Unit 3: 3.1 - Atoms and Elements

UNIT 3
3.1 – ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

₋ Atoms: smallest particles of matter, that we cannot break down further by chemical
means.
o Single – too small to see
o Consists – mostly empty space
 Nucleus
 Cloud of electrons (whizz around it)
₋ Element: contains only one kind of atom
o Around 90 on earth
 30 found in lab – unstable (last a few seconds before breaking down into other
elements)
 Each has a symbol
Periodic Table
- Gives names and symbols for elements
- Elements in columns form families or groups with similar properties
- Rows are called periods
- Zig-zag line separates metals from non-metals (metals on left)
3.2 - + ABOUT ATOMS

₋ Atoms - All its particles are very light
o Nucleus – cluster of two kinds of particles – heavy part of atom
 protons – 1 atomic mass unit - + charge
 neutrons – 1 amu – neutral
o Perifery
 Electrons – almost no mass - -charge
 Circle very fast around nucleus at diff energy levels called shells
Proton Number
₋ Identify atoms by number of protons it has
₋ Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is proton number
₋ Every atom has an equal number of protons and electrons
o Atoms have no overall charge
Nucleon Number
- Protons and neutrons in nucleus are called nucleons
- Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus is called nucleon number
- Hydrogen molecules contain protons only in their nuclei.
3.3– ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVITY

₋ Isotopes: Atoms of the same element which have the same proton number but a different
nucleon number
o Named: (name of element)-(number of nucleons)
Radioactive atom
- Nucleus is unstable
- Atom breaks down naturally or decays giving out radiation
o Rays and particles
o Large amount of energy
 Vomit
o Radioactive isotope – radioisotopes
 Tired
o Some isotopes are non-reactive  Hair falls out
₋ Radiation  Gums bleed
o Gets into your body – kills body cells  Die within weeks
o Large amount causes radiation sickness
o Small amounts over long periods causes cancer
- Uses of radioisotopes
o Check for leaks
 Add to oil or gas in pipes
 Geiger counter detects radiation outside pipe – leak
 They are called tracers
o Treat cancer
 In radiotherapy
 Gamma rays in radiation kill cancer cells more steadily than healthy cells
 Cobalt-60 gen used
o Kill germs and bacteria
 Gamma rays kill germs
 Sterilise disposable medical equipment
 Kill bacteria that cause food decay
 Cobalt-60, caesium-137
3.4 – ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT

₋ Electrons – arranged in cells around the nucleus
o First, closest to nucleus, lowest energy
o Further a shell from nucleus, higher energy level
₋ Shells - each can hold a certain n of electrons
o First – 2
o Second - 8
o Third – 18 – fills up to 8, next 2 go to 4th then the rest of the shell fills up
Patterns for first 20 elements
- Period number tells how many shells
- All elements in group have the same number of electrons in their outer shells
o Valency electrons – electrons of the outer shell
- Group number – same as valency electrons
- Valency electrons dictate how element reacts
- Group VIII
o Have 8 outer shell electrons – very stable arrangement
o Makes elements unreactive
Elements after Calcium
- How to determine electron distribution
o Group tells you valency electrons
o Period tells number of shells
o Proton number tells number of protons = number of electrons
o Third shell holds 18 electrons
3.5 – METALS AND NON-METALS

METALS
- 80% of elements are metals
- Physical properties
o Good conductors of electricity and heat
o High MP and BP – solid at room T
o Hard, strong – do not shatter if hammered
o Malleable and ductile
o Shiny when polished
o Sonorous
o Hugh density
- Chemical properties
o Form positive ions when react
o React with oxygen to form oxides that are bases – oxides can neutralize acids
- Exceptions – not all hard solids – cut sodium and potassium , mercury liquid at room T
NON-METALS
- Physical properties
o Do not conduct elect, heat
o Lower MP and BP – gases at room T
o Solid non-metals break up easily – fragile
o Solids – brittle
o Look dull as solids
o Solids break up when stricken
o Solids, low density
- Chemical properties
o Form negative ions when react
o React w/ oxygen to from oxides that are acidic
- Exceptions
o Hydrogen forms positive ions
o Carbon, graphite is a good conductor, diamond is very hard, high melting point

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UNIT 3

3.1 – ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

3.2 - + ABOUT ATOMS

3.3– ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVITY

3.4 – ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT

3.5 – METALS AND NON-METALS

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