In this class, we will go over the basics of counting.

1) Permutations vs. Combinations (Article from Medium)

The difference between combinations and permutations is ordering. With permutations we

care about the order of the elements, whereas with combinations we don’t.

For example, say your locker “combo” is 5432. If you enter 4325 into your locker it won’t open
because it is a different ordering (aka permutation).

The permutations of 2, 3, 4, 5 are:

● 5432, 5423, 5324, 5342, 5234, 5243, 4532, 4523, 4325, 4352, 4253, 4235, 3542,
3524, 3425, 3452, 3254, 3245, 2543, 2534, 2435, 2453, 2354, 2345

Your locker “combo” is a specific permutation of 2, 3, 4 and 5. If your locker worked truly by
combination, you could enter any of the above permutations and it would open!

2) Permutations:

Suppose you want to know how many permutations exist of the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5 without listing
them like I did above. How would you accomplish this?

Let’s use a line diagram to help us visualize the problem.

We want to find how many possible 4-digit permutations can be made from four distinct
numbers. Begin by drawing four lines to represent the 4 digits.

The first digit can be any of the 4 numbers, so place a “4” in the first blank.
Now there are 3 options left for the second blank because you’ve already used one of the
numbers in the first blank. Place a “3” in the next space.

For the third position, you have two numbers left.

And there is one number left for the last position, so place a “1” there.
The Multiplication Principle

Using the ​Multiplication Principle of combinatorics,​ we know that if there are ​x​ ways of doing
one thing and ​y​ ways of doing another, then the total number of ways of doing both things is ​x•y.​
That means we need to multiply to find the total permutations.

This is a great opportunity to use shorthand ​factorial notation (!)​:

There are 24 permutations, which matches the listing we made at the beginning of this post.

Permutations with Repetition

What if I wanted to find the total number of permutations involving the numbers 2, 3, 4, and 5
but want to include orderings such as 5555 or 2234 where not all of the numbers are used, and
some are used more than once?

How many of these permutations exist?

This turns out to be a simple calculation. Again we are composing a 4-digit number, so draw 4
lines to represent the digits.

In the first position we have 4 number options, so like before place a “4” in the first blank. Since
we are allowed to reuse numbers, we now have 4 number options available for the second digit,
third digit, and fourth digit as well.

That’s the same as:

By allowing numbers to be repeated, we end up with 256 permutations!

Choosing a Subset

Let’s up the ante with a more challenging problem:

How many different 5-card hands can be made from a standard deck of cards?

In this problem the order is irrelevant since it doesn’t matter what order we select the cards.
We’ll begin with five lines to represent our 5-card hand.

Assuming no one else is drawing cards from the deck, there are 52 cards available on the first
draw, so place “52” in the first blank. Once you choose a card, there will be one less card
available on the next draw. So the second blank will have 51 options. The next draw will have
two less cards in the deck, so there are now 50 options, and so on.

That’s 311,875,200 ​permutations​.

That’s permutations, not combinations. To fix this we need to divide by the number of hands that
are different permutations but the same combination.

This is the same as saying ​how many different ways can I arrange 5 cards?

Note: This is mathematically similar to finding the different permutations of our

locker combo

So the number of five-card hands combinations is:

Rewriting with Factorials

With a little ingenuity we can rewrite the above calculation using factorials.
We know 52! = 52•51•50•…•3•2•1, but we only need the products of the integers from 52 to 48.
How can we isolate just those integers?

We’d like to divide out all the integers except those from 48 to 52. To do this divide by 47! since
it’s the product of the integers from 47 to 1.

Make sure to divide by​ 5!​ to get rid of the extra permutations:

Now here’s the cool part → we have actually derived the formula for ​combinations.
Combinations Formula

If we have ​n ​objects and we want to choose ​k o​ f them​, w

​ e can find the total number of
combinations by using the following formula:

read: “n choose k”

For example, we have 52 cards (n=52) and want to know how many 5-card hands (k=5) we can
make. Plugging in the values we get:
Which is exactly what we found above! Often times you’ll see this formula written in parenthesis
notation, like above, but some books write it with a giant C:

Permutations Formula

The formula for permutations is similar to the combinations formula, except we needn’t divide
out the permutations, so we can remove k! from the denominator
Practice Problems:

1) If I have a class of 10 children, how many ways can I choose 5 of them to form a special
student government committee?

2) If I have a class of 10 children, how many ways can I choose 2 of them to form a special
student government committee, and then 3 others to form a second oversight committee?

3) If I have a class of 10 children, how many ways can I choose 5 of them to fill the
positions of President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and Program Director?

4) If I have 8 different flowers, how many ways can I choose 4 of them to be placed in my
bedroom?

5) If I have 8 different flowers, how many ways can I arrange those flowers in a straight line
for decoration?

6) Suppose a license plate consists of 6 characters, each of which can be a digit or letter,
how many total license plates can be made?
Challenge Problems:

1) If I have 10 cookies, how many different ways can I give those 10 cookies to 3 children?

2) If I have 10 cookies, how many different ways can I give those 10 cookies to 3 children
such that each child gets at least 1 cookie?

3) After I shuffle a standard deck of cards (52 cards, 13 numbers of 4 suites), what is the
probability that the first 5 cards I flip over will contain a three of a kind?

4) What is the probability that the first 5 cards I flip over will contain at least one 2 of a
kind?

5) If I flip 5 coins, what is the probability that ​exactly​ 2 of them will land on heads?

6) If I flip 5 coins, what is the probability that ​at least​ 1 of them will land on heads?

7) If ​x​+​y​+z=9.nd ​x,y,​ and ​z​ are positive integers. How many different combinations of
ordered triples of (​x,y,z)​ exist?