jewels t
o the schoolmaster, but the schoolmaster merely throws them back to the ground.
Cacambo and Candide visit the village inn, which looks like a European palace. T
he people inside speak Cacambo s native language. Cacambo and Candide eat a grand
meal and try to pay for it with two large gold pieces they picked up off the gro
und. The landlord laughs at them for trying to give him pebbles. Moreover, the gov
ernment maintains all inns for free. Candide believes that this is the place in
the world where everything is for the best.
Summary: Chapter 18
Cacambo and Candide go to see the village sage, a 172-year-old man. The sage exp
lains that his people have vowed never to leave their kingdom, which is called E
ldorado. High mountains surround the kingdom, so no outsiders can get in, making
Eldorado safe from European conquests. They also have a God whom they thank eve
ry day for giving them what they need. No religious persecution occurs because e
veryone agrees about everything.
Cacambo and Candide visit the king. They embrace him according to customs explai
ned by one of his servants, and such familiarity and equality of address with a
monarch shocks them. Candide asks to see the courts and prisons and learns there
are none. Rather, there are schools devoted to the sciences and philosophy.
After a month, Candide decides that he cannot stay in Eldorado as long as Cunégond
e is not there. He decides to take as many Eldorado pebbles with him as he can. Th
e king considers the plan foolish, but sets his architects to work building a ma
chine to lift Candide, Cacambo, and 102 swift sheep loaded down with jewels out
of the deep valley. Candide hopes to pay Don Fernando for Cunégonde and buy a king
dom for himself.
Summary: Chapter 19
Cacambo and Candide lose all but two sheep as they travel to Surinam, but the la
st two sheep still carry a sizable fortune. Cacambo and Candide meet a slave on
the road who is missing a leg and a hand. The slave tells them that his own moth
er sold him to his cruel master, Vanderdendur. He tells them of the misery of sl
avery, and his words prompt Candide to renounce Pangloss s optimism.
Candide sends Cacambo to retrieve Cunégonde and the old woman. Meanwhile, Candide
tries to secure passage to Venice, and Vanderdendur offers his ship. When Candid
e readily agrees to Vanderdendur s high price, Vanderdendur deduces that Candide s s
heep are carrying a fortune. Candide puts his sheep on board in advance, and Van
derdendur sails off without him, taking much of Candide s fortune.
Candide, at great expense, tries but fails to obtain compensation through the le
gal system. He then books passage on a ship sailing for France and announces tha
t he will pay passage plus a good sum of money to the most unhappy man in the pr
ovince. Out of the crowd of applicants, Candide chooses a scholar who was robbed
by his wife, beaten by his son, and forsaken by his daughter.
Summary: Chapter 20
Candide still has a little money and a few jewels, and hopes to use what he has
to recover Cunégonde. His love and remaining fortune momentarily renew his faith i
n Pangloss s philosophy. Martin the scholar, on the other hand, maintains that God
has abandoned the world because men kill and maim one another everywhere. En ro
ute to Bordeaux, Martin and Candide watch a battle between two ships. One ship s
inks and its crew perishes. Candide finds his sheep in the water and realizes th
at the defeated ship belonged to Vanderdendur. Candide claims that there is some
good in the world because Vanderdendur has met with just punishment, but Martin
asks why Vanderdendur s crew had to die with him.
Summary: Chapter 21
When the coast of France is in sight, Candide asks Martin if he has ever been to
Paris. Martin says he has, and describes his previous encounters with the Frenc
h and his disgust at what he calls their lack of manners. Candide asks Martin wh
y the world was made, and Martin replies, To make us mad. Candide then asks Martin
if he believes that men have always done evil things to one another. Martin rep
lies with a question, asking Candide if hawks have always eaten pigeons. When Ca
ndide answers yes, Martin counters that if the rest of nature s beasts do not chan
ge, then men do not either. Candide disagrees, claiming that men have free will.
Summary: Chapter 22
The ship arrives in France, and Candide buys a carriage so that he and Martin ca
n continue to travel together. They decide to visit Paris, but Candide becomes i
ll upon arriving at their hotel. Candide wears a large diamond on his hand that
attracts a great number of new friends, including two physicians, who force thei
r services on him. The physicians only succeed in making Candide sicker. Candide
and Martin meet an abbé of Perigord and play cards with him and his friends. The
other players cheat, and Candide loses a great deal of money. The abbé takes Candi
de and Martin to visit the Marquise of Parolignac. While there, Candide argues w
ith a philosopher about whether everything is for the best in this world. The ph
ilosopher states that the world is in a state of unending warfare. The Marquise se
duces Candide and steals his jeweled rings.
By manipulating Candide, the abbé learns that Candide has not received a letter fr
om Cunégonde. The next morning, Candide receives a letter signed Cunégonde with the ne
ws that she is ill in Paris and wishes him to visit her. Candide and Martin are
conducted into a dark room. The maidservant explains that Candide may not view C
unégonde because light would be harmful to her. Candide gives diamonds and gold to
the woman he believes to be Cunégonde. The abbé arrives with a squad of officers an
d orders Martin and Candide arrested as suspicious strangers. Candide bribes an of
ficer with diamonds, and the officer lets them go. The officer s brother, after be
ing given more diamonds, puts Candide and Martin on a ship bound for England.
Summary: Chapter 23
When the ship is near shore, Martin and Candide witness the execution of an admi
ral. They learn that England executes admirals periodically to encourage the res
t of the fleet to fight harder, and that this particular admiral was sentenced t
o death for failing to incite his men to get closer to the enemy during a battle
with the French in Canada. Candide refuses to set foot in England and arranges
for the captain of the ship to take him to Venice, where he is certain he will b
e reunited with Cunégonde.
Summary: Chapter 24
When Candide fails to find Cunégonde and Cacambo after several months in Venice, h
e falls into despair. He begins to agree with Martin s claim that the world is mis
ery. Martin scolds Candide for trusting a valet with a fortune of millions, and
repeats his argument that there is little virtue and little happiness on the eart
h.
On the street, Candide sees a pretty young woman and a young monk walking arm-in
-arm with happy expressions on their faces. When he approaches them, he discover
s that the girl is Paquette and the monk is named Brother Giroflée. Paquette, Pang
loss s old mistress, confirms Pangloss s story that he caught syphilis from her. A s
urgeon took pity on Paquette and cured her, and in return she became the surgeon s
mistress. The surgeon s jealous wife beat Paquette every day, but the surgeon tir
ed of his wife and poisoned her while treating her for a common cold. His wife s f
amily sued him, so he fled. Paquette was sent to prison but the judge granted he
r freedom on the condition that she become his mistress. When the judge tired of
Paquette he turned her out, and she resorted to prostitution. Brother Giroflée is
one of her clients, and Paquette appears happy to please him. Giroflée s parents ha
ve forced him into the monastery to increase his older brother s fortune. Giroflée h
ates the monastery because it is rife with petty intrigue. Candide gives the two
money to ease their sorrows.
Summary: Chapter 25
Candide visits Count Pococurante in Venice. The wealthy count has a marvelous co
llection of art and books, but he is unable to enjoy any of it. He finds the pai
ntings of Raphael unpleasant and the works of Homer, Horace, and Milton tiresome
. The count once pretended to appreciate these things in front of others, but is
now unable to pretend, and scorns those who admire everything in a well-known au
thor. The count s brashness astonishes Candide, who has never been trained to judge
for himself, but Martin finds the count s remarks reasonable. Candide thinks the
count must be a genius because nothing pleases him. Martin explains that there i
s some pleasure in having no pleasure.

Summary: Chapter 26
During Venice s Carnival season, Candide and Martin are dining with six strangers
in an inn when they encounter Cacambo, who is now the slave of one of the six st
rangers. Cacambo explains that Cunégonde is in Constantinople and offers to bring
Candide to her. Summoned by his master, he is unable to say any more. Candide an
d Martin converse with their dinner companions and discover that each is a depos
ed king from a different corner of Europe. One of them, Theodore of Corsica, is
the poorest and least fortunate, and the others each offer him twenty sequins. C
andide gives him a diamond worth one hundred times that sum. The kings wonder ab
out his identity and the sources of his generosity.
Summary: Chapter 27
On the way to Constantinople with Cacambo and his master, Candide and Martin lea
rn that Cacambo bought Cunégonde and the old woman from Don Fernando, but that a p
irate abducted them and sold them as slaves. Cunégonde has grown horribly ugly, bu
t Candide resolves to love her anyway. Candide purchases Cacambo s freedom. Upon a
rriving in Turkey, Candide recognizes two galley slaves as the baron and Panglos
s. Candide also buys their freedom.
Summary: Chapter 28
While the group travels to rescue Cunégonde, the baron and Pangloss tell their sto
ries. The baron bears no ill will toward Candide for stabbing him. After his wou
nd healed, Spanish troops attacked him and sent him to jail in Buenos Aires. The
baron eventually returned to Rome to serve his Jesuit order, but was caught bat
hing naked with a young Turkish man and sent to the galleys.
The executioner who was to hang Pangloss was inexperienced in hangings and made
the noose badly, so Pangloss survived. A surgeon bought Pangloss s body for dissec
tion. Pangloss regained consciousness after being cut open, and the startled sur
geon sewed him closed again. Pangloss then traveled to Constantinople. He entere
d a mosque and saw a pretty young woman drop her nosegay from her bosom. Panglos
s picked it up and returned it to her bosom with the most respectful attentions. H
er male companion thought he was taking too long with it, so he had Pangloss arr
ested. Pangloss was then whipped and sent to the galleys. However, he still beli
eves that pre-established harmony is the finest notion in the world.
Summary: Chapter 29
Candide purchases the old woman, Cunégonde, and a small farm. Cunégonde reminds Cand
ide of his promise to marry her. Though horrified by her ugliness, Candide does
not dare refuse. However, the baron again declares that he will not live to see
his sister marry beneath her rank.
Summary: Chapter 30
"I should like to know which is worse, being raped a hundred times by negro
pirates . . . or . . . just sitting here and doing nothing?"

Pangloss draws up a formal treatise declaring that the baron has no rights over
his sister. Martin is in favor of drowning the baron. Cacambo suggests that they
return the baron to the galleys without telling Cunégonde, and that is the course
they choose.
Cunégonde grows uglier and more disagreeable every day. Cacambo works in the garde
n of the small farm. He hates the work and curses his fate. Pangloss is unhappy
because he has no chance of becoming an important figure in a German university.
Martin is patient because he imagines that in any other situation he would be e
qually unhappy. They all debate philosophy while the misery of the world continu
es. Pangloss still maintains that everything is for the best but no longer truly
believes it. Paquette and Giroflée arrive at the farm, having squandered the mone
y Candide gave them. They are still unhappy, and Paquette is still a prostitute.
The group consults a famous dervish (Muslim holy man) about questions of good an
d evil. The dervish rebukes them for caring about such questions and shuts the d
oor in their faces. Later, the group stops at a roadside farm. The farmer kindly
invites them to a pleasant dinner. He only has a small farm, but he and his fam
ily work hard on it and live a tolerable existence.
Candide finds the farmer s life appealing. He, Cunégonde, and his friends decide to
follow it, and everyone is satisfied by hard work in the garden. Pangloss sugges
ts to Candide once again that this is the best of possible worlds. Candide respo
nds, That is very well put . . . but we must cultivate our garden.