Naray

anaEngineeri
ngColl
ege:Nellor
e/Gudur
II
IB.TechIIsemester2018–19
MechanicalEngineer
ing
Facul
ty:K.
RAHUL

UNI
T-1
 
1.Li
stoutt
heappl
i
cat
ionsofoper
ati
onsr
esear
ch.

Operati
onresear
chisusef
ulf orsolv
ing(i
)r esourceal
locat
ionproblems(i
i)I
nventor
y
contr
olprobl
ems( i
i
i)maintenanceand r eplacementprobl
ems( iv
)sequenci
ng and
schedul
i
ng probl
ems(v)maximizetotal
profitorminimi
zetotalcoast

 
2.Whati
sther
oleofO.
RinEngi
neer
ing?

(i
)Opt i
maldesi gnofwat erresourcessystems( i
i
)Optimaldesignofst r
uctur
es(ii
i)
Producti
on,Planning,Schedulingandcontrol(i
v)Opti
maldesignofelect
ri
calnetwor
ks
(v)I
nventorycont r
ol(vi
)Pl anningofmaintenanceandreplacementofequipment(vi
i)
All
ocati
onofr esourcesofser vi
cestomaxi mi
zet hebenefi
t(vi
ii
)Designofmat er
ial
handli
ng(ix)Optimum designofmachi nes

 
3.Whatisanal
yti
cpr
ocedure?
Sol
vi
ngmodel sbyclassi
calmat hemati
caltechni
quesl
i
kedi
ff
erent
ialcal
cul
us,f
ini
te
di
ff
erenceset
c.t
oobtainanal
yti
csolut
ions.

4.Whati
sIt
erat
ivepr
ocedur
e?

Star
tswithatr
ialsol
uti
onandasetofr ul
esf
ori
mpr
ovi
ngi
tbyr
epeat
ingt
hepr
ocedur
e
uni
tlf
urt
heri
mpr ovementi
snotpossi
ble.

5.Whati smont
e-car
lotechni
que?
Takingsampleobservati
ons,computi
ngprobabi
li
tydi
str
ibuti
onsforthevar
iabl
eusing
random numbersandconstructi
ngsomefuncti
onstodeterminev
aluesofthedeci
sion
vari
ables.

6.Whatar
ethel
i
mit
ati
onsf
oroper
ati
onr
esear
ch?

Mathemat
icalmodel
swhi
char
etheessenceofORdonottakei
ntoaccountqual
i
tati
ve
oremoti
onalorsomehumanfact
orswhicharequi
ter
ealandinfl
uencethedecisi
on
maki
ng.Al
lsuchinf
luenci
ngfact
orsfi
ndnoplacei
nO.
R.Thi
sist
hemai
nli
mit
ati
onof
O.
R.HenceO.
R.isonlyanaidi
ndecisi
onmaki
ng.

7.Whati sl i
nearprogrammi ng?
Linearpr ogrammi ngpr oblemsdealwi thdeter
mi ni
ngopt i
malallocat
ionsofl i
mited
resourcest omeetgi venobj ect
ives.Theresour
cesmaybei nthef or
m ofmen,r aw
mat eri
als,mar ketdemand,money and machi nes etc.The objecti
vei s usuall
y
maxi mizing profit
,mi nimizing totalcostmaximi zi
ng uti
li
ty et
c.Ther e ar
e cert
ain
restri
cti
onsont hetotalamountofeachr esour
ceav ai
labl
eandont hequantit
yorqualit
y
ofeachpr oductmade.

 
8.Whataret hecharacter
isti
csoflinearprogrammingprobl
em?
(i
)Itshoul
dber easonablysimple( i
i)Agoodmodelshoul dbecapableoft aki
ngint
o
accountnew changesi nthesi t
uationaf f
ecti
ngi nt
hesi t
uat
ionaf
fect
ingi tsfr
ame
si
gnifi
cant
lywi t
heasei .
e.,updatingt hemodel sshouldbeassimpleandeasyas
possi
ble.(
ii
i)Assumpt i
onsmadet osi mpli
fythemodelshouldbeassmallaspossibl
e
(i
v)Numberofv ariabl
esusedshoul dbeassmal li
nnumberaspossi
ble(
v )Themodel
shouldbeopent oparamet r
ictr
eatment .

9.Listanyf ourcl
assifi
cat
ionsofmodel sinoper ati
onr esearch?
Thef i
rstthingonehast odot ouseO. R.t echniquesaf terf or
mul at
ingapracti
cal
problem istoconst r
uctasuitablemodeltor epresentt hepracticalprobl
em.Amodeli s
ar easonablysimplifi
edrepresentati
onofar eal
-wor l
dsituation.Itisanabstr
acti
onof
reali
ty.Themodescan  broadlybecl assif
iedasI conic(Phy sical
)Model sAnal
ogue
Model sMat hematicalModelsStaticModels.

10.Whati st
heanal
ogueorschematicmodel s?
Thisusesonesetofproperti
estorepresentanothersetofpr
oper
tieswhi
chasy st
em
understudyhasExample:Anetworkofwat erpipestorepr
esentt
hef l
owofcur
rentin
anelect
rical
net
workorgraphs,or
ganizat
ionalchart
setc.

11.Whati sMat hemat i

cal
Model orSymbolicModel ?
Thisusesa setofmat hemat icalsymbols( l
etters,number setc)tor epr
esentt he
decisi
on v ari
ables ofa sy stem underconsi derati
on.These v ari
ables r
elat
ed by
mathemat icaleuati
onswhi chdescribesthepropertiesofthesystem.Example:Alinear
programmi ng model ,A system ofequat ionsr epresent
ing an el
ectr
icalnetworkor
di
fferent
ialequationsrepr
esentingdy namicsyst
em et c.

12.Whatisstat
icmodel?
Thisisamodewhi chdoesnottaket
imeint
oaccount
.Itassumesthattheval
uesofthe
vari
ablesdonotchangewi t
hti
medur i
ngacertai
nperi
odoft i
mehor i
zon.Example:A
l
inearprogr
ammi ngpr
oblem,anassi
gnmentpr
oblem,t
ranspor
tat
ion pr
oblem et
c.

13.Li
stanyf
ourpr
inci
plesofmodel
i
ng?
(i)Donotbuil
dupacompl i
cat
edmodelwhi l
easimpleonewil
lsuff
ice.(
ii
)Bewar
eof
mouldingtheprobl
emst ofi
ta( f
avouri
te!)t
echni
que(i
ii
)Deduct
ionsmustbemade
caref
ull
y(i
v)Modelsshoul
dbev al
i
datedpri
ortoi
mplement
ati
on.

 
14.Listanyfourrequir
ementofempl oyingli
nearprogrammingpr obl
em t
echni
ques.
(i
)Ther emustbeawel l
-defi
ned objectiv
ef unct
ion.(i
i)Theremustbeal ter
nat
ive
coursesofact iontochoose.( i
ii
)Atl eastsomeoft heresourcesmustbei nli
mited
supply,whichgi v
erisetoconstraint
s( iv
)Botht heobject
ivefuncti
onandconstrai
nts
mustbel inearequat
ionsorinequali
ti
es.

15.Whati st heProcedur ef
orfor
mi ngaLinearProgrammi ngProblemsModel ?
(i)Identi
fyt heunknowndeci si
onv ari
ablest obedet er
minedandassi gnsy mbolsto
them.( i
i)I denti
fyal lt herestr
ict
ionsorconst r
aints(orinfluencing f
actor
s)i nthe
problem andexpr esst hem asalinearequationsorinequal
it
iesofdeci si
onvari
ables.(
iii
)
I
dent i
fytheobj ecti
veorai m andr epresentitalsoasal inearf unct
ionofdeci si
on
vari
ables.(iv)Expresst hecompleteLinearPr ogr
ammi ngProblemsmodel sasagener al
mat hematicalmodel .

16.DefineO.R.
Operat
ionsResear chistheappli
cationofsci
enti
fi
cmet hods,techni
quesandtoolsto
operat
ions ofsy stems to obt
ain opti
malsolut
ion t
ot he problems,itpr
ovides a
quanti
tati
vet echni
quetot hemanager sformaki ngbetterdecisi
onsforoperati
ons
undercontrol

17.Whatisanassignmentpr oblem?
Givennfaci
li
ti
esandnj obsandgi ventheef
fect
ivenessofeachf
aci
l
ityf
oreachj
ob,
the
 
problem i
stoassi gneachf acil
i
tyt ooneandonl yjobsoast oopti
mizethegi
ven
measureofeffect
iveness.

18.Whati sanunbalancedassignmentprobl
em?
Anassi gnmentpr obl
em i
sanunbal ancedprobl
em ift
henumberofj obsisnotequalto
no.off acil
it
ies.TheHungar i
anmet hodofsol ut
ionrequi
resasquar emat ri
x.Hence
fi
ctit
iousf acil
i
tiesorj
obsareaddedandassi gned0coststothecorrespondi
ngcellsof
themat ri
x.Thesecellsaretreatedt hesamewayast herealcostcell
sdur i
ngt he
sol
ut i
onpr ocedure.

19.Whatar ethebasi
cassumpti
ons?
Theli
nearpr ogr
ammingprobl
emsaresol
vedont
hebasi
soft
hef
oll
owi
ngassumpt
ions.
 
(i
)Proporti
onali
ty
(
ii
)Addit
ivit
y
(i
i
i)Divi
sibi
li
ty
(i
v)Certai
ntyorDeter
mini
sti
c
(v
)Finit
eness
(
vi)Opt
imal
i
ty

20.Whatar etheadv antagesoflinearprogrammi ng?

(i
)Itpr ovi
desani nsightandper spectiveint othepr oblem envir
onment .Thegenerally
result
si nclearpictureoft hetruepr oblem.( i
i)Itmakesasci enti
ficandmat hematical
analysisoft heproblem situat
ions.(ii
i)Itgivesanoppor tuni
tytot hedecisi
onmakert o
formul at
ehi sstr
ategi esconsi
stentwi ththeconst r
aintsandtheobj ecti
ves.(i
v)I
tdeals
withchangi ngsituati
ons.Onceapl ani sarri
v edt hroughthelinear progr
ammi ngitcan
also be r eval
uated f orchanging condi t
ions.( v )Byusi ng li
nearpr ogramming the
decisionmakermakessur ethathei sconsider i
ngt he bestsoluti
on.
UNI
T-2

1.Whati str
ansportati
onmodel?
(i)lev
elofsupplyateachsour ceandtheamountofdemandateachdest inat
ion.(i
i)
Theuni ttr
ansportati
oncostofcommodi t
yfrom eachsourcetoeachdestinati
on.The
object
iveistodetermi netheamounttobeshif
tfrom eachsourcetoeachdest i
nati
on
sucht hatthetotaltranspor
tat
ioncostismini
mum.  Note:Thetranspor
tati
onmodel
al
socanbemodi fiedtoaccountformul
ti
plecommoditi
es.

2.Whendoesdegener acyhappenintr
ansport
ati
onpr obl
em?
I
ntranspor
tat
ionprobl
ems, whenevert
henumberof -
negativ
eindependental
locat
ionsis
l
essthanm+n- 1,t
hetransport
ati
onproblem i
ssaidtobeadegener ateone.Degneracy
mayoccureit
herattheini
tial
stageoratanint
ermediateatsomesubsequentiter
ati
on.

3.Whati sanunbal ancedtransportati

onpr oblem?*
I
ft hetotal
availabi
li
tyfrom allori
ginsisnotequal t
othetotaldemandofal
ldesti
nat
ions,
thenitiscall
edunbal ancedtransportati
onpr obl
em.
*Thet r
ansportati
onpr obl
em isbalancedi fthetot
alavai
labi
li
tyisequal
tot
otaldemand.
*AnI BFScanbeobt ai
nedonlyf orbalancedt r
ansport
ati
onproblem.

4.Whatisanassi
gnmentpr oblem?
Givennfaci
li
ti
esandnj obsandgi vent
heef
fect
ivenessofeachf
aci
l
ityf
oreachj
ob,
the
 
probl
em istoassigneachf aci
li
tytooneandonl yjobsoast oopti
mizethegi
ven
measureofeff
ect
iveness.

5.Whati sanunbal ancedassignmentpr obl

em?
Anassi gnmentpr oblem i
sanunbal ancedprobl
em i
fthenumberofjobsi snotequalto
no.off acil
it
ies.TheHungar ianmet hodofsol ut
ionrequir
esasquar emat ri
x.Hence
fi
ctit
iousf acil
it
iesorjobsareaddedandassi gned0coststothecorrespondi
ngcell
sof
themat ri
x.Thesecel l
saret reat
edt hesamewayast herealcostcellsduri
ngt he
sol
ut i
onpr ocedure.

6.Whatisatravell
i
ngsalesmanpr oblem?
Ther
ear eano.ofciti
esasal esmanmustv isi
t.Thedi
stance( orti
meorcost)bet
ween
ever
ypairofcitiesisknown.Hest art
sfr
om hishomeci ty,passesthr
ougheachcit
y
onceandonlyonesandr et
urnst ohishomeci ty
.Thepr oblem ist
of i
ndtherout
es
shor
testi
ndistance(orti
meorcost )

7.Whati srevi
sedsimplexmet hod?
Ther ev
isedsimpl exmet hodwhi chisamodifi
cationoft heori
ginalmethodismore
economicalont hecomput er
,asitcomputersandst or
esonl yt
her el
evanti
nfor
mat
ion
neededcurrent
lyfortest
ingandimpr ovi
ngt
hecurrentsolut
ion.

8.Def
inedy
nami
cpr
ogr
ammi
ng?
Dynamicprogrammi ngisamat hemati
caltechni
queofoptimizat
ionusingmul t
ist
age
deci
sionprocess.Thati
s,t
hepr ocessinwhichasequenceofinter
rel
ateddeci
sionshas
tobemade.I tprovi
desasy stematicprocedurefordet
erminingthecombinationof
deci
sionswhichmaxi mi
zeoverallef
fect
iveness

9.Whati sneedofdy nami

cpr ogramming?(i)allt
hedecisionsofacombi nati
onare
specif
ied(i
i)theoptimalpolicycanbesel ectedonlyafterallthecombi nati
onsare
eval
uated.(
ii
i)l
otofcomput at
ionalworkandtoomucht i
mei sinvolv
ed.
  
(iv
)allcombinati
onsmaynotsat isf
ytheli
mitati
onsandthusmaybei nfeasibl
e.(v)t
he
numberofcombi nati
onsissolarge.

10.Whati sbell
man’spri
ncipl
eofopt imali
ty?
 
Itstatest hatanoptimalpoli
cy(setofdecisions)hastheproper
tythatwhatev
erbet he
i
nit
ialst ateandi ni
ti
aldecisi
ons,ther emainingdeci
sionsmustconst i
tuteanopt i
mal
pol
icyf ort hestat
eresul
ti
ngf r
om t hefir
stdecisi
onItimpli
esthatgiv
ent hei
nit
ialstate
ofasy stem,anopt imalpoli
cyf orthesubsequentstagesdoesnotdependupont he
pol
icyadopt edattheproceedingstages. Note:Aproblemswhichdoesnotsat i
sfyt he
pri
ncipleofopt i
malit
ycannotbesol v
edbydy namicprogramming.

11.Listofthechar acterist
icsofdy namicprogrammi ngpr obl
ems.
(i
)Thepr oblem canbedi vi
dedi nt ostages,wi t
hapol icydecisionrequi
redateachst age.
(i
i)Eachst agehasanumberofst atesassoci atedwi thit.Thest at
esar ev ari
ous
possibleconditi
onsi nwhi cht hesy stem mayf i
ndi tselfatthatstageoft heproblem.
Thenumberofst atesmaybef init
eori nf
ini
te.(ii
i)Theef f
ectoft hepoli
cydecisionat
eachst ageistotransf ormt hecur r
entstateintoast ateassoci at
edwiththenextst age.
(i
v)Thecur rentsituation( state)oft hesy stem atast ageisdescribedbyasetof
vari
ables,call
edst atev ari
ables.I ti
sdefinedt orefl
ectt hestatusoftheconstrai
ntst hat
bindallstagestogether .

12.Whatar et heAppl i
cati
onsofDy namicPr ogrammi ng?
(i
)Int hepr oduct i
onar ea,thist echniquehasbeenusedf orpr oduct i
on,schedul i
ngand
empl oymentsmoot heningpr oblems.( i
i)Ithasbeenusedt odet er minet hei nventory
l
evelandf orf ormulati
ngt hei nventoryrecording.(ii
i)Itcanbeappl iedforal l
ocatingt he
scarcer esour cest o diff
er ental t
ernati
v eusessuchas,al locati
ngt hesal esment o
dif
ferentsal esdi stri
ctset c.( i
v)Iti susedt odet erminet heopt ionalcombi nationof
advertisingmedi a(TV, Radi o, 
Newspaper s)andt hef requencyofadv erti
sing.
 
13.Def ineDeci si
onTr ee.
At reedi agr am isagr aphicconst ructi
ont hatrepresentsv ari
ousact i
vit
iesinadeci si
on
 
probl em asi ftheywer ebr anchesofat reemayi nturnbedi videdint osmal lerbranches
whichr epr esentsubsequentat ernati
ves.

14.Whatar etheneedf orDecisionTr eeDi

agram?
Itisdif
ficul
ttodescribeandconf usi
ngtoimplementwhenadeci si
onpr obl
em i
nvol
vi
ng
manybr anches.Thereforedecisionmakerneedstouset het
ool,decisi
ont r
eetopor
tray
thelogi
coft hepol i
cy .Notethatt heconceptofdecisi
ontreesprov i
desasy st
ematic
appr
oacht
omany 
probl
emst
hatf
acemanagement
.
15.ListouttheAdv antagesofDecisionTrees.
(i
)Deci si
ont r
eesimpl ysketchesthelogicstructurebasedont hestat
edpolicy
.Inthi
s
respectitisanexcell
enttool.Iti
seasyt oconstruct,easytoreadandeasyt oupdat
e.(i
i
)
Itclearl
ybr i
ngsouti mpli
citassumpt i
onsandcal culat
ionsforalltosee,quest
ionand
revi
se.( i
i
i)Ital
lowsonet ounderstand,si
mplybyi nspecti
on,vari
ousassumpt i
onsand
alt
ernativeinagr aphicalform,whi chi smuchmor eeasiertounderstandthanthe
abstractanalyt
ical
form.

16.Listoutt
heLi mitati
onsofDecisionTrees.
(i
)Itbecomesmor eandmor ecompl icat
edasnumberofdeci si
onalt
ernat
ivesincr
eases
and mor ev ar
iables arei ntr
oduced.( ii
)I t becomes highl
y compli
cated when
i
nterdependentalternat
ivesanddependentv ar
iabl
esarepr
esentintheproblem.(ii
i)I
t
assumest heuti
lit
yofmoneyi sl
inear.

17.Defi
neReplacementmodel .
Therepl
acementproblem ari
sesbecauseofthefoll
owingf
actors
(i
)Theoldit
em hasbecomewor seorrequi
resexpensi
vemaintenance
(i
i
)Theolditem hasfai
ledduetoaccident
(i
i
i)Amor eeff
ici
entdesignofequipmenthasbecomeav ai
l
ableinmarket

18.Definemoneyv al
ue
Sincemoneyhasav alueoverti
me,weof tenspeak:moneyi swor
th10%pery ear
.This
canbeexpl ai
nedinthefol
lowing2way s.
(i
)I noneway ,spendingRs.100todaywoul dbeequi v
alenttospendingRs.110ina
year’
stime.
-
1
 
(i
i)Consequentl
yonerupeeafterayearfr
om nowi sequi
valentt
o(1.
1)  
rupeet
oday.

19.Defi
nePr esentwor t
hfact orAswehav ejustseenabov e,oner
upeeay earfrom now
i
sequivalentto( 1.
1)-1rupeet odayatt heinterestr at
e10%pery ear.Onerupeespent
twoyearsf r
om nowi sequi v
alentto(1.1)-
2 today .Simil
arl
ywecansayoner upeespent
‘
n’yearsfrom now i sequivalentto(
1.1)-n t
odayt hequant i
ty(1.
1)-n i
scall
edpr esent
worthf
act ororpresentvalueofoner upeespentny ear
sfrom now.

20.Def i
neDiscountr at
e.
-
1
Thepr esentwort hfact
orofuni
tamounttobespentafteroney earisgi
venbyV=(1+r
)
Wereri st hei nter
estrat
e.Then V i
scalled di
scountr at
e( techni
cal
lyknown as
depreciat
ionvalue
UNI
T-3
1.Def inei nvent ory?
Inv entorymaybedef inedast hestockofgoods, commodi t
iesorot hereconomi c
resour cest hatar est oredorr eserv
edf orsmoot handef f
ici
entr unningofbusiness
af fai
rs.Thei nv entorymaybekepti nanyoneoft hefoll
owingf orms.
(i)Rawmat erial i
nvent oryRawmat eri
alswhi char ekeptinstockf orusingi
npr oduct
ion
ofgoods
(i
i)Wor k-inpr ocessi nv entorySemi-fi
nishedgoodswhi charest oreddur i
ngproducti
on
pr ocess.( i
ii
)Fi nishedgoodsi nventory(ie)finishedgoodsawai ti
ngshi pmentsfrom t
he
fact ory.
(iv)Inventor yalsoi ncludef urni
tur
e, machi ner yetc.

2.Whatarethetypesofi
nvent
ory?
(i
)Fl
uctuat
ioninv
entory(
ii
)Anti
cipat
edi
nvent
ori
es(
ii
i)Lost
-si
zei
nvent
ory

3.Defi
nef l
uct
uati
oninvent
ori
es.
I
nr eal
-l
if
eproblems,t
herearefl
uctuat
ionsi
nthedemandandleadt
imesthataf
fectthe
 
producti
onoftheitems.Suchtypeofsafet
ystocki
scal
l
edfluct
uat
ioni
nventor
ies.

4.Defi
neanti
ci patedinventor
ies.
Thesearebuiltupi nadvancef ortheseasonoflar
gesales,
apr
omot
ionprogr
ammeror
a pl
antshutdownper iod.Antici
patedinvent
ori
esstor
esmenandmachi
nehoursf
or
fut
ure par
ti
cipation.

5.Defi
neLet-
sizei
nvent
ories.
Gener
all
yrat
eofconsumpt ioni
sdi
ffer
entfr
om rateofpr
oducti
onorpurchasing.
Ther
efor
etheit
emsar eproducedi
nlargequant
iti
es,whi
chresul
tinl
ot-
sizeinvent
ori
es.

6.Listoutthereasonsf ormai nt
ainingi nv
entory?
(i
)Inventor
yhelpsi nsmoot handef fi
cientrunni
ngofbusi
ness(i
i
)Itpr
ovi
desser
vicet
o
thecustomer satshor tnoti
ce.(i
v )
 
Becauseofl ong-uni
nterruptedruns, pr
oduct i
oncosti
sless(v
)
 
I
tact sasabuf ferstockifshopr ej
ect i
onsar etoomany(vi
)
 
I
ttakescareofeconomi cfl
uctuations

7.Whati sthecostinvolv
edi ninventoryproblems?
Thefoll
owi ngcomponent sconst i
tuteholdingcost .
(i
)Int
erestedcapit
al cost:Thi
si stheinter
estchar geovert
hecapit
alinv
ested
(i
i
)Recordkeepingandadmi nistr
ativ
ecost s
(i
ii
)Handl i
ngcost:Theseincludecost sassoci at
edwi t
hmov ementofstock,
suchas
costoflabouretc.
(
iv) 
Stor
agecosts
(
v)Deprici
ati
oncosts
(
vi)Taxesandinsur
ancecosts
(
vii
)Purchasepri
ceorproduct
ioncost
s.

8.Defi
neshortagecost(C2)
.Thepenaltycost sthatareincur
redasar esultofrunni
ng
outofstockar
eknownasshor t
ageorst ock-outcosts.Thesear edenotedbyC2
 
perunit.I
ncasewheret heunfi
l
leddemandf orthegoodsmaybesat i
sfiedatalatt
er
date,
thesecostsareassumedt ovar
ydi rect
lywi tht
heshor t
agequant i
tyandthe
del
ayingti
mebot h.Ontheotherhandiftheunf i
lleddemandi slost(no backl
ogcase)
short
agecostsbecomepr oport
ional
toshor tagequant i
tyonly.

9.Defineset-upcost s(C3).
Thesecostsi ncludet hefi
xedcostassociat
edwi t
hobtaini
nggoodst hroughpl aci
ngan
orderorpurchasi ngormanuf act
uri
ngorset t
ingupamachi nerybeforestarti
ng
producti
on.Sot heyincl
udecostsofpurchase,requi
sit
ion,
foll
ow-upreceivingthegoods,
quali
tycontrol etc.
,Thesearecall
edordercostsorrepleni
shmentcost s,usuall
y
denotedbyC3  perproducti
onrun(cycl
e).Theareassumedt obei ndependentoft he
quanti
tyorder edorpr oduced.

10.Whatar ethev ariabl

esininventoryproblems?
Thev ari
ablesi
ni nventorymodel ar
et otwot ypes.
(a)Controll
edvariables(b)Uncontroll
edv ari
ables(a)Cont
rol
ledvar
iables(i
)Howmuch
quantit
yacquired( i
i)Thefrequencyort i
mi ngofacquisi
ti
on(i
ii)
Thecompl et
ionst
ageof
stockeditems.(b)Uncont r
oll
edv ar
iablesThesei ncl
udeholdi
ngcosts,short
agecost
,set
upcostanddemand.

11.Whatdomeanbyleadti
me?
El
apsedti
mebetweenthepl
acementoft
heor
derandi
tsr
ecei
ptsi
ninv
ent
oryi
sknown
asleadt
ime.

12.Whatdomeanbyr eorderlevel?
Thisi
sthet
imewhenweshoul dplaceanorderbytaki
ngintoconsi
der
ati
ontheint
erv
al
 
betweenpl
acingtheorderandr ecei
vingthesuppl
y.Foreg.,
wewouldli
ketoplacea
neworder 
preci
selyatt
het i
mewheni nventor
ylev
elreacheszer
o.

13.DefineEconomi corderqual
it
y(E.O.Q)?
Economi corderquanti
ty(EOQ)isthatsizeofor
derwhichmini
mizet
otal
annualcostof
carr
yinginventoryandthecostoforderi
ngundertheassumedcondi
ti
onsofcer
taint
y
andthatannual demandsar eknown.

14.Determinist
icI
nventorymodel
s.
(i
)purchasi
ngmodel wit
hnoshortages(i
i)Manufacturi
ngmodelwit
hnoshortages 
(i
i
i)Purchasingmodel wit
hshort
ages(iv
)Manuf acturi
ngmodelwit
hshor
tages.

15.Def
inesel
ect
ivecont
rol
techni
ques?
Ever
yorgani
zati
onconsumesseveral
itemsofstore.Si
neal
l t
heit
emsar enotofequal
i
mpor t
ance,
ahighdegreecont
roloni
nv ent
ori
esofeachit
em isneit
herappl
icabl
enor
usef
ulimport
ance.Sucht
ypeofcl
assifi
cati
onisnamedast hepr
inci
pleofselect
ive
cont
rol.

16.WhatismeanbyFNSD
 
Analysi
sbasedonusager at
eofit
ems?Thei temscanbeclassi
fi
edasfastmovi
ng
i
tems,Normalmovingit
ems, sl
owmov ingi
tems, deadi
tems(
FNSD),weconcent
rat
eon
F-
itemsandD-i
tem ar
ereferr
edtodisposal
cell.

17.Whataret helimitat
ionsofABC  Anal ysi
s?
(i)Theperi
odicconsumpt i
onv alue( nottheuni tvalue)i
sthebasi cofforABC
cl
assif
icat
ioncanl eadt ooverlookingt heneedsofspar epart
swhosecr it
ical
ityi
shigh
butconsumpt i
onv alueislow.( i
i)IfABCanal ysisisnotupdatedandr evi
ewed
peri
odical
l
y, t
her ealpurposeofcont r
ol
maybedef eated.Forexampl e‘ c’it
emsl ikeDiesel etc.
,maybecomesmosthi ghv al
ue
i
temsi na
 
powercr i
sis.(i
i
i)ABCanal ysisdoesnotper mi tpreciseconsi
derationofallrel
evant
probl
emsofi nvent or
ycont r
ol.Forexampl eanev erendingproblemsi ninventory
managementi st hatofadequat elyhandlingthousandsofl owv alueCi t
ems.

18.Stategametheory.
Businesssit
uat
ioninvolvescompetiti
on.Ef
fecti
vedeci
sionmakingpl
aysavi
tal
rol
ein
suchsituat
ionmainlybecausedecisionswi
llhavedi
rectimpactont
herev
enueear
ing
potenti
als 
busi
nessor ganizat
ions.

19.Whataretheproper
ti
esforgametheor
y?(
i)Ther
earef i
nit
enumberofpart
ici
pant
s
cal
ledplay
ers(i
i)Eachpl
ayerhasafi
nit
enumberofstr
ategi
esavai
labl
etohim( i
i
i)
Everygameresult
sinanoutcome.

20.DefineUncert
aint
ysit
uation.
Whent heproblemsdataaresubjectedt
ov ar
iat
ionanditi
snotpossiblet
or epr
esent
them i
nt hem i
ntheform ofanyprobabi
l
itydi
str
ibuti
on,t
hissi
tuat
ioniscal
leduncert
ain
sit
uati
on.Gamet heoryi
sanexampl eoftheuncertai
ntysi
tuat
ion.
UNI
T-4
1.Whatisnetwork?
ANetworkisasy mbol
i
cr epr
esentati
onoftheessenti
alchar
act
eri
sti
csofaproject
.
 
Networktechni
queisatoolofprojectmanagement.PERTandCPM arethewidely
appl
i
edtechniques.

2.Def
ineeventf
loati
nCPM.
Thebeginni
ngandendpoi
ntsofanacti
vi
tyarecall
edevent
sornodes.Eventi
sapoi
nt
i
ntimeanddoesnotconsumeanyresources.I
tisr
epr
esentedbyacir
cle.

3.Whatismeantbynet workconst r
ucti
on?
Theproj
ectissplitintoact i
vi
ties.St
artprojectandfi
nisheventsoft
heproj
ectarethen
deci
ded.Afterdecidingt heprecedenceor der,t
heacti
v i
ti
esareputi
nalogi
calsequence
byusi
ngt hegraphical notati
ons.

4.Whati smeantbycrit
ical
path?
Thecri
ticalpathofanetworkgiv
estheshor
testti
meinwhichthewholeproj
ectcanbe
completed.Iti
sthechainofacti
vi
ti
eswitht
helongestti
medurati
on.Anydel
ayinanyof
theacti
viti
esresul
tsi
nthedelayofthecomplet
ionofthepr
oject
.

5.Defi
neplanning?
Thisi
nvolvesal i
sti
ngoftasksorjobsthatmustbeper
for
medtocompl et
eaproject
underconsiderati
on.I
nthisphasemen, machi
nesandmater
ial
srequi
redfort
hepr oj
ect
i
nadditi
ont otheestimatesofcostsanddurat
ionsofv
ari
ousacti
vi
ti
esoftheproject
areal
sodet ermined.

6.Defi
nescheduli
ng?
Thisphaseinvol
vest
helay
ingoutoftheact
ualact
ivi
ti
esoftheproject
sinalogical
sequenceofti
mei nwhi
chtheyhavet
obeper f
ormed.Menandmat eri
alr
equi
rement s
aswellastheexpect
edcomplet
ionti
meofeachactivi
tyateachstageoftheprojectar
e
al
sodet er
mined.

7.Def i
necont rol?
Consistsofr eviewingt heprogr essoft heprojectwhet hertheactualperformancei s
accordingtot hepl annedschedul eandf indi
ngt hereasonsf ordi
fference,ifany,
betweent heschedul eandper formance.Thebasi caspectofcont r
ol i
st oanalysesand
corr
ectt hi
sdi ffer
ence  bytakingr emedi alacti
onwher ev erpossi
ble.PERTandCPM ar e
usefulforthesef unctionsschedul eandper formance.Thebasi caspectofcont rolist
o
analysesandcor rectthisdif
ference  byt aki
ngr emedialactionwherev erpossible.PERT
andCPM ar eusef ulforthesef unctions.

8.Li
stoutt
herul
esfornetwor
kconstruct
ion?
Thefol
lowi
ngarethepri
maryrul
esforconstr
uct
ing
(i
)Thestar
ti
ngeventandendi
ngeventofanacti
vit
yar
ecal
l
edt
ail
eventandheadev
ent
,
respect
ively
.
(
ii
)Thenet workshoul
dhav eauni questart
ingnode( t
ail
ev ent)
(i
ii
)Thenet workshouldhav eauniquecompl et
ionnode( headev ent
)
(iv)
 Noact i
vi
tyberepresentedbymor ethanonear cinthenet work.
9.Whatar ethegeneralguidel
inesfornet
wor kcrashi
ng?
(i
)Durati
onofeachact ivi
ty(ii
)Earl
yandlateeventstimesf oreachnode(
ii
i)Fr
eef
loat
foreachactivi
ty

10.Defi
ner esourceall
ocationtechni
que?
Theobjecti
v eofresourceallocat
iontechni
queistoadj
ustthenon-cr
it
icalacti
vit
ies
suchthattheresourcer equir
ementineachper i
odiswit
hintheconst
raintonthe
resour
ceav ail
abil
it
y.Inthisprocess,
theprojectcompl
eti
ont i
memaybeext endedto
sati
sfythelimitontheresour ceavai
l
abili
ty.

11.Defi
neplayer
s?
Therearet
wopl ayer
sinagame.Theplayersmaybeanytwocompani
es(f
orexample
companyAandcompanyBcompet i
ngf ort
ender
s,twocount
ri
espl
anni
ngfort
rade
gai
nsinathirdcountr
ytwoper
sonsbiddinginagame,et
c.

12.Defi
nest r
ategy
?
Iti
sacour seofacti
ontakenbyapl
ayer
,forexampl
e,gi
vi
ngcomputerf
urni
tur
e’sf
reeof
cost,gi
ving20%additi
onalhar
dwar
e,gi
vi
ngspecial
pri
ce,et
c.whi
l
esell
ingcomputer
hardware.

13.Defi
nepur estr
ategy?
Ifaplayersel
ectsapar t
icul
arst
rategywit
hapr obabi
l
ityof1,
thenthatst
rat
egyi
s
knownasapur estr
ategy.Thi
smeanst hattheplay
eri
sselect
ingthatpar
ti
cul
ar
str
ategyaloneignor
inghisremai
ningstrat
egies.

14.Def inemi xedstrategy

?
 
Ifapl ay erf
ollowsmor et
hanonest rategy,t
hentheplayerissai dtofol
lowingamixed
str
ategy .Butt heprobabil
it
yofselectionoftheindiv
idualstrategi
eswi l
lbelesst
hanone
andt heirsum wi l
lbeequal toone.IfplayerBfoll
owsami xedst r
ategy,t
henasample
setof  probabili
ti
esofselectionofmi xedstr
ategyq
1=0.65, q2=1, q3=0.
35I ti
sclearthatthesum ofthepr obabili
ti
esisequal t
o1.
Thati sq1+q2+q3=0. 65+0+0.35=1

15.Def i
nemaxi minpr i
nciple?
Thispr i
nciplemaximi zest hemi ni
mum guarant
eedgainsofpl
ayerA.Themini
mum
gai
nswi t
hr especttodi f
fer ental
ter
nati
vesofA,i
rr
especti
veofB’sal
ter
nat
ivear
e
obtainedfirst.
Themaxi mum oft hesemi nimum gainsi
sknownast hemaximinval
ueandthe
correspondingalternativeiscal l
edasmaximinstr
ategy.

16.Def
inemi ni
maxpri
nci
ple?
Thispr
inci
plemini
mizest
hemaxi
mum l
osses.Themaxi
mum l
osseswi
thr
espectt
o
dif
fer
ental t
ernati
veofplayerB,ir
respect
iveofpl
ayerA’sal
ter
nat
ivear
eobt
a
i
nedf i
rst.Themi ni
mum oft hesemaximum lossesisknownasthemini
maxval
ueand
thecorrespondingalt
ernat
iveiscall
edasmi ni
maxst r
ategy
.

17.Whatissaddlepoi
nt?
Inagame, i
fthemaximinvalueisequalt
ot hemini
maxv alue,t
henthegameissaidt
o
haveasaddlepoint
.Theintersect
ingcel
lcorr
espondingt
ot heseval
uesisknownasthe
saddl
e point
.Ift
hegamehasasaddl epoint,
theneachplayerhasapurestr
ategy
.

18.Whatismeanbyv al
ueofthegame?
I
fthegamehasasaddl epoint
,thentheval
ueofthecel
latt
hesaddl
epointi
scall
edt
he
val
ueofthegame,otherwi
se,t
hev al
ueofthegameiscomputedbasedonexpect
ed
val
uecal
culat
ionswhichwil
lbeex pl
ainedl
att
er.

19.Whatismeanbytwo-per
sonzero-
sum game?
I
nagamewi tht wopl
ayer
s,i
fthegai
nofoneplayeri
sequal
tot
hel
ossofanot
her
pl
ayer
,thenthatgameiscal
l
edtwo-per
sonzero-
sum game.

20.Whati sthecrashingofproj
ectnet
work?
 
Inanypr ojectnetwork,
thefi
rstst
ageistodet
erminecr
it
ical
pathwit
hnor malact
ivi
ty
ti
mings.Then, theexecuti
onofvari
ousacti
vi
ti
escanbeexpedit
ed,
ifnecessar
y.Thisis
cal
ledcrashingofact i
vi
tyti
mings
UNI
T-5
1.Defi
neQueui ngModel s.
Inevery
dayl i
feiti
sseent hatanumberofpeopl ear ri
veatacinemat i
cketwi
ndow.Ift
he
peoplearri
vetoofrequentlyt
heywi llhavetowai tforget
ti
ngticketsorsometi
mesdo
wit
houtit.Undersuchcircumst ancest heonlyalter
nati
veistoform aQueuecall
edthe
wait
ingli
nei nordertomai nt
ainapr operdiscipl
i
ne.Her ethearri
vi
ngpeoplearecal
l
ed
cust
omer sandt he per
sonsi ssuingthet i
cketsi
scal l
edaserver.

2.Whatar edif
ferenttypesofQueui
ngsy stem?
AQueui ngsystem canbecompl et
elydescribedby(i
)t
hei nput(
orarri
valpat
ter
n)(
ii
)t
he
ser
vicemechani sm (orserv
icepatt
ern)(
iii
)theQueuedispli
ne(i
v)Customer’
s
 
behavior

3.Def
ineBulkarr
ival
.
Gener
all
y,i
tisassumedthatt
hecustomersarr
ivei
ntothesyst
em onebyone.But
,in
somereal
it
y,customersmayarr
ivei
ngroups.Sucharr
ival
iscal
ledasbul
karri
val
.

4.DefineJockeyi
ng.
Ift
hereismor ethanonequeue,
thecustomersfr
om onequeuewill
betemptedtoj
oin
anotherqueuebecauseofit
ssmallersi
ze.Thi
sbehavi
orofthecustomer
sisknownas
queue  j
ockey
ing.

5.DefineBalking.
Ifthequeuel engthappear
sver
ylar
getoacustomerhe/
shemaynotj
oint
hequeue.
Thi
s  proper
tyisknownasbalki
ngofcust
omers.

 
6.Defi
neRenegi ng.
Someti
mes, acustomerwhoisalr
eadyi
nthequeuewi
lll
eavet
hequeuewil
ll
eav
ethe
queuei
nant i
cipati
onofl
ongerwait
ingt
ime.Thi
ski
ndofdepar
tur
efr
om t
hequeue
wit
houtrecei
vingtheser
vicei
sknownasrenegi
ng.

7.whati stheTer minol ogi

esofQueuingsy stem.
(i
)Thenumberofqueuesmaybemor et hanone.Ift
her
eisaqueuef ormaleaswellas
forfemal ecustomer s,thengenerall
y,al
ternatemodeofselect
ingcustomersfr
om each
queuei sfoll
owed.(ii)Thenumberofser versmaybemor ethanone.Thisi
sanexampl e
ofpar all
elcounter
sf orpr ovi
dingservi
ce.(i
ii)
Someti
mes,theservi
cemaybepr ovi
dedin
multistageinsequent ialorder
.Thistypeofsy st
em i
sknownasqueuesi ntandem.

8.DefinePoissonArr
ivalProcess?
 
Acommonl yusedmodel f
orrandom, mutuall
yindependentmessagearr
ival
sisthe
Poissonprocess.ThePoissondi st
ri
buti
oncanbeobt ainedbyeval
uati
ngthefoll
owing
assumpt i
onsforarr
ival
sdur i
ngani nf
ini
tesi
mal shor
tperiodoft
imedelt
at 
 
9.Defi
nedualsi mplexmet hod?
Thedualsimplexmet hodisusedt osolveprobl
emswhichstartdualf
easi
bleie.
,whose
 
primali
soptimal butinf
easible.I
nthi
smet hodthesol
uti
onstartsopt
imum but
i
nfeasi
bleandr emainsinfeasibl
eunti
lthetr
ueoptimum i
sreachedatwhichthesolut
ion
becomesfeasible.

10.Whati
sthefor
mulat
ionofdual
probl
ems?
Ther
earetwoimport
antfor
msofprimal
dual
pai
rs,
namel
ysy
mmet
ri
cfor
m andun
symmetri
cfor
m.

11.Li
stoutanytwoimportantresul
tinduali
ty?
 
(i
)Ifoneisamaximizati
onpr obl
em thentheotheri
samini
mizati
onprobl
em.
(i
i
)Ifdualhasnofeasi
blesoluti
on,t
henprimalalsoadmi
tsnofeasi
blesol
uti
on.

12.Defi
nepropor ti
onali
ty?
Thecontri
butionofeachv ariabl
eintheobjecti
vef unct
ionorit
susageoftheresources
i
sdirect
lypropor t
ionalt
othev al
ueoft hevari
able.ie.
,i
fresour
ceavai
labi
l
ityi
ncreases
bysome  percentage,t
hent heoutputshal
lalsoincreasebythesamepercent
age.
13.Defi
nediv i
sibi
lit
y?
Thevari
ablesar enotrestr
ictedtoint
egervalues.

14.Defi
neCer t
aint
yordeter
mi ni
sti
c?
Co-ef
fi
cientintheobj
ect
ivefuncti
onandconstrai
ntsar
ecomplet
elyknownanddonot
changeduringtheper
iodunderstudyinal
ltheprobl
emsconsi
dered.

15.Def
inef
ini
teness?
Vari
abl
esandconstrai
ntsar
efi
nit
einnumber
.

16.Defi
neOpt i
mali
ty?
Inali
nearprogrammingprobl
emswedet er
minethedeci
sionv
ari
abl
essoast
o
ext
remise(opti
mize)theobj
ecti
vef
unct
ionoftheLLP.

17.Def
inedescri
pti
vemodel?
Onewhichjustdescr
ibesasi
tuat
ionorsy
stem

18.Defi
nePredicti
vemodel?
Onewhi chpredict
ssomethi
ngbasedonsomedat
a.Pr
edi
cti
ngel
ect
ionr
esul
tsbef
ore
actual
l
ythecount i
ngi
scompl et
ed.

19.Def
inePrescri
pti
vemodel?
Whichprescr
ibesorsuggest
sacour
seofact
ionf
orapr
obl
em.

20.Def
ineAnaly
ticmodel
?
Whichexactsol
uti
onisobt
ainedbymat
hemat
ical
met
hodsi
ncl
osedf
orm