Hybrid Vehicle

hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and
batteries
when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.
The basic principle with hybrid vehicles is that the different motors work better at different speeds; the electric motor is more
efficient at producing torque, or turning power, and the combustion engine is better for maintaining high speed (better than
typical electric motor). Switching from one to the other at the proper time while speeding up yields a win-win in terms
of energy efficiency, as such that translates into greater fuel efficiency, for example.
Contents
 1Vehicle type
o 1.1Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles
o 1.2Heavy vehicle
 1.2.1Rail transport
 1.2.2Cranes
 1.2.3Road transport, commercial vehicles
 1.2.4Military off-road vehicles
 1.2.5Ships
 1.2.6Aircraft
 2Engine type
o 2.1Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles
o 2.2Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle (COREV)
o 2.3Hybrid fuel (dual mode)
o 2.4Fluid power hybrid
 2.4.1Petro-air hybrid
 2.4.2Petro-hydraulic hybrid
o 2.5Electric-human power hybrid vehicle
 3Hybrid vehicle power train configurations
o 3.1Parallel hybrid
o 3.2Mild parallel hybrid
o 3.3Power-split or series-parallel hybrid
o 3.4Series hybrid
o 3.5Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
o 3.6Road safety for cyclists, pedestrians
 4Environmental issues
o 4.1Fuel consumption and emissions reductions
o 4.2Hybrid vehicle emissions
o 4.3Environmental impact of hybrid car battery
o 4.4Charging
o 4.5Raw materials increasing costs
 5How hybrid-electric vehicles work
 6Alternative green vehicles
 7Peugeot/Citroën hybrid vehicle
 8Marketing
o 8.1Adaption
o 8.2Misleading advertising
 9Adoption rate
 10European Union 2020 regulation standards
 11See also
 12References
 13External links
Vehicle type[edit]
A biodiesel hybrid bus in Montreal, Canada
Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles[edit]

Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, powered by an internal combustion
engine or electric motor and the rider's muscles. Early prototype motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same
principle.
 In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor torques are mechanically coupled at the pedal or one of the wheels,
e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element.
Most motorized bicycles, mopeds are of this type.[1]
 In a series hybrid bicycle (SHB) (a kind of chainless bicycle) the user pedals a generator, charging a battery or
feeding the motor, which delivers all of the torque required. They are commercially available, being simple in theory and
manufacturing.[2]
The first published prototype of an SHB is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds
conceived the Electrilite[3] SHB with power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995
Thomas Muller designed and built a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" for his 1995 diploma thesis. In 1996 Jürg
Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SHB and in 1998 modified a Leitra tricycle
(European patent EP 1165188). Until 2005 they built several prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles.[4] In 1999 Harald
Kutzke described an "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by
electronic compensation.
 A series hybrid electric-petroleum bicycle (SHEPB) is powered by pedals, batteries, a petrol generator, or plug-
in charger - providing flexibility and range enhancements over electric-only bicycles.
A SHEPB prototype made by David Kitson in Australia[5] in 2014 used a lightweight brushless DC electric motor from an
aerial drone and small hand-tool sized internal combustion engine, and a 3D printed drive system and lightweight housing,
altogether weighing less than 4.5 kg. Active cooling keeps plastic parts from softening. The prototype uses a regular electric
bicycle charge port.
Heavy vehicle[edit]
Bus rapid transit of Metz, a diesel-electric hybrid driving system by Van Hool[6]
Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles,

mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships. A diesel/turbine engine drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers
electric/hydraulic motor(s) - strictly an electric/hydraulic transmission (not a hybrid), unless it can accept power from outside.
With large vehicles conversion losses decrease, and the advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than
mechanical elements become more prominent, especially when powering multiple drives — e.g. driven wheels or propellers.
Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy storage, e.g. batteries/hydraulic accumulators — excepting
non-nuclear submarines, one of the oldest production hybrids, running on diesels while surfaced and batteries when
submerged. Both series and parallel setups were used in WW2 submarines.
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hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and

Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles[edit]

Bus rapid transit of Metz, a diesel-electric hybrid driving system by Van Hool[6]

Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles,

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