8

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Work
Science – Grade 8
Flexible Learning Instructional Material
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Work
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Write: Shayla Marie A. Montebon, T-II
Editor: Erol Jane P. Bandiola, Asst. School Principal
Reviewers: Moonyeen C. Rivera, EPS – Science,
Erol Jne P. Bandiola, Asst. School Principal
Layout Artist: Mara Jamaica B. Floreno, PDO II -LRMS
Management Team: Ma. Lorlinie Ortillo, CESO VI, SDS
May P. Pascual, OIC CID Chief
Moonyeen C. Rivera, EPS – Science
Analie J. Lobaton, EPS - LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Division of Cadiz City

Office Address: Abelarde St., Zone III, Cadiz City, Negros Occidental
6121 Philippines
Telefax: (034) 493 - 0352
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 8

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Work
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 8 Module 2 Flexible Learning Instructional Material on

Work!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

2
For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 8 Module 2 Flexible Learning Instructional Material on

Work!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to

3
 process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

4
 What I Need to Know
In Module 1, you utilized Newton’s Laws of Motion to analyse the motion of
the objects. You investigated the motion of an object in relation to force, mass and
acceleration. In Module 1, you learned that force can change the state of motion of
an object. If an object is at rest, it can be moved by exerting force on it. If an object is
moving, it can be made to move faster or stopped by applying force on it.

In this module, motion will be investigated from the perspective of work.

At the end of this module, you should be able to answer the following
questions:
1. Identify situations in which work is done and in which no work is done.
( S8FE-Ic-20)
2. Give the operational definition of work based on its scientific meaning;
3. Discuss the condition when
a. work is done
b. no work is done
4. Calculate the amount of work done by an object.

Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module:

1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully.
2. Take the Pre-test. It is a simple multiple-choice test provided at the start to
determine how much you know about the content of this module.
3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page
of the module.
4. Be very honest in taking the test so that you will know how much
knowledge you already have about the topic.
5. Read the different lessons included in this module.

5
 6. Perform all the activities, as these will help you to have a better
understanding of the topic.
7. Take the self-tests at the end of each lesson.
8. Finally, take the post-test at the end of the module.

Good Luck and have fun!

What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. In which of the following situations is the force doing work?

a. a backpacker is hiking along the flat path carrying a heavy backpack
b. an elephant is pushing another elephant; neither elephant is moving.
c. a taho vendor is walking around the neighborhood carrying two
heavy buckets of taho.

2. In which of the following situations is work being done from a scientist’s

perspective?
a. a person sitting on the chair
b. a person pushing the wall
c. a person walking with a load on its head
d. a person lifting a box to place on the table

3. The transfer of energy to a body by the application of a force that causes the
body to move in the direction of the force is called
a. work
b. power
c. energy
d. force

4. A boy pushes on a parked car with a force of 200N. The car does not move.
How much work does the boy do?
a. 200N

6
 b. 200J
c. none of the above
d. 0 N

5. What is the unit of work?

a. Kg m/s
b. m/s
c. W
d. J

6. In which situations is no work is being done?

a. Pulling your bag along the floor
b. Lifting your notebook from your desk to the table
c. Carrying your back pack from the door to your chair.
d. Dropping a five peso coin on the floor.

7. A sack of feather weighing 10 N falls from the height of 2m. How much work
does the gravitational force do?
a. 5 J
b. 20 J
c. 40 J
d. 200 J

8. By definition, work is done when a _______ moves through a distance.

a. mass
b. force
c. magnitude
d. velocity

9. A force acting on an object does no work if

_________________________________________.
a. the force is greater than the force of friction
b. the force is not in the direction of the object’s motion
c. a machine is used to move the object
d. the object accelerates

10. Which of the following processes requires the most work?

a. a person lifts a 1 kg eight 1m off the floor.
b. a person lifts a 10 kg eight 1m off the floor.
c. a person hold a 1 kg weight stationary with outstretched arms
d. a 10 kg weight rests on a table.

7
11. A boy exerts an average force of 65N when he lifts a box 1.2m. How much
work does he do?
a. 66 J
b. 54 J
c. 0
d 78 J

12. A man pushes a crate along a factory floor by exerting a force of 55N. If the
crate moves a distance of 4m, how much work does the man perform?
a. 165 N
b. 220 J
c. 145 J
d. 220 N

13. The amount of work being done on an object can be increased by

a. decreasing the speed the object is moved.
b. increasing the distance the object is moved.
c. decreasing the distance the object is moved.
d. increasing the speed the object is moved.

14. When a sugarcane worker walks on a horizontal platform with a load of

sugarcane on his head, the work done by the sugarcane worker on the load is
zero.
a. true
b. false
c. maybe

15. A person is holding a bucket by applying a force of 10N. He moves a

horizontal distance of 5m and then climbs up a vertical distance of 10m. Find
the total work done by him?
a. 50J
b. 150J
c. 100J
d. 200J

8
 Lesson

1 Work

What is Work? What comes to your mind when you hear the word ‘work’? The
word work has many meanings. When people ask, “What is your work?” They refer
to a job or employment. When people say, “I’ll meet you after work.” They refer to the
part of a day devoted to an occupation or undertaking. When your teacher asks,
“Have you done your homework?” They refer to the task or activity needed to be
accomplished. In Physics, work is an abstract idea related to energy. When work is
done it is accompanied by a change in energy. When work is done by an object it
loses energy and when work is done on an object it gains energy. In Module 1, you
learned that force can change the state of motion of an object. If an object is at rest,
it can be moved by exerting force on it. If an object is moving, it can be made to
move faster or stopped by applying force on it. In order to say that work is done on
an object, there must be force applied to it and the object moves in the direction of
the applied force.

Work is defined as the product of the force applied to move an object and the
displacement in the direction of that force.

What’s In

Objectives: After performing this activity, you should be able to:

1. give the operational definition of work based on its scientific meaning;
2. discuss the condition when
a. work is done
b. no work is done
Procedure:

9
 Perform the following situations. Tell whether the situations represent
examples of work? Identify the one doing the work and on which object the work is
done.
Situations:
a. Pulling your bag along the floor
b. Lifting your notebook from your desk to the table
c. Carrying your back pack from the door to your chair.
d. Dropping a five peso coin on the floor.

1. which of the situations did you do work? Why?

2. Identify the specific forces acting in the following situations:
a. Pulling your bag along the floor.
b. Lifting your notebook from your desk to the table
c. Carrying your back pack from the door to your chair.
d. Dropping a five peso coin on the floor.
3. What happen to the object when force is applied?
4. When can we say that work is done?

What’s New

Work is done if the object you push moves a distance in the direction towards
which you are pushing it.

force F

direction of motion

Displacement d

Figure 1. A girl pushing a chair Photo Credit to Kerr Micheal A. Montebon

10
 No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move.

No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move in the
same direction as the force you exerted.

force F

force F
no motion
direction of motion

Figure 2. A girl pushing the wall Figure 3. A girl carrying a tray

Photo Credits to Kerr Micheal A. Montebon

In physics, work is done when there is a force and a displacement in one.

Work done is equal to force multiply with displacement in the same direction of the
force.

When you hold the book, are you doing work? The answer is NO, because
there is no displacement of the book. But then you lift up the book. Have you done
any work? Now, the answer is YES, because there is force (upward) involved and
there is a displacement (upward). You can feel the force when you’re lifting the book.
Let’s say the force is about 10 N and the displacement is 40 cm. how much work
have you done? Let’s use the formula

W = Force x displacement
W = F x displacement
= 10 N x 40 cm
= 10 N x 0.4 m
= 4 N.m
W=4J

Formula of work W = Force x displacement and the SI unit is Joule (J). This formula
works only when the force and the displacement are of the same direction

11
 If I push the trolley bag refer to (figure 1), am I
doing work?
 Is the direction of the force and the direction of
displacement the same?
 Work = force x displacement
 Work is done

Yes, I’m doing work, because the force and

displacement are in the same direction.

Figure4. A girl pushing a trolley

Is it possible for force and displacement are Not in same direction? What do you
think?

Examine the picture in figure 5.

 Is the direction of the force and the direction of
displacement the same?
 Work = force x displacement x Cos(θ)
 Work is done

Figure 5. A girl pulling her trolley bag at an angle

If you notice, my force is along the handle of the trolley and the displacement
of the trolley bag is along the floor. Rather than finding the displacement of the force.
We will go find force in the direction of displacement. Determine the angle theta
between the force and displacement.
To solve for the work done here we have the formula:
W = Fdcosθ
•Where theta (θ) is the angle between the force and the displacement. How
much work is done here?
Suppose force is about 10 N and the displacement is 4m.

12
This formula works on any angle between the force and the displacement
W = Fdcosθ,
Where Cos θ is cos 60° = 0.5
W = Fdcos60°
= 10 N x 4 m x 0.5
= 20 N.m
W = 20 Joules

Suppose a person is walking carrying the

trolley bag.
To find the work done we need to look at the
force and the displacement. What is the direction of
the force? Since I am carrying the bag the force is
vertically upward direction and the displacement is
along the path I am travelling. What is the angle
between the force and the displacement? – The
angle is 90֯°. How much have I done?

Figure 6. A girl lifting a trolley bag

W = Fdcosθ
= Fdcos 90°
Cos 90 = 0
= Fd(0)
W=0

Legend:
force

displacement

When analyzing and calculating the work done by a force, you must consider
the following:

13
 1. You must know the direction of the force
2. You must know the direction of the motion relative to the force. Is it
parallel to the force? Is it perpendicular to the force? Is it at an angle
with respect to the force? This is important because the force might
actually not doing any work.
3. Work may either be negative, zero or positive
4. The unit of work is Newton-meter ( N.m), also known as joule (J)
named in honor of the British physicist, James Prescott Joule.

What is It
Direction: Consider the following physical situations. Identify whether the indicated
force (in boldface type) does positive work, negative work or no work.

A. Work is done B. No Work

Description of Physical Situation

1. A cable is attached to a bucket and the force of tension is used to pull the
bucket out of a well.
2. Rusty Nales uses a hammer to exert an applied force upon a stubborn nail
to drive it into the wall.
3. A busy spider hangs motionless from a silk thread, supported by the
tension in the thread.
4. In a physics lab, an applied force is exerted parallel to a plane inclined at
30-degrees in order to displace a cart up the incline.
5. A pendulum bob swings from its highest position to its lowest position under
the influence of the force of gravity.

What’s More
Direction: Which of the following statements are true about work? Include all that
apply.

1. Units of work would be equivalent to a Newton times a meter.

2. A kg•m2/s2 would be a unit of work.

14
 3. Work is a time-based quantity; it is dependent upon how fast a force
displaces an object.
4. Darna applies a force on a truck to prevent it from moving down a hill. This
is an example of work being done.
5. An upward force is applied to a bucket as it is carried 20 m across the yard.
This is an example of work being done.
6. A force is applied by a chain to a roller coaster car to carry it up the hill of
the first drop of the Shockwave ride. This is an example of work being done.
7. The force of friction acts upon a softball player as she makes a headfirst
dive into third base. This is an example of work being done.
8. An eraser is tied to a string; a person holds the string and applies a tension
force as the eraser is moved in a circle at constant speed. This is an example
of work being done.
9. A force acts upon an object to push the object along a surface at constant
speed. By itself, this force must NOT be doing any work upon the object.
10. A force acts upon an object at a 90-degree angle to the direction that it is
moving. This force is doing negative work upon the object.
11. An individual force does NOT do positive work upon an object if the object
is moving at constant speed.
12. An object is moving to the right. A force acts leftward upon it. This force is
doing negative work.

What I Have Learned

I learned that……

Work is the product of the ____________ exerted on an object and the

distance the object moves in the ______________ of the force. Work is done on an
object only if the object _____________. Work is done on an object only if the force
and displacement are _________________.You must know the direction of the
motion relative to the ____________ it is important because the force might actually
not doing any work. Work may either be _____________, _________ or
______________. The unit of work is _______________, also known as joule (J)
named in honor of the British physicist, _____________________.

15
 What I Can Do

Direction: Solve the following problem on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The applied force of 25 N is parallel to the displacement 2 m. this gives a

work equal to?
2. Two people whose combine weight is 1600 N are being Lifted by a
helicopter. The tension on the rope is 1763 N. What is the work done by the
tension on the people after they are lifted a distance of 20 m?
3.Let’s say you and you sister carried your 25 kg TV across the room to a
table 5 m away. How much work have you and your sister done?
4.Let’s say you now place your 25 kg TV on a wheeled cart and pulled it with
horizontal force of 100 N to a point in the room 5 m away. Once there, you
decide you don’t like it there after all. So you drag the wheeled cart back to
where it used to be. How much work have you done?

Let’s summarize
1. Work is done on an object when the force applied to it covers a distance in the
direction of the applied force.
2. Work is a way of transferring energy.
3. When work is done by an object it loses energy and when work is done on an
object it gains energy.
4. Work (W) is the product of force (F) and the displacement (d) parallel to the
force. In physics, to do work means applying a force that makes an object
move.
5. Work and all form of energy are expressed in joules (J) which is the same as
Newton-meter (N.m) and kilogram-meter-squared per second-squared.
(kg.m2/s2).
6. The energy of an object enables it to do work.
7. Energy is the capacity to do work.

Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. A man pushes a crate along a factory floor by exerting a force of 55N. If the
crate moves a distance of 4m, how much work does the man perform?

16
 a. 165 N
b. 220 J
c. 145 J
d. 220 N

2. The amount of work being done on an object can be increased by

a. decreasing the speed the object is moved.
b. increasing the distance the object is moved.
c. decreasing the distance the object is moved.
d. increasing the speed the object is moved.

3. When a sugarcane worker walks on a horizontal platform with a load of

sugarcane on his head, the work done by the sugarcane worker on the load
is zero.
a. true
b. false
c. maybe

4. A person is holding a bucket by applying a force of 10N. He moves a

horizontal distance of 5m and then climbs up a vertical distance of 10m. Find
the total work done by him?
a. 50J
b. 150J
c. 100J
d. 200J

5. What is the unit of work?

a. Kg m/s
b. m/s
c. W
d. J

6. In which situation is No work is being done?

a. Pulling your bag along the floor
b. Lifting your notebook from your desk to the table
c. Carrying your back pack from the door to your chair.
d. Dropping a five peso coin on the floor.

7. In which of the following situations is the force doing work?

a. a backpacker is hiking along the flat path carrying a heavy backpack
b. an elephant is pushing another elephant; neither elephant is moving.

17
 c. a taho vendor is walking around the neighborhood carrying two
heavy buckets of taho.

8. In which of the following situations is work being done from a scientist’s

perspective?
a. a person sitting on the chair
b. a person pushing the wall
c. a person walking with a load on its head
d. a person lifting a box to be placed on the table

9. The transfer of energy to a body by the application of a force that causes the
body to move in the direction of the force is called
a. work
b. power
c. energy
d. force

10. A boy pushes on a parked car with a force of 200N. The car does not move.
How much work does the boy do?
a. 200N
b. 200J
c. none of the above
d. 0 N

11. Which of the following processes requires the most work?

a. a person lifts a 1 kg eight 1m off the floor.
b. a person lifts a 10 kg eight 1m off the floor.
c. a person hold a 1 kg weight stationary with outstretched arms
d. a 10 kg weight rests on a table.

12. . A force acting on an object does no work if _______________________.

a. the force is greater than the force of friction
b. the force is not in the direction of the object’s motion
c. a machine is used to move the object
d. the object accelerates

18
 13. A boy exerts an average force of 65N when he lifts a box 1.2m. How much
work does he do?
a. 66 J
b. 54 J
c. 0
d 78 J

14. By definition, work is done when a _______ moves through a distance.

a. mass
b. force
c. magnitude
d. velocity

15. A sack of feather weighing 10 N falls from the height of 2m. How much work
does the gravitational force do?
a. 5 J
b. 20 J
c. 40 J
d. 200

Additional Activities

Solve for the following

1. A boy lifts up a box from the floor to the table. The mass of the box is 150
gram and the height of the table is 4 m. Find the work done by the boy when
the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2
2. A block is pulled by a constant force of 80 Newton. If the work done by the
force on the block is 680 joule what is the displacement of the block?
3. What is the work done by this boy? A box of 75 Newton of weight is brought
by a boy from the floor to 1 st floor of the building and then brought back to the
ground floor.
4. Given two forces act on a block. F1 = 20 N and F2 = 12 N. If the
displacement of the block is 6 m while the two forces act, find the work done
on the block!
5. Two forces that are F1 = 10 N and F2 = 5 N act on a body in a frictionless
floor. The displacement of the body is 5 m, what is the work done by the
forces on the body!

19
 Answer Key

What Is It

1. C 6. C 11. D

2. D 7. C 12. B

What’s More

1. TRUE - A N•m is equal to a Joule.

2. TRUE - A kg•m2/s2 is a mass unit times a speed squared unit, making

it a kinetic energy unit and equivalent to a Joule.

3. FALSE - Work is not dependent on how rapidly the force displaces an

object; power is time-based and calculated by force multiplied by speed.

4. FALSE - Since Superman does not cause a displacement, no work is

done; he is merely holding the car to prevent its descent down the hill.

5. FALSE - The upward force does not cause the horizontal displacement
so this is a NON-example of work.

6. TRUE - There is a component of force in the direction of displacement

and so this is an example of work.

7. TRUE - There is a force and a displacement; the force acts in the

opposite direction as the displacement and so this force does negative
work.

8. FALSE - For uniform circular motion, the force acts perpendicular to the
direction of the motion and so the force never does any work upon the
object.

9. FALSE - This is clearly work - a force is causing an object to be

20
What I have Learned

1. force

2. direction

What Can I Do

1. A

2. A

Assessment

1. B 6. C 11. B

2. B 7. C 12. B

Additional Activities

1. W = m x g x h

W = 15 kg x 10m.s2 x 4 m

W = 600 joule
2. W = F x d
680 J = 80N x d
d = 680 J/ 80 N
d = 8.5 meter
3. W = 0 joule
(There is no displacement of the box)
4. W = (F1 − F2) x d
= (20N− 12N) x 6 m
= 8N x 6m
W = 48 joule
5. W = (F1 + F2) x d

21
References

Project EASE 4th Year Module 11

Project EASE 4th Year Module 10
Saranay “Sol” M. Baguio, Anna Carmela B. Bonifacio, Susan D. Mañosa, and
Celeste Joan C. Santisteban (2013) Breaking Through Science 8
Henderson, Tom. (2013). Work and energy. Retrieved from
https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/work-and-energy/id611940649?mt=13
Hewitt, P.G. (2002). Conceptual physics. USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Saddle River, New
Jersey.
Kirkpatrick, L.D., & Wheeler, G.F. (1998). Physics: A world view. Forth Worth:
Saunders College.
Ostdiek, V.J., & Bord, D.J. (1987). Inquiry into physics. New York: West Publishing.
DepEd. Science and Technology IV. SEDP Series. (1992). Philippines: Book Media
Press, Inc.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Definition-and-
Mathematics-of-Work
Https://www.facebook.com/ManochaAcademy
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/reviews/Work-and-Energy/Work-and-Energy-
Review-Answers-1
https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=19585&title=Work
%20Power%20And%20Energy
(https://peerwise.cs.auckland.ac.nz/)

22
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Cadiz City

Abelarde St., Zone III, Cadiz City, Negros Occidental

Philippines 6121

Telefax: (034) 493 - 0352

Email Address: [email protected]