Physical Education I

(Foundations of Physical Fitness)

Module No. 1
 Module No. 1

Introduction to
Physical Fitness
At the end of the module, students must be able to:

1. Appreciate and understand fitness fundamentals and concepts in physical

fitness

2. Identify and perform the different fitness assessment tests.

3. Identify & demonstrate the different movement patterns with proper form and
technique

4. Apply and integrate fitness concepts in the succeeding fitness class

modules
I. Importance of Physical Activity
II. Components of Fitness
III. Basic Movement Patterns
IV. Planes of Motion
V. Posture
VI. General Nutrition Recommendations
I. Importance of Physical Activity
Physical Activity (PA)
• By WHO (2018) definition, physical activity is any bodily
movement produced by the skeletal muscles which
involves energy expenditure. Activities include playing,
doing household chores, travelling, and engaging in
recreational pursuits.
PA Recommendations

Children and Adolescents (aged 5-17 years) are

recommended to participate in at least 60 minutes
daily of moderate to vigorous-intensity physical
activity
(WHO, 2018)
PA Recommendations
Adults (aged 18-64 years):

• at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical

activity, weekly
or
• at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical
activity, weekly
(WHO, 2018)
Sedentary Lifestyle (Physical inactivity)
• “sedere” means “to sit”

• Involves low level of energy expenditure

including:
• TV viewing
• Computer use
• Sitting in an automobile
Sedentary Lifestyle (Physical Inactivity)
• As per WHO (2018), physical inactivity is a key
risk factor for noncommunicable diseases
(NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer
and diabetes.
According to Hamilton et al. (2004), Physiologically, sitting
leads to:

• ↓ skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase activity – (Involved in

fat metabolism)
• ↓ glucose uptake
(as cited by Owen et al., 2012)

**Therefore, SITTING slows down the metabolism

Stamatakis et al. (2019)
concluded that sitting is
associated with
all-cause and
cardiovascular
disease (CVD) mortality
risk among physically
Inactive adults
In this study, 67.2% of
Filipino college students
were physically inactive

Acampado & Valenzuela,

(2017) stated that the
primary reason for physical
inactivity was lack of time.
Greater proportions of
inactivity were noted
among students in
higher year levels
Yuchingtat et al. (n.d)
confirmed 86% of at-
risk high school
students in Manila,
aged 11-18 years old,
were found to be
physically “inactive”.
Benefits of PA
• Improves muscular & cardiorespiratory fitness,
bone health, and functional health

• Decreases risk of non-communicable diseases

• Fundamental to energy balance and weight control.

(WHO, 2018)
II. Components of Fitness
Fitness
• Being physically fit and healthy

• Ability to survive and reproduce in a particular

environment

• Being suitable to fulfill a task

Physical Fitness
• A measure of body’s ability to function effectively and
efficiently or can be defined as state of health and
well-being of a person.
(Journal of Novel Physiotherapies, n.d)

• Physiological attributes which reflect the ability of the

systems of the body to support physical activity
(Henige, 2018)
Fitness Assessment
• A series of tests to determine one’s physical fitness
level and to develop one’s personalized program.

• A tool used to establish baseline measurements and

to monitor one’s fitness performance
(University of Richmond, n.d)
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT
Components

Cardiovascular Endurance Speed

Muscular Strength Agility
Muscular Endurance Reaction Time
Flexibility Power
Body Composition Coordination
Balance
Health-related Skills-related
Health-Related Components:

➢ Aerobic Capacity/ Cardiovascular endurance

• Ability to perform prolonged, large muscle,

dynamic exercise at moderate to high intensity
exercises
Health-Related Components:

➢ Muscular Strength
• Ability of skeletal muscles to generate force

➢ Muscular Endurance
• Ability of skeletal muscles to repeatedly generate
force
Health-Related Components:

➢ Flexibility
• Ability of joints to move freely along the normal
range of motion (ROM)

➢ Body Composition
• proportion of total body weight made up of fat and
fat-free mass
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST
Aerobic Capacity/ Cardiovascular Endurance Test:

1. Get your heart rate before performing the test.

2. In 1 minute, perform jumping jacks as many repetitions as

possible (AMRAP).

3. Get your heart rate after performing the exercise

 Jumping Jacks
1. From standing position, jump.

3. As you jump, spread the legs

to be about shoulder-width apart.
Stretch the arms out and
overhead

4. Jump back to starting position

and repeat.
Monitoring your Heart Rate

Resting Heart Rate (RHR):

• 60-100 beats per minute (bpm)

Compute for:
1. Lightly press the index and middle
Maximum Heart Rate (MHR): fingers of one hand on the opposite wrist,
• 200 - age just below the base of the thumb.

2. Count the number of beats in 60

seconds.
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST

Muscular Strength & Endurance Test

Upper Body Core
1. In 1 minute, perform push ups, 1. In 1 minute, perform crunches,
AMRAP. AMRAP.
2. Count the number of repetitions. 2. Count the number of repetitions.

Lower Body
1. In 1 minute, perform squats,
AMRAP.
2. Count the number of repetitions.
 Push Ups
1. Get down to the floor with
chest touching the floor,
placing the hands slightly
wider than the shoulders while
legs are hips-width apart

2. Push yourself up with elbows

locked, core engaged.

3. Repeat. Count the repetitions

done and do this in 60 seconds
 Squats
1. Stand hips-width apart or a little wider
than hip width, toes pointing forward.

2. Drive the hips back while bending at the

knees and ankles

3. Sit into a squat position , knees bending to

a 90֯ angle, while keeping the heels and toes on
the floor, chest up and lower back straight.

4. Press through the heels, return to upright

position, then repeat.

5. Count the repetitions done and do this in 60

seconds
 Crunches
(Straight Arm Abdominal Crunches)

1. Lie down on the floor with back flat,

knees bent, feet flat on the floor.

2.Extend your arms reaching the top of

your knees.

3. Slide off palms toward the knees while

engaging core.

4. Return to starting position and then

repeat.

5. Count the repetitions done and do this in

60 seconds
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST
Flexibility Test:
Trunk & Lower Body Upper Body

1. Using a tape measure, perform 1. To measure upper arm and shoulder

sit & reach. girdle, perform zipper test.

2. Find a partner to mark the 2. From 1-3, rate one’s flexibility:

3 - fingers overlapping
measurement.
2 - fingertips touching
1 - did not reach finger tips
 Sit & Reach
1. Sit on the floor, extending the legs,
knees locked, toes pointing up, while
forming a V-shaped leg position

2. Position the tape measure with 0

centimeter in line with the knees.

3. Start by extending the arms

upright, then try to reach forward the
farthest possible without bending the
knees.

4. Have someone mark the farthest

fingertip reached on the tape measure.
 Zipper Test
1. To check the right shoulder, raise
the right arm, bend the right elbow.

2. At the same time, extend the left arm

down, bend the elbow behind the
back

3. Try to reach the left hand fingers

over the right hand fingers.

4. Repeat with the left hand over the

left shoulder to check for the left
shoulder. Use the 1-3 rating scale.
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST

Body Composition Assessment

1. Get the height(m) and weight(kg) using a tape measure and
weighing scale, respectively.

2. Get the waist and hip measurement (cm) using a tape measure.

3. Compute for your Body Mass Index (BMI) & Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR).
 Remove cap
Weight
1. Remove shoes and heavy clothing,
such as sweaters, or any accessories
that may add up weight.
Remove watch/
accessories 2. Stand with both feet at the center of
the scale.

3. Note the weight to the nearest

decimal fraction (example: 65.5kg)

Remove shoes
 Remove cap
Height
1. Stand with feet together, flat on the
floor, and against the wall, while legs are
straight, arms are at sides, and shoulders
are level.
Remove watch/
accessories 2. Look straight ahead parallel with the floor

3. Have someone read and mark the

measurement using a ruler or any flat
object.

Remove shoes
 Waist Circumference
• measured at the end of
several consecutive natural
breaths between the lowest
rib and iliac crest
Lowest Rib

Hip Circumference
WAIST REGION • measured around the
largest circumference of
Iliac crest the buttocks
HIP
(WHO, 2011)
 Determining your BMI Determining your WHR

Use the formula: Use the formula:

BMI = weight (kg) WHR = waist (cm)

height (m2) hip (cm)
BMI Classifications Cut-off points and Risk of
BMI Nutritional Status
Metabolic Complications
Below 18.5 Underweight Indicator Male Female
Waist >94cm >80cm
18.5 – 24.9 NORMAL Circumference
25.0 – 29.9 Pre-Obese Waist-Hip Ratio ≥0.90cm ≥0.85cm

30.0 – 34.9 Obese Class I

35.0 – 39.9 Obese Class II

Above 40.0 Obese Class III

(WHO, 2011)
Important Notes on BMI:

1. BMI is dependent on height and weight therefore does not take

into consideration age, physical activity, sex, and medical condition of
the person. Over and underestimations are expected in some cases
(WHO, n.d).

2. BMI classification used are applicable for adults (older than 19yo).
BMI-for-age is the one used as an indicator for age group 5-19 yo. BMI
is a predictive measure of risks of diseases to adults but less predictive
and less clear for children and adolescents (Wells & Fewtrell, 2006).
Skills-Related Components:

➢ Speed
• Ability to move quickly

➢ Agility
• Ability to change position quickly and accurately
Skills-Related Components:

➢ Reaction Time
• Ability to respond to stimulus quickly

➢ Power
• Ability of the muscles to generate force quickly
Skills-Related Components:

➢ Coordination
• Ability to perform physical tasks smoothly and
accurately

➢ Balance
• Ability to maintain a steady posture
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST

Speed Test

1. Assign two points (start, finish) with 20-meter distance in

between, using a cone or any tangible marker.

2. Perform sprint.

3. Find someone to time your performance using a stopwatch.

 Sprint
(20-meter sprint)

1. Position yourself on the assigned

starting line.

2. Partner should be on the end line for

the cue and stopwatch.

3. As you hear the cue, run straight, as

fast as you can, going to the end line.

4.Partner will stop timer as soon as you

reach the end line

5. Record time.
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST
Agility Test
1. Assign four points (A,B,C,D) with 5-meter distance in between
A&B, B&C, and B&D, using a cone or any tangible marker.

2. Set-up should form a T-shaped track.

3. Perform T-test.

4. Find someone to time your performance using a stopwatch.

 T-test
1. Start at point A.

2. As you hear the go signal, sprint to point B and touch the base of the cone/any
marker with the right hand.

3. Turn left and shuffle sideways to point C and touch its base, this time with the
left hand.

4. From point C shuffle sideways to point D and touch its base with the right hand.

5. Shuffle back to point B touching with the left hand.

6. Run backwards to point A. Time should be stopped by partner as soon as you

pass by cone A. Record time.
 A

D B C

A→B→C→D→B→A
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST
Reaction Time Test

1. Using a ruler, perform ruler drop test.

2. Find someone to perform the activity with

 Ruler Drop Test
1. Stand straight, arm raised shoulder level,
while holding out dominant hand side with a gap
between the thumb and pointing finger.

2. Partner holds the ruler with the zero (0)

centimeter at the top of your thumb.

3. Partner drops the ruler randomly while you

catch the ruler

4. Record the measurement displayed at the top

of the thumb where the ruler lands.

5. Repeat three (3) times and get the average

measurement.
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST
Power Test

1. Using a tape measure, perform standing broad jump.

2. Find someone to mark and measure the distance.

 Standing Broad Jump
1. Stand with both feet together and the tip
of the toes behind the tape measure.

2. To jump, lean forward, swing arms to the

back, and bend both knees to gain
momentum.

3. As you jump, land with both feet together.

4. Partner will mark and measure the heel of

the rear foot, in centimeters
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST
Coordination Test

1. Assign a spot/line 2 meters away from a wall.

2. Using a tennis ball/ crumpled paper and a wall, perform wall-

toss test.

3. Find someone to time the test using a stopwatch

 Wall-Toss Test
(Alternate-hand wall-toss test)

1.Stand behind the assigned spot/line, facing

the wall

2. Throw the ball to the wall, underhand, from

one hand, to be caught by the opposite hand.

3.Throw the ball back to the wall, to be caught

by the initial hand.

4.Count the number of repetitions you were

able to catch the ball and do this in 60
seconds.
 FITNESS ASSESSMENT TEST
Balance Test

1. Perform stork test

2. Find someone to time the test using a stopwatch

 Stork Test
1. Remove the shoes. Place the hands on the hips or raise and
extend the arms on the side, shoulder level.

2. Position the non-supporting foot against the knee of the

supporting leg.

3. Time starts upon raising the heel or tip toeing.

4. Time will be stopped if:

• One hops in any directions
• non-supporting foot loses contact with the knee.
• heel of the supporting foot touches the floor.
To better understand proper form
and technique, refer to the video
courseware provided.
Important Notes on Fitness Assessment Test:

1. Before performing the fitness tests, make sure a Physical Activity

Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) was submitted to determine one’s
health condition for safety purposes.

2. Ideally, a trained fitness professional should be present to observe,

correct, and assess if proper techniques are followed all throughout the
assessment.

3. Some fitness assessment tests presented were modified and simplified

for easier understanding of fitness concepts.
III. Basic Movement Patterns
According to Chek (2000), there are 7 fundamental
movement patterns (as cited by Kritz et al., 2009)
1. Squat
2. Lunge
3. Upper-body Push
4. Upper-body Pull
5. Bend / Hinge
6. Gait
7. Twist / Rotate
Squat
• Like a
sitting
pattern
Lunge
• An elongated
step while
lowering the
body towards
the floor

(Kritz et al., 2009)

Push
• Force which moves an
object away from the
body
Pull
• Force which moves an object towards the body
Gait
• manner
of
walking
Rotate
• movement
of a bone
as it rotates
around its
longitudinal
axis.

(Libretexts, 2019)
Hinge
• bending
pattern
IV. Planes of Motion
Frontal
• vertical plane (green) dividing the body into
posterior (rear) and anterior (front) halves

Sagittal
• vertical plane (blue) dividing the body
into left and right

Transverse
• horizontal plane (orange) dividing the body
into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) halves

(Bartlett, 2014)
Try to identify which plane/s of motion
Jumping Jacks
is/are exhibited by the exercise:
________ plane/s
Try to identify which plane/s of motion
Inchworm
is/are exhibited by the exercise:
________ plane
Try to identify which plane/s of motion Sprint
is/are exhibited by the exercise:
________ plane/s
V. Posture
Posture
• the way one holds the body
while standing,
sitting, or
performing
tasks
Good Posture
• Keeping proper alignment of the cervical,
thoracic and lumbar spine considering an
even weight distribution over the feet

• Ear, shoulder top, hip, knee, and ankle

should line up vertically when you're standing.

(Harvard Health Publishing, 2014)

 Proper alignment of
Cervical spine leads to:

• Less strain on
Thoracic
muscles, joints,
and ligaments;

Lumbar • Reduced risk for

back, neck, and
shoulder pain.
Postural Deviation
• A resulting condition caused
by prolonged inappropriate
posture

• Any postural deviation can

lead to pain, compensations,
and/or dysfunctional
movement patterns
(Thompson, 2019)
Aside from neck and back pains, and other aggravating
conditions, POOR Posture leads to:

• Bladder, bowel, and pelvic floor problems

• Constipation

• Heartburn/ Slowed digestion

(Harvard Health Publishing, 2018)
 EXERCISE can improve POSTURE!

BALANCE-specific workouts, together

with STRENGTH training, CORE and
FLEXIBILITY exercises can help in
improving posture.
(Harvard Health Publishing, n.d)
VI. General Nutrition
Recommendations
 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)

For Adults (≥19yo): For a 2000 kcal diet:

Carbohydrate: 55-75% Carbohydrate: 275g – 375g

Protein: 10-15% Protein: 50g – 75g
Fat: 15-30% Fat: 33g – 67g

(PDRI, 2015)
 Additional
Recommended Nutrient Recommendations
Intakes (RNI) per day Free sugars: Limit intake to <10% of
For Adults (≥19yo): total energy in children and adults

Fiber: 20-25g Sodium: Limit intake to <2 g in adult

Water: approximately 2-3 L
Potassium: Increase intake to 3,510
mg in adults
(PDRI, 2015)
Balanced,
Varied,
Moderation
(Sparks & Todd, 1997)
Balanced

• A balanced meal entails consumption of food

items from each food group (go, grow, glow foods)

• Food intake should be balanced with physical

activity (calorie in, calorie out)
Variety

• No single food item provides complete

nutrients so eat varied food items per
food group
Moderation
• Everything deficient or in excess is not
beneficial, therefore, food intake regulation
or moderation, is a must.

**Portion control is key!

Portion Control

• Pinggang Pinoy (Gumaru, n.d)

may be used as a guide in
consuming the right amount of
food in every meal.
Portion Control Tips:

• A serving of protein = 1 palm

• A serving of vegetable = 1 fist
• A serving of carbohydrates = 1 cupped hand
• A serving of fats = 1 thumb

(Andrews & St. Pierre, 2019)

 Portion Control Tips:

Protein per meal: Carbohydrates per meal:

• Men: 2 palm-sized • Men: 2 cupped-hand sized
• Women: 1 palm-sized • Women: 1 cupped-hand
sized
Vegetables per meal:
• Men: 2 fist-sized Fats per meal:
• Women: 1 fist- sized • Men: 2 thumb-sized
(Andrews & St. Pierre, 2019)
• Women: 1 thumb-sized
Important Notes on Nutrition Recommendations:

1. It has to be noted that recommendations may be given by

fitness/health coaches and professionals but only Registered
Nutritionist-Dietitians can duly prescribe diets under the
Presidential Decree No. 1286.

“Section 15. Practice of Nutrition and Dietetics. No person shall offer

himself in the Philippines as, or use the title "Nutritionist-dietitian" or any word,
letter, figure, or sign whatsoever, tending to convey the impression that he or she is
a nutritionist-dietitians, or advertise or indicate in any manner that he or she is
qualified to perform the work of a nutritionist-dietitian without holding a valid
certificate or registration as issued by the Board in accordance with this Decree,
unless exempt from registration as provided under Section 11 hereof.”
Important Notes on Nutrition Recommendations:

2. Recommendations presented were “general” which means

some recommendations may not be applicable to certain groups
of people and/or people with certain medical conditions.

3. There is no one-diet-fits-all. It is still best to consult a

Registered Nutritionist-Dietitian regarding an individualized
diet plan.
1. Prepare and submit a video performing the fitness
assessment tests

Video Guidelines:
• Video should contain the following tests
1. Aerobic Capacity Test
2. Muscular Strength and Endurance Tests: 5. Speed Test
Upper Body, Lower Body, Core 6. Agility Test
3. Flexibility Tests: Upper body, Trunk & 7. Reaction Time Test
Lower body 8. Power Test
4. Body Composition Assessment: Height, 9. Coordination Test
Weight, Waist & Hip Circumference 10. Balance Test
2. Prepare and submit a 30-45 minute workout video
involving the 7 basic movement patterns.

Video Guidelines:
• Exercises should involve the 7 basic movement patterns.
• Minimum sets of exercises: three (3)
• Per set, modify each exercise to make it different from the previous set.
• A total of 21 different exercises involving the basic movement patterns
should be presented in the video
• Include warm-up and cool down exercises, before and after the
workout routine, respectively
• You can follow a time-based workout (30 second work – 30 second
rest format) or a repetition-based workout (15-20 repetitions per
exercise format).
• Acampado, E., & Valenzuela, M. (2018). Physical activity and dietary habits of Filipino college students. Kinesiology, 50(1), 57–67. doi:
10.26582/k.50.1.11

• Andrews, R., & St. Pierre, B. (2019, October 25). Forget calorie counting: Try this calorie control guide for men and women. Retrieved June 22,
2020, from https://www.precisionnutrition.com/calorie-control-guide

• Bartlett, R. (2014). Introduction to sports biomechanics: Analysing human movement patterns. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

• Body mass index - BMI. (2020, June 21). Retrieved from https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-
lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi

• Cheng, J.-C., Chiu, C.-Y., & Su, T.-J. (2019). Training and Evaluation of Human Cardiorespiratory Endurance Based on a Fuzzy
Algorithm. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2390. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16132390

• Fitness Assessments - Recreation and Wellness - University of Richmond. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://recreation.richmond.edu/fitness/assessments.html#:~:text=Fitness Assessments,in setting attainable fitness goals.

• Gumaru, M. (n.d). Pinggang Pinoy. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php/116-pinggang-pinoy

• Kritz, M., Cronin, J., & Hume, P. (2009). Using the Body Weight Forward Lunge to Screen an Athleteʼs Lunge Pattern. Strength and Conditioning
Journal, 31(6), 15–24. doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181c1b480 Journal of Novel Physiotherapies Open Access. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly/physical-fitness-journals-articles-ppts-list.php
• Libretexts. (2019, November 19). 38.3B: Movement at Synovial Joints. Retrieved from
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book:_General_Biology_(Boundless)/38:_The_Musculoskeletal_System
/38.3:_Joints_and_Skeletal_Movement/38.3B:_Movement_at_Synovial_Joints#:~:text=Rotational movement is the movement,referred to as
lateral rotation.

• Oglesby, C. A., Henige, K., McLaughlin, D. W., & Stillwell, B. (2018). Foundations of kinesiology. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Owen, N., Healy, G. N., Matthews, C. E., & Dunstan, D. W. (2010). Too much sitting: the population health science of sedentary
behavior. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 38(3), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e3181e373a2

• Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes. (2015). doi:https://www.fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php/tools-and-standard/philippine-dietary-reference-intakes-

pdri

• Physical activity. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity

• Publishing, H. H. (n.d.). Posture and back health. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/posture-and-back-health

• Publishing, H. H. (n.d.). 3 surprising risks of poor posture. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/3-surprising-risks-of-

poor-posture
• Publishing, H. H. (n.d.). Why good posture matters. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/why-good-posture-matters

• Stamatakis, E., Gale, J., Bauman, A., Ekelund, U., Hamer, M., & Ding, D. (2019). Sitting Time, Physical Activity, and Risk of Mortality
in Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 73(16), 2062–2072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.031

• Sparks, Y., & Todd, M. (1997). Physical development: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.

• Thompson, N. (2019). Identifying and Working with Common Postural Deviations. Retrieved from https://www.acefitness.org/fitness-
certifications/ace-answers/exam-preparation-blog/2909/identifying-and-working-with-common-postural-deviations/

• Wells, J. C., & Fewtrell, M. S. (2006). Measuring body composition. Archives of disease in childhood, 91(7), 612–617.
https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.085522

• World Health Organization, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development. (2011). Waist circumference and waist–hip ratio: Report of a
WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8–11 December 2008. [Press release]. Retrieved from
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44583/9789241501491_eng.pdf;jsessionid=5EBFFBE74303EF2B315CE1FB215586D2?sequenc
e=1

• Yuchingtat, G.P., Tanchoco, C.C., Bautista, E.N., Aquino, M.T., Orense, C.L., and the Philippine Association for the Study of Overweight and
Obesity (PASOO). (n.d). PhysicalActivity of High School Students In The City of Manila.