ODD AND EVEN NUMBERS; SIGNED NUMBERS

Rules on operations on odd and even numbers:

1. The sum of (i) odd and odd is even; (ii) odd and even is odd; (iii) even and even is even
2. The product of (i) odd and odd is odd; (ii) odd and even is even; (iii) even and even is even

Rules on products, quotients and powers involving signed numbers (positive and negative)
(+ ) ( + ) (− )
=( + ) = =( − )
1. ( + ) (+ ) = ( + ) and (+ ) 3. ( − ) ( + ) =( + ) ( − ) =( − ) and (− ) ( + )
(− ) any number
= (+ ) 4.
(+) =( + )
(− ) ( − )= ( + ) (− )
2. and
5.
(− )even=( + ) and
(− )odd =(− )
Rules on sums and differences involving signed numbers
−( b−a ) if b>a
6.
a+ (−b ) or (−b )+ a=a−b=
{
+ ( a−b ) if a>b
OR larger – smaller then take the sign of the larger number

7. (−a ) −b or (−a ) + (−b )=−( a+b )

8. a−(−b ) =a+b
Find the value of the following expressions:

1. 8−(−14 ) 7. 23+ (−35 ) −144

12. −24
2. −12−24 8. −12×−8
16−9 25×−6 13.
(−4 )3
3. 9.

4. −5− (− 11 ) 48 14.
(−3 )4
10. −6
5. −23+8
15.
(−2 )3 ( 3 )2
−72
6. −15+ (−19 ) 8 2
11. −4
16.
(−4 )2

17. Which of the following is the product of a positive even number and a negative odd number?
a. a positive even number c. a negative even number
b. a positive odd number d. a negative odd number
Answer: Since positive times negative is negative and even times odd is even, then the product is a negative even number (C).
18. Which of the following is always even if A is an even number and B is an odd number?
a. A+B c. AB
b. A–B d. AB
Answer: C
19. Which of the following is odd if A is an even number?
a. 3A c. A+2
b. A2 d. A–3
Solution: A. 3 is odd and A is odd so 3A is odd. B. A is odd, so it is not divisible by 2. C. A is odd and 2 is even so A + 2 is odd. Answer is C.
20. Which of the following is always negative?
a. Product of four negative numbers c. A negative number raised to an even exponent
b. Sum of four negative numbers d. None of the above
Answer: B

21. If a + 1 is an even number, then which of the following is odd?

a. a–1 c. a+4
b. a2 + 1 d. a(a + 1)
Solution: Since a + 1 is even, then a is odd. A. a – 1 is odd minus odd which is even. B. a 2 + 1 is a times a plus 1, odd times odd plus odd which is odd plus
odd or even. C. a + 4 is odd plus even which is odd. Answer is C.

22. If a, b and c are odd numbers, then which of the following is even?
a. AB + BC + AC c. ABC
b. A+B+C d. A(B + C)
Answer: D

ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF OPERATIONS

Pointers:

1. All operations inside grouping symbols, starting from the innermost grouping symbols to the outermost, from left to right.

5× 8− 4+−2
⏟ ÷3 =10

Ex.
(1)
⏟
⏟
⏟
2

3
{[ ] } 4 Example:
⏟)÷( 3×−2
−8+−4
(⏟ 1
⏟ )=−12÷−6=2
3
2

2. All exponentiation, from innermost to outermost, from left to right.

 2
2⏟3 =82 =64
1.
2
6 ÷4−5×3+1 =? (⏟)
1
⏟2 ÷23 =144÷8=18
12
⏟
1
⏟ 2
Example: 2 Example: 3 3. 330 + 180  30  40 10 – 50 + 32 = ?
2.
−4 + {−2+15÷[ −1−(−4 ) ] }÷(−3 ) =?
3. All multiplications and divisions from left to right. Note that multiplication and division are same level operations.
4. 180  30 × 80 + 40  10  50 = ? 50÷ 10×5
⏟ =50÷50=1
50÷10
⏟ ×5 = 5×5=25
⏟
1
(1 )
⏟
2×{−5+3 ( 4−5 ) }
9. −4 =?
Example: 2 Example: 2
5.
2× − 42−(−20+
{ 9) =? }
4. All additions and subtractions from left to right. Note that addition and subtraction are same level operations.
10− 5+3
⏟ =10−8=2
6× {2−(−6+2 ) } +20
6.
−3× { 2×⏟
( 15−5
1
10−5
⏟ +3 = 5+3=8
)−(−7−8 ) } =?
( )
⏟
10. 1 2 ( 5−6 ) =?
Example: 2 2Example: 2

5. Negation of a number. When a minus sign is in front of a number, then the sign of the number changes to the opposite.

7. { 31−(−4+8
Example: )=3 (−3 ) }
−(−3) +9+2 =? Example: −( 3 )=−3 9+3 {5−6 ( 1+ 4 ) }
11. 3+8 (7−6 ) =?
2

⏟ =−9
−3
2 ⏟ ) =9
−3
(⏟
4 (−2+ 7 )1−7 {5−( 7+4 ) } 1 4 ( 5 ) +6−6 {3−3 ( 4 ) }
8. ⏟ =?
Example: 2 Example: 2 12. 1−3 ( 5−2 ) =?
2
−3 ×
FORMULA EVALUATION ⏟2 (−3 ⏟ ) =−9×9=−81
⏟ 1
2
Pointer: If there is a given formula, replace the first letter in the formula by the first operand of the problem, and replace the second letter by the second operand.
⏟ 4

1. ⏟ 3 by x  y = x + y – xy, then the value of 3  4 is

If the operation  is defined
a. Example:
12 5 b. 7 c. 5 d. 5
Solution: Replacing x by 3 and y by 4 in the formula, 3  4 = 3 + 4  3 4 = 5.
Find the value of the following expressions.
10 x
x⊕ y=
2. If the operation  is defined by y , then the value of 0.0042  0.00006 is
a. 70 b. 700 c. 7,000 d. 70,000

2 3
3. If a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4, then what is the value of
( c−2a b ) ?

3
4. When x = 2 and y = 3, find the value of 4 ( x2 ) ( 3 y )2 .

5. If a∗b=( a+b )( a−b ) , find the value of −2∗4 .

y
6. If x∗y=x −x , find the value of 3∗4 .
2
c∗d=
1 1
+
7. If c d , find the value of 2∗4 .
2 2
Some Common Formulas: x − y =( x + y ) ( x − y )
( x+ y )3 =x 3 +3 x 2 y+3 xy 2 + y 3
( x− y )3 =x 3−3 x 2 y+3 xy 2 − y 3
( x+ y )2=x 2 +2 xy+ y 2
( x− y )2=x 2−2 xy+ y 2
2 2
8. What is the value of 348 −152 ?
2 2
Solution: 348 −1522
x 2− y 2 , with x = 348 and y = 152. Using the formula x − y =( x + y ) ( x − y ) ,
2
is similar to

3482 −1522= (348+152 )( 348−152 )=( 500 ) ( 196 )=98, 000

9. What is the value of
993 +3 ( 99 )2+3 ( 99 ) +1 ?
2
Solution: 993 +3 ( 99 ) +3 ( 99 ) +1=993 +3 ( 992 ) ( 1 ) +3 ( 99 ) ( 12 ) + ( 13) , which is similar to x 3 +3 x 2 y+3xy 2 + y 3 with x = 99 and y = 1. Using the
formula
( x+ y )3 =x 3 +3 x 2 y+3 xy 2 + y 3 applied in reverse, 993+3 ( 992) ( 1 ) +3 ( 99 ) ( 12) + ( 13 ) =( 99+1 )3=1003 =1,000 ,000 .
10. Find the value of
322+2 ( 32 )( 18 )+ ( 18 )2 ?

11. Find the value of 6252 −3752 .

12. Find the value of

36 −2 ( 36 ) (16 ) + ( 16 )2
2
?
3 2
13. Find the value of 1001 −3 ( 1001 ) +3 (1001 ) −1 .

DIVISIBILITY
A number x is divisible by a number y if when x is divided by y, the remainder is zero.
Alternatively, one can use the following divisibility shortcuts to determine if x is divisible by y.
A number x is divisible by
 1. 2 if x is even (that is, x ends with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
2. 5 if x ends with 0 or 5
3. 10 if x ends with 0
4. 3 if the sum of the digits of x is divisible by 3
5. 9 if the sum of the digits of x is divisible by 9
6. 6 if x is divisible by 2 and by 3
7. 4 if the last 2 digits of x are 00 or is divisible by 4
8. 8 if the last 2 digits of x are 000 or is divisible by 8
9. y if x is divisible by all the factor of y

PERCENTAGE

FORMULA: Percentage = Principal  Rate

Problems on Percentage:

1. Solve for the rate: x (percentage) is what percent of y (principal)?

2. Solve for the principal: What is x percent (rate) of y (principal)?
3. Solve for the principal: x (percentage) is what y percent (rate) of which number?
Pointers:

1. Percent ≠ Percentage. Percent = Rate.

2. Rate can be expressed in percent, decimal or fraction.
3. Base follows the word “of”. It is not always the bigger number.
4. Rate when used in the formula is always in decimal. To convert percent to decimal, move the decimal point two places to the right. Rate as an answer is always in percent.
To convert decimal to percent, move the decimal point two places to the left.

HINT: The rate is usually in percent or in fraction or in decimal. The principal usually follows the word “of”.

Variation of the Percentage Formula:

1. Capacity of a container = Time to fill up the container  Rate at which the container is being filled up.
2. Distance = Rate  Time
3. Percent Increase/Decrease = Difference between the old and new values  old value.

1. A tank contains 60 liters of oil which is 40% of its capacity. How many liters can the tank hold?
Solution: R = 40%. Since unknown follows the word of then it is the base. B = ?. Therefore P = 60.
60 6000 600
P=B×R ⇒ 60=B×0. 40⇒ B= = = =150
0. 40 40 4 . Therefore, the tank can hold 150 liters,

2. 40 is what percent of 5?
40
P=B×R ⇒ 40=5×R ⇒ R= =8=800 %
Solution: 5 follows of, so B = 5. Percent is unknown so R = ? It follows that P = 40. 5
3. 60% of 800 students walk to school. Of these, 75% are male. How many male students walk to school?
Solution: B = 800, R = 60% = 0.60, P = ? P=B×R ⇒ P=800×0 .60 ⇒ P=480 . So 480 students walk to school.
B = 480, R = 75% = 0.75, P = ? P=B×R ⇒ P=480×0 . 75⇒ P=360 . Therefore, 360 male students walk to school.
4. Two successive discounts of 50% is equivalent to single discount rate?
a. 60% c. 80%
b. 75% d. 100%
Solution: If the original amount of the item is not given, assume that it is P100. Final the final price, then the discounted amount. The single discount rate is numerically
equal to the discount amount.
If the original amount is P100, then after the first 50% discount, the new amount is P50. After the second 50% discount, the final amount is P25. The total discount amount
is P75, so the single discount rate is 75%. Answer is B.

5. If 125% of a number is 225, what is 75% of that number?

a. 135 c. 180
b. 150 d. 225

6. A girl bought a dress whose retail price is P1,000 at 20% discount and sold it a week later to a friend at 20% markup of the sale price. Which of the following is true?
(A) The girl did not gain any money from the two transactions.
(B) The girl lost money from the two transactions.
(C) The girl gained money from the two transactions.
(D) Not enough information is given to make a decision on whether the girl gained or lost money or broke even from the two transactions.

7. A solid wooden cube that is painted blue on all of its faces is cut in half on each side, resulting to 8 equal cubes. What percent of the resulting cube is NOT painted blue?
a. 1/2
b. 3/4
c. 3/8
d. 5

8. There are 50 students enrolled in a review school. Of the enrolled students, 90% passed the simulated exam. Two thirds of those who passed the simulated exam passed the
actual entrance exam. How many students who passed the simulated exam also passed the entrance exam?

9. One-half of a group of students prefer Math while one-third prefer Science. If 300 students do not like Math nor Science, how many students are there in all?

10. If the price of a book increased from P150 to P200, what was the percent increase?

11. A camera costs P3,500, which is 30% below the original price. What is the original price of the camera?

12. A man invested P5,000 at simple interest of 12% per year. How much will he earn in 5 years?

13. If 2 liters of water are added to 8 liters of a 20% alcohol solution, then what is the percentage of alcohol in the resulting solution?

14. 15% of 500 is equal to 7.5% of what number?

‘
15. Find the original price of an item if a man bought it for P12,000 at the discount rate of 20%.
 16. The price of kerosene per liter increased from P25 to P30. What is the rate of increase in the price?

17. Successive discounts of 10%, 20% and 30% is equivalent to what single discount?

18. In an auditorium, one half of the audience are students, one third are parents, and the rest are teachers. If there are 120 teachers in the auditorium, how many people are
there in the auditorium?

19. In an assembly, there are 400 people: 1/2 are elementary students, 1/4 are high school students, 1/8 are college students and the rest are teachers. How many teachers are
there in the auditorium?
a. 48 c. 35
b. 50 d. 40
20. The price of kerosene per liter increased from P25 to P30. What is the rate of increase in the price?

21. What single discount rate is equivalent to 2 successive 20% discounts? ________

22. A container containing water is 40% full. If the amount of water in the container is 24 liters, what is the capacity of the container?

23. In a survey of 120 housewives, 70 use brand X while 80 use brand Y. If 60 housewives use both brands, what percent of the housewives surveyed do not use any of the two
brands?
a. 20% c. 25%
b. 30% d. 75%

RATIO AND PROPORTION

Format: Number is to number as number is to unknown

Types:

a. Direct Proportion: If x increases/decreases, then y also increases/decreases

extremes product of means product of extremes
x1 x2
⏞
x1 : ⏟
y 1= x 2 : y 2 or
y1
=
y2
⇒ ⏞
x1 y2 = ⏞
x2 y1
To solve, use equal ratios: means
b. Indirect/Inverse Proportion: If x increases/decreases, then y decreases/increases

To solve, use
x 1× y 1 = x 2 × y 2
1. If 24 men can finish a job in 96 days, then in how many days can 64 men finish the same job?

2. If Jen can solve 20 Math problems in M hours, how many can she solve in N minutes?

3. If 4 cats can catch 4 mice in 4 days, in how many days can 40 cats catch 40 mice?

4. If 6 secretaries can type 12 manuscripts in 18 hours, how long will it take 3 secretaries to type 2 manuscripts?

5. The ratio of red, blue and yellow paints in a paint mixture is 2:3:5. If the amount of blue paint in the mixture is 12 liters, then many ny liters of paint mixture are there?

6. The ratio of the 4 angles in a quadrilateral is 2:3:4:6. Find the sum of the measures of the largest and smallest angles.

7. The wheel of a racing car rotates 1200 times in 1 second. How many rotations can the wheel make in 1 hour?

8. Suppose that 2 mangoes weigh the same as 3 bananas while 5 bananas weigh the same as 4 guavas. How many guavas weigh the same as 5 mangoes?
a. 5 c. 6
b. 4 d. 3

9. What is the effect of increasing the price of an item by 10% one time then decreasing it by 10% the next time?
a. The final price is the same as the original price. c. The final price is the lower than the original price.
b. The final price is higher than the original price d. Cannot be determined since the price of the item is not known.

10. Through how many degrees does the minute hand of a clock move in 20 minutes?
a. 90 c. 20
b. 120 d. 60

11. The ratio of a boy’s weights of a man on Earth and on the moon are in the ratio 5:3. If the man weighs 120 pounds on the moon, then what is his weight on Earth?
a. 180 lbs c. 240 lbs
b. 200 lbs d. 160 lbs

PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

1. Which of the following properties satisfy12 + (4 + 10) = (12 + 4) + 10?
a. addition property for equality c. associative property
b. commutative property d. inverse property

2. Which of the following illustrates the commutative property of multiplication?

a. (12  3)  4 = 12  (3  4) c. 12  1 = 12
b. 12  (3 + 4) = (12  3) + (12  4) d. (12  3)  4 = (3  12)  4

3. Which of the following illustrates the distributive property of multiplication over addition?
a. 2 + (3  4) = (2  3) + (2  4) c. 2  (3 + 4) = (2  3) + (2  4)
b. 2 + (3  4) = (2 + 3)  (2 + 4) d. 2  (3 + 4) = (2 + 3)  (2 + 4)
 4. To show that addition is associative, what should be the left side of the equation in
_____ = (5 + 8) + 13?
a. 13 + (5 + 8) c. (5 + 13) + 8
b. 5 + (8 + 13) d. (8 + 5) + 13

5. Which of the following properties explains 3 + (-3) = 0?

a. Additive inverse property c. Additive identity property
b. Multiplicative inverse property d. Multiplicative identity property

6. Which of the following illustrates the multiplicative identity property?

a. 80=0 c. 81=8
b. 8  (1/8) = 1 d. 8  8 = 64

7. Which of the following illustrates the transitive property for equality?

a. If a = b and b = c then a = c
b. If a = b then b = a
c. a=a
d. If a is not equal to b and a is not greater than b then a is less than b

8. Which of the following numbers satisfies this equation? 1437= (1007) + (407) + 3N.
a. 10 b. 3 c. 4 d. 7
9. What property was used in the preceding problem?
a. Associative property c. Distributive property
b. Commutative property d. Transitive property

10. What property is used that makes the equation (6  7)  8 = 8  (7  6) true?

a. associative property of multiplication c. symmetric property of equality
b. commutative property of multiplication d. transitive property for equality

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLES AND GREATEST COMMON FACTORS; PRIME NUMBERS

To find the LCM and GCF of a set of numbers, express each of the numbers first as product of prime numbers. The LCM is equal to the product of ALL the prime factors, each
raised to their HIGHEST exponents. The GCF is the product of all COMMON primes, each raised to their LOWEST exponents.

1. One light flashes every 6 minutes and another flashes every 10 minutes. If both lights flashed together at 4 o’clock, when will the two lights flash together next?

2. A boy can arrange his marbles into piles of 3, 4, 5 and 6 without any leftover each time. Find the smallest possible number of marbles the boy has.

3. Find the smallest number having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 as factors.

4. Find the product of two numbers if their GCF is 9 and their LCM is 54.
a. 6 c. 27
b. 18 d. 486

5. Four colors of neon lights flash at different intervals. The yellow lights flash every 2 seconds, the red lights flash every 3 seconds, the green lights flash every 4 seconds and
the blue lights flash every 5 seconds. If they flash altogether at 12 noon sharp, when will they flash altogether again?
a. 21:12 pm b. 12:24 pm c. 1:00 pm d. 12:01 pm

RADICALS

n n
If an =b (read as ä to the n equals b”) then a=√ b (read as “a is the nth root of b”). n is called the index, b is called the radicand, and √b is called a radical. To find
n
the value of √b , find a number a when raised to the exponent n will result to the number b. NOTE: If the index is 2, then the radical is called a square root. It is a common
2
practice not to write the index if it is a square root. So √ b= √b .

3 4
Example. √ 64 equals 4 because 4 3 =64 . Example: √ 16 equals 2 because 24=16

Example. √ 25 equals 5 because

2
5 =25 Example:
5
√−1 equals -1 because
(−1 )5 =−1
2 6 6
Example. √ 81 equals 9 because 9 =81 Example: √ 64 equals 2 because 2 =64

VENN DIAGRAMS AND COUNTING

1. For the following problems, refer to the figure below: A survey was conducted on which high schools a certain group of elementary school boys will be taking entrance
examinations in. The result of the survey are summarized in Venn diagram form as follows:

Philippine Science
10

Ateneo 11 8
9
7
5 13 6
a. La Salle
How many of those surveyed will take the entrance exam in Philippine Science High School?
a. 10 b. 28 c. 29 d. 38 e. 9
Answer: 11 + 9 + 8 + 10 = 38, D. The students will take the exam in PhiSci but may also take the exams in Ateneo and La Salle.
 b. How many of those surveyed will take the entrance exam in Philippine Science High School only?
a. 10 b. 28 c. 29 d. 38 e. 9
Answer: A. The students will take the exam in PhiSchi but not in any other school.

c. How many of those surveyed will take the entrance exam in Ateneo or La Salle?
a. 52 b. 22 c. 11 d. 5 e. 62
Answer: OR means one or the other or both. So Ateneo OR La Salle means that the students will take the exam in Ateneo but not La Salle (5 + 11) or La Salle
but not Ateneo (6 + 8) or both Ateneo and La Salle (9 + 13). Answer is 52, A.

d. How many of those surveyed will take the entrance exam in at least 2 of the three schools?
a. 42 b. 32 c. 41 d. 31 e. 9
Answer: At least two means exactly two or exactly 3 of the schools. 9 will take the exam in all three schools, while 11 will take Ateneo and PhiSChi only, 8 will
take La Salle and PhiSci only and 13 will take Ateneo and La Salle only. The answer is 9 + 11 + 8 + 13 = 41, C.

e. How many of those surveyed will NOT take the entrance exam in Ateneo?
a. 64 b. 57 c. 5 d. 24 e. 31
Answer: Those who will not take the exam in Ateneo are outside of the circle representing Ateneo, which is 10 + 8 + 6 + 7 = 31, E.

f. How many of those surveyed will take the entrance exam in Philippine Science but not in La Salle?
a. 21 b. 26 c. 33 d. 10 e. 11
Answer: These students are inside of PhiSci but are outside of La Salle, which is 10 + 11 = 21, A.

g. How many of those surveyed will take the entrance exam in exactly one of the three schools?
a. 53 b. 26 c. 21 d. 28 e. 32
Answer: Exactly one means that the students will take the exam in PhiSci only (10) or Ateneo only (5) or La Salle only (6). Answer is 10 + 5 + 6 or 21, C.

h. How many respondents are there?

a. 62 b. 69 c. 68 d. 60 e. 53
Answer: The number of respondents is the sum of the numbers in all the regions of the diagram, inside the circles and outside. Answer is 69, B.

2. One hundred fifty households were surveyed on their detergent soap preference and it was found that 80 use both detergent bar and detergent powder, 100 use powder and
120 use bar. How many
(a) use only powder?
(b) do not use bar?
(c) use neither bar nor powder?
HINT: Draw a Venn Diagram, with the rectangle representing the 150 households, two overlapping circles inside the rectangle where the first circle
representing the bar users and the second representing the powder users. The common region of the two circles represent those who use bot bar and
powder. Answers: (a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 10

TRANSLATION TO SYMBOLS
Pointers:
“x more than y” is “y + x” “thrice of x” is “3x”
“x less than y” is “y – x” “x is twice of y” is “x = 2y”
“half of x” is “x/2” “x exceeds y by z” is “x = y + z”
“twice of x” is “2x”

1. Which equation solves the number problem “What is the product of 8 and the number 7576”?
a. N  7576 = 8 b. N = 7576  8 c. N  8 = 7586 d. N = 7576  8

2. Which equation can appropriately solve the problem: “The average age of two persons is 19. One of them is 17 years old. How old is the other one?”
a. N =(19 +17)  2 b. N = 2 19  17 c. N = 2+19  17 d. N = 2  17 19

3. What is the correct number sentence for the problem “The quotient of a number and 15 increased by 9 is 128?
a. (N ÷ 15) + 9 = 128 b. N ÷ (15 + 9) = 128 c. (N ÷ 15)  9 =128 d. N ÷ (15  9) = 128

4. What is the number sentence for “twice of y is 5 less than thrice of x”?

5. What is the number sentence for “4 more than half of x is 10 less than twice of y”?

WORD PROBLEMS

STRATEGY: In answering some word problems asked in the multiple choice format, test one choice at a time, and verify if the choice satisfies the problem. If not, go to the
next choice. Repeat the process until you get the correct choice. If you are lucky, your first trial is the correct answer. If you are unlucky, the last choice that you have not
tried is the correct answer.
1. The sum of two numbers is 72. One number is twice the other. What is the larger number?
a. 14 b. 24 c. 36 d. 48

Solution: Choose any choice at random. Suppose it is A. If the number is 14, which is the larger, then the other number is 7, since the unknown, which is the larger
number, is twice the other. Since the sum of 14 and 7 is 21 and not 72, then A is incorrect. So try again. Suppose the next choice is B. If the number is 24, which is
the larger, then the other number is 12, since the unknown, which is the larger number, is twice the other. Since the sum of 24 and 12 is 36 and not 72, then B is
incorrect. So try again. Suppose the next choice is D. If the number is 48, which is the larger, then the other number is 24, since the unknown, which is the larger
number, is twice the other. Since the sum of 48 and 24 is 72, then D is correct.

2. What is the first of two consecutive even numbers if four times the second is the same as five times the first?
a. 6 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12
Solution: Test A. If 6 is the first, then the second is 8. Four times 8 is 32, while five times 6 is 30, and they are unequal. So try again. Test B. If 8 is the first, then the
second is 10. Four times 10 is 40, while five times 8 is 40, and they are equal. So the correct answer is B.

3. Given three consecutive odd numbers such that six times the smallest is 11 less than four times the largest. What is the smallest of the three integers?
a. 5 b. 7 c. 9 d. 11
Solution: Test C. If the smallest of three consecutive odd numbers is 9, then the largest is 13. 6 times 9 is 54, while 5 times 13 is 65. Since 54 is 11 less than 65, then
A is correct.

4. The sum of two numbers is 20. Six times the smaller exceeds three times the larger by 12. Find the smaller.
a. 6 b. 8 c. 9 d. 12
Solution: Test D. If the smaller number is 12, then the larger number is 8 because their sum is 20. But 8 is not larger than 12, so D is incorrect. Test A. If the smaller
number is 6, then the larger number is 14 because their sum is 20. 6 times 6 is 36, while 3 times 14 is 42. Since 42 does not exceed 36 by 12, then S is incorrect. Test
B. If the smaller number is 8, then the larger number is 12 because their sum is 20. 6 times 8 is 48, while 3 times 12 is 36. Since 48 exceeds 36 by 12, then B is correct.
5. The sum of a wife’s and a husband’s ages is 79. He is 5 years older than she. How old is the husband?
a. 37 b. 39 c. 41 d. 42
Ans. D

6. A test has 42 questions. Each question is worth 2 points or 3 points. A perfect score is 100 points. How many 3-point questions are there?
a. 16 b. 18 c. 24 d. 26
Ans. A

7. The width of a rectangular carpet is 4 feet less than the length. Find its length if the perimeter is 72 feet.
a. 12 b. 16 c. 18 d. 20
‘
8. The perimeter of a 5-sided polygon is 80cm. If four sides have the same length, and the fifth side is 5 cm longer than any of the four other sides, then the length of the
longer side is.
a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30

9. Concert tickets costs P400 for adult and P200 for children. If there were there as many adult tickets as children’s and the total receipt was P70,000 find the number of
children’s tickets that were sold.
a. 40 b. 50 c. 120 d. 150

10. Merle is 19 years older than her brother Elmer. Ten years ago the sum of their ages was 30. How old is Elmer now?
a. 15 b. 20 c. 27 d. 30

11. A test has 42 questions. Each question is worth 2 points or 3 points. A perfect score is 100 points. How many 3-point questions are there?
a. 16 b. 18 c. 24 d. 26

12. A cashier has a sum of P1050 in 5-peso and 10-peso bills. If there are five times as many 5-peso bills as 10-peso bills, how many 10-peso bills are there?
a. 30 b. 50 c. 75 d. 150

13. The width of a rectangular carpet is 4 feet less than the length. Find its length if the is 72 feet.
a. 12 b. 16 c. 18 d. 20

14. A pool 40 feet long and 30 feet wide. There is a walkway 4.5 feet around the pool. What is the perimeter of the outer side of the walkway?
a. 158 b. 176 c. 167 d. 185

15. There are 20 animals in the farm consisting of cows and turkeys. Jen counted 56 legs. How many cows are there?
a. 4 b. 8 c. 21 d. 22

16. The product of two different numbers is 117, and their sum is 22 which is the smaller of the two numbers?
a. 9 b. 13 c. 17 d. 19

17. Find the larger of two consecutive positive integers whose product is 306.
a. 14 b. 17 c. 18 d. 19

18. Lyra has as thrice as many brothers as sisters. Her brother Adrian has how many more brothers than sisters, if there are nine children in the family?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

GEOMETRY PROBLEMS

1. If each side of a cube is doubled, then its volume is increased by what factor?

2. If the area of a circle is 16 square cm, then what is its circumference?

3. If the perimeter of a square is 24 ft, then what is its area?

4. If the diagonal of a square is 8√2 in, then what is the length of its side?

5. If the radius of a circle is 6 √2 meters, then what is the area of the square that (a) circumscribes the circle? (b) is inscribed in the circle?

6. An isosceles right triangle has hypotenuse of 8√2 cm. Find its area.

7. Two circles are constructed inside a circle of diameter 12 inches such that the two smaller circles are tangent to each other and have as diameter a radius of the larger circle.
Find the area of the region outside of the smaller circles but inside the larger circle.
 12

8. Find the area of a hexagon with side equal to 6 cm.

9. Three circles of radii 3, 4 and 5 are tangent to each other. Find the area of the triangle determined by their centers.

B
A

10. Semicircles are constructed on the sides of a square with perimeter 32 inches. Find the area of the shade region.

11. Two triangles similar right triangles are such that the base and height of the first are 6 and 8 inches respectively. If the hypotenuse of the other triangle is 1, find its base
and height.

12. How many 2-cm cubes can be put in a box 8 cm long, 4 cm wide and 5 cm tall?

13. Two rectangles, each measuring 8 feet by 12 feet, are placed side by side. How much shorter will the perimeter of the covered area be if the two long sides are placed
together than if the two short sides are placed together?

14. Find the area of the shaded region assuming that the perimeter of the square is 24 ft and the leg of each the 4 congruent isosceles triangles is 2 ft:
 15. Find the maximum number of lines that can be formed using a) 5 non--collinear lines b) 6 non-collinear lines

16. Find the area of the shaded region, given triangle ACB is right and that E bisects AC and D bisects BC.

C 4
D B
AVERAGE PROBLEMS

The average of a set of N scores is given by

sum of all the scores

average=
N
Given a group with N scores and average of A and a second group with M scores and average of B. When the two groups are combined, their average is

AN+BM
combined average=
N +M

1. A certain elevator has a maximum capacity of 1,200 kilos. If 20 boxes with average weight of 40 kilos are packed in the elevator along with four persons with average
weight of 75 kilos, how much additional weight is still allowable?

2. Jennifer’s average score on nine 100-point test was 71. Her score on the tenth test raised her mean by score by two points. How many points did she score on the tenth
test?

3. The average of a group of 20 students in an examination is 70 while the average of another group of 30 students in the same examination is 80. Find the average of the
two groups of students when combined.