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Mathematical Expression For Given Circuit: I I I I I I

The document provides mathematical expressions describing the operation of a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit. It defines equations for the input voltage, output of the voltage controlled oscillator, output of the phase detector, and output of the low-pass filter. It then derives differential equations showing how the phase difference is reduced over time until the input and output frequencies are locked and equal. The analysis is performed both in the time domain and frequency domain.

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mohan sardar
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37 views4 pages

Mathematical Expression For Given Circuit: I I I I I I

The document provides mathematical expressions describing the operation of a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit. It defines equations for the input voltage, output of the voltage controlled oscillator, output of the phase detector, and output of the low-pass filter. It then derives differential equations showing how the phase difference is reduced over time until the input and output frequencies are locked and equal. The analysis is performed both in the time domain and frequency domain.

Uploaded by

mohan sardar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematical expression for given circuit

The Input voltage to LC tank circuit is

v i (t) = V i sin[(ω i (t) + ϕi (t)] = V i sin(ψ i (t) ...(1.1)

The output of LC tank circuit given to gilbert cell mixer (phase detector) is

v r (t) = V r sin[(ω r (t) + ϕr (t)] = V r sin(ψ r (t) ...(1.2)

The output of Voltage Control Oscillator is given by


v o (t) = V o cos[(ω o (t) + ϕo (t)] = V o cos(ψ o (t) ...(1.3)

Output of phase detector is

v pd (t) = K m v r (t) v o (t) ...(1.4)

Where, K m is the transfer constant with the dimension [1/V].

v pd (t) = K m V r sin(ψ r (t) V o cos(ψ o (t)


= K m V r sin[(ω r (t) + ϕr (t)] V o cos[(ω o (t) + ϕo (t)]

= 12 K m V r V o [ sin[(ω r − ω o )t + ϕr (t) − ϕo (t) ] + sin[(ω r + ω o )t + ϕr (t) + ϕo (t) ] ] ...(1.5)

Output of LPF is

v lpf (t) = 12 K m V r V o sin[(ω r − ω o )t + ϕr (t) − ϕo (t) ]

= K d sin[(ω r − ω o )t + ϕr (t) − ϕo (t) ] ...(1.6)

= K d sin ψ e (t)
where, PD gain K d = K m V r V o [V/rad].

The phase difference between the input and the output voltages is

ψ e (t) = ψ r (t) − ψ o (t) ...(1.7)

v lpf (t) will change free running frequency ω c of the VCO to

ψ .o (t) = d
dt ψ o (t) = ω c + K o v lpf (t) ...(1.8)

where, the proportionality constant K o is designated as the oscillator gain with the
dimension [2π Hz/V].

ψ o (t) = ∫ ω c dt + ∫ K o v lpf (t) dt

= ω c t + ∫ K o v lpf (t) dt …(1.9)


Put eq. (1.8) into eq. (1.7) we get

ψ e (t) = ψ r (t) − ψ o (t)


= ψ r (t) − ω c t − ∫ K o v lpf (t) dt
= ω r t − ω c t − ∫ K o K d sin ψ e (t) dt
= (ω r − ω c )t − ∫ K o K d sin ψ e (t) dt ...(1.10)

Again differentiate ,

d
dt
ψ e (t) = (ω r − ω c ) − K o K d sin ψ e (t)

d
dt
ψ e (t) = Δω − K sin ψ e (t) ...(1.11)

Where ,
Δω = ω r − ω c & K = K o K d K is indicated as the gain of system with the dimension [2πHz].

Assume that phase detector is linear , hence


sin ψ e (t) ≈ ψ e (t) …(1.12)
eqn.(1.9) becomes

d
dt
ψ e (t) = Δω − K ψ e (t) ...(1.13)

Solution of this differential equation is

ψ e (t) = e−Kt ( ψ e0 − Δω
K
) + Δω
K
...(1.14)
where ψ e0 is the integration constant, that is, the phase at the start for t = 0.
Further investigation reveals that the phase difference in the steady state
compensates the frequency difference
ψ e∞ = ΔωK
...(1.15)

SOLUTION OF DESIGN SYSTEM EQUATIONS IN THE FREQUENCY


DOMAIN

By assuming the phase difference e(t), in the locked state, to be always smaller
than π/2, the result is the equality between input and output frequencies.
ωr = ωo ...(1.16)
consider,system is permanently in the phase equilibrium is

ω o + dtd ϕo (t) = ω c + K o v lpf (t) + K o K d sin[ϕr (t) − ϕo (t)] ...(1.17)

where the term K o v lpf (t) shifts the VCO frequency ω o to be equal to the input
frequency ω r .
Evidently, in the steady state we get the following relation between the VCO free
running frequency and the locked frequency
ω o = ω c + K o v lpf (t) ...(1.18)
d
dt ϕo (t) = K sin[ϕr (t) − ϕo (t)]
Where, K o K d =K

In the steady state the difference ,


ϕe (t) = ϕr (t) − ϕo (t)

d
dt ϕo (t) = K sin ϕe (t) ...(1.19)
Assume that phase detector is linear , hence
sin ϕe (t) ≈ ϕe (t)
d
dt ϕo (t) = K ϕe (t) = K [ϕr (t) − ϕo (t)] ...(1.20)

employ advantages of the Laplace transform (with a assumption of the zero initial
conditions)
s ϕo (s) = K ϕe (t) = K [ϕr (s) − ϕo (s)] ...(1.21)

ϕo (s) K
ϕr (s) = H (s) = S+K ...(1.22)

ϕr (s)−ϕo (s) ϕe (s) S


ϕr (s) = ϕr (s) = 1 − H (s) = S+K ...(1.23)
between input and PD output error.

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