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Friction: Learning Outcome o

The document summarizes key concepts about dry friction from Chapter 7. It describes the laws of dry friction, including how static and kinetic friction forces are proportional to the normal force. It also explains the four situations that can occur when a rigid body is in contact with a horizontal surface: no motion, motion impending, motion, and no friction. Finally, it outlines the four types of friction problems and provides examples of how to set up the equations of equilibrium and friction for each type.

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85 views11 pages

Friction: Learning Outcome o

The document summarizes key concepts about dry friction from Chapter 7. It describes the laws of dry friction, including how static and kinetic friction forces are proportional to the normal force. It also explains the four situations that can occur when a rigid body is in contact with a horizontal surface: no motion, motion impending, motion, and no friction. Finally, it outlines the four types of friction problems and provides examples of how to set up the equations of equilibrium and friction for each type.

Uploaded by

NH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEC 412

Chapter 7: Friction

Learning Outcome
Upon completion of this chapter, student should be able to;

 Describe the laws and analyze the problem of dry friction


 Determine the application of frictional force analysis.

1
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction
7.0 Introduction
 Friction is a resistive force that prevents or retards the slipping of
one body with respect to another.
 For two surfaces in contact, tangential forces, called friction
forces, will develop if one attempts to move one relative to the
other. However, the friction forces are limited in magnitude and
will not prevent motion if sufficiently large forces are applied.
 Two types of friction – fluid and dry (coulomb) friction
 Fluid friction exist when the contacting surface are separated by
a film of fluid (gas or liquid). Depends on velocity of the fluid and
its ability to resist shear force
 Coulomb friction, also known as dry friction, occurs between
contacting surfaces of bodies in the absence of a lubricating fluid
7.1 Dry friction
 Dry friction is described using empirically collected values to
predict the magnitude of this resistance to sliding. This relation
usually depends upon whether there is relative motion or not
between the surfaces
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction
• Block of weight W placed on horizontal
surface. Forces acting on block are its weight
and reaction of surface N.

• Small horizontal force P applied to block. For


block to remain stationary, in equilibrium, a
horizontal component F of the surface reaction
is required. F is a static-friction force.

• As P increases, the static-friction force F


increases as well until it reaches a maximum
value Fm.
Fm   s N

• Further increase in P causes the block to begin


to move as F drops to a smaller kinetic-friction
force Fk.
Fk   k N
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction
 Static friction force - the force that keeps the block from moving
 where
 μ sand μk are the static and kinetic coefficients of friction
respectively
• Maximum static-friction force:
Fm   s N

• Kinetic-friction force:
Fk   k N
 k  0.75 s
• Maximum static-friction force and kinetic-
friction force are:
- proportional to normal force
- dependent on type and condition of
contact surfaces
- independent of contact area
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction
 Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in
contact with a horizontal surface:

• No motion, • Motion impending, • Motion,


• No friction, (Px < Fm) (Px = Fm) (Px > Fm)
(Px = 0)
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction

 It is sometimes convenient to replace normal force


N and friction force F by their resultant R:

• No friction • No motion • Motion impending • Motion

 N F  N
F
tan  s  m  s tan  k  k  k
N N N N
tan  s   s tan  k   k
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction
 where
 ø = angle with the normal to the surface
 Øs = angle of static friction
 Øk = angle of kinetic friction
 Consider block of weight W resting on board with variable
inclination angle θ.

• No friction • No motion • Motion • Motion


impending
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction
7.1.1 Characteristics of dry friction
 The frictional force acts tangent to the contacting surfaces in a
direction opposed to the relative motion or tendency for motion of
one surface against another
 The maximum static frictional force Fs that can be developed is
independent of the area of contact, provided the normal pressure
is not very low or great enough to severely deform or crush the
contacting surfaces of the bodies
 The maximum static frictional force is generally greater than the
kinetic frictional force
 However, if one of the bodies is moving with a very low velocity
over the surface of another, Fk becomes approximately equal to
Fs
 When slipping at the surface of contact is about to occur, the
maximum static frictional force is proportional to the normal force
 When slipping is occurring, the kinetic frictional force is
proportional to the normal force
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction
7.1.2 Types of friction problems
 In all cases, geometry and dimensions are assumed to be known
 Four types of friction problems
- Equilibrium
- Impending motion at all points
- Tipping or Impending motion at some points
- Body is sliding
1). Equilibrium (number of unknowns = # of equations of equilibrium)

P Fx  0 F  s N
F  Px
W
F F y  0
N  Py  W
N

No evidence that has reached its maximum value, thus F  μsN cannot be
used
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction
2). Impending motion at all points (# of unknowns = # of EOE + # of friction
equations)
P Fx  0
Fmax  Px F y  0
W
Fmax N  Py  W
Fmax   s N
N
Friction force is in opposite direction of impending motion
3). Tipping or impending motion at some points (# unknowns < # E.O.E. +
# F.E.)
 Sliding: must do computations for all the different situations
- assume condition 1, solve
- assume condition 2, solve
etc.
 Tipping: - block will slip F  s N,   x  b / 2
- block will tip F  S N, x  b / 2
MEC 412
Chapter 7: Friction
4).Body is sliding
P Fk  Px F y  0
W N  Py  W
Fk
Fk   k N
N

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