Mathematics - II

Prof. H.G. Sharma

Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Module - 3
Lecture - 1
Complex Numbers and their Geometrical Representation

My dear young friends, today I will speak on Complex Numbers and their Geometrical
Representation.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:38)

As an introduction to the subject the extension to the concept of complex numbers, from
that of real numbers was first necessitated by the solution of algebraic equations. For
example, the equations x square plus 1 equal to 0 and x square minus 2 x plus 3 equal to
0 cannot be satisfied by any number in the domain of real numbers. Euler 1707 to 1783
was first introduce the symbol i for the square root of minus 1 with the property, that i
square is equal to minus 1.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:09)

It was Gauss 1777 to 1855, who first proved in a satisfactory manner that every algebraic
equation with real coefficients has complex roots of the form a plus i b, the real roots
being a particular case of complex number, for which the coefficient of i is zero. His
approach to the concept of complex numbers was geometrical, Hamilton 1805 to 1865
also made a great contribution to the development of the theory of complex numbers, his
approach was arithmetical.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:51)

The concept of complex numbers was useful or usefully applied to great variety of
problems formerly studied through real numbers. Faulty proofs were replaced by more
satisfactory ones and a foundation for further progress was thus secured using complex
integral calculus, it was possible to evaluate a large number of definite integrals. The
theory of differential equations was marvellously developed complex variable was also
used in other sciences.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:27)

For example, the flow of electricity and the conduction of heat in two dimensions was
studied through this medium. As a matter of fact the application of mathematics to the
other sciences had made has made it indispensable to have some knowledge of theory of
analytic functions of complex variable.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:50)

Amongst the great mathematicians who have done great work towards the development
of theory of analytical functions, the name of the French mathematician Cauchy 1789 to
1857 and the two Germans Riemann 1836 to 1836 and Weirstrass 1815 to 1887 are
worth mentioning. Assuming the theory of aggregate of real numbers, we proceed to
define the complex numbers and the four fundamental algebraic operations.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:31)

First we take the definition, a complex number may be defined as an ordered pair of real
numbers and may be denoted by the symbol x comma y within brackets. If we write Z
equal to x comma y, then x is called the real part and y the imaginary part of the complex
number which we represent by Z. And may be denoted by R z that is real part of Z and I
z, that is imaginary part of Z respectively, we also write Z equal to x plus i y.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:12)

The first operation that is equality, it is clear from the definition that two complex
numbers x comma y and x dash comma y dash are equal if and only if x equal to x dash
and y equal to y dash, that is their real and imaginary parts are respectively equal. We
shall denote the set of all complex numbers by the symbol C, the second operation sum
of two complex numbers, the sum of two complex numbers x comma y and x dash
comma y dash is defined by the equality x comma y plus x dash comma y dash equal to x
plus x dash comma y plus y dash.

That is their real and imaginary parts are added in the new complex number which is the
sum of two complex numbers. The third operation that is the product of two complex
numbers, the product is defined by the equality x comma y into x dash comma y dash
equal to x x dash minus y y dash comma x y dash plus y x dash. That is if we take two
complex numbers or the ample say 2 comma 3 and 4 comma y, then their sum will be 2
plus 4 and comma 3 plus 5. Similarly, in the product 2 comma 3, that is 2 plus 3 i into 4
plus 5 i, that will be equal to 2 into 4 minus 3 into 5 and comma 2 into 5 and plus 3 into
4.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:16)

The symbol i, it is customary to denote the complex number (0, 1) by the symbol i with
this notation i square will be equal to 0 comma 1 into 0 comma 1, that is 0 plus i 1 into 0
plus i 1 equal to by the property. Or operation of the multiplication it will be equal to 0
into 0 minus 1 into 1, that is the real part and 0 into 1 plus 1 into 0 that is the imaginary
part and this will be equal to minus 1.

As the real part and comma 0 that is the imaginary part, so that I may be regarded as the
square root of the real number minus 1, using the symbol i we may write the complex
number x comma y as x plus i y also.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:22)

For we have, we can write Z equal to x plus i y and x is x comma 0 that is x plus i 0 and
plus i, we can write as 0 comma 1 that is 0 plus i into 1 into y is y comma 0 that is y plus
0 into i. This will be equal to x comma 0 that is x plus i into 0 plus, when the product of
these two of complex numbers will be 0 into y minus 1 into 0 as the real part and 0 into 0
plus 1 into y as imaginary part.

This will be again equal to x comma 0, that is x plus i 0 plus 0 comma y and this sum of
two complex numbers will be equal to the respective sum of the real and imaginary parts,
that is x plus 0 comma 0 plus y and this will be equal to x comma y that is x plus i y
again. So, we note here that in the expression x plus i y, it is clear that the sign plus does
not indicate addition, the symbol i denotes a complex number represented by the ordered
pair of real numbers 0 comma 1, that is 0 plus i into 1, also real numbers are always
required to express a single complex number.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:02)

And we can remark here, since i equal to under root minus 1 and i square equal to minus
1, we have under root minus 1 whole square equal to the product of under root minus 1
and under root minus 1 that is equal to minus 1. Again since the square of root a into
under root minus 1 equal to under root a into under root minus 1 into again root a into
root minus 1, this will be equal to the square of root a into square of root minus 1, that is
equal to a into minus 1 that is minus a.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:54)

Hence root minus a means the product of root a and root minus 1, students must note
carefully that the result 1 and 2, keeping these results in mind the following computation
is correct. That is the product of root minus a into root minus b will be equal to root a
into root minus 1 into root b into root minus 1, which will be equal to root a into root b
into a square of root minus 1 and this will be equal to minus root a into b. But, the
computation root minus a into root minus b equal to under root minus a into minus b
equal to under root a into b which is wrong.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:58)

Then the third point is fundamental laws of addition and multiplication about the
complex numbers, the first one is commutative law of addition. We have z plus z dash
that is the sum of two complex numbers equal to z we can write x comma y or x plus i y
plus z dash, we can write x dash comma y dash or x dash plus i y dash. This will be equal
to the complex number having the real parts as x plus x dash and imaginary part as y plus
y dash.

Now, x plus x dash and y plus y dash we can commute, because there is commutative
law of addition about the real numbers, so we can write the real and imaginary parts by
commutating as x dash plus x and y dash plus y. This will be equal to the complex
number x dash comma y dash or x dash plus i y dash plus x comma y or x plus i y, that is
the sum of the numbers z dash plus z, so this is the commutative law of addition.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:20)

Similarly, the associative law of addition we can write all that z plus z dash plus z double
dash the third complex number. So, if you write these complex numbers as x comma y
that is x plus i y plus x dash plus i y dash and then, add or plus x double dash comma y
double dash that is x double dash plus i y dash. This whole will be equal to the sum of
the real parts and imaginary parts of the first two complex numbers.

And then, the third complex number x double dash comma y double dash, this whole will
be equal to x plus x dash plus x double dash. Now, we take the addition of all these two
complex numbers, so real part is x plus x dash plus x double dash and the imaginary part
will be y plus y dash and plus y double dash, this whole will be again equal to x plus x
dash plus x double dash.

And the imaginary part will be y plus y dash plus y double dash, this whole again will be
equal to or can be equal to x comma y that is the complex number x plus i y plus the
complex number x dash plus x double dash comma y dash plus y double dash. And this
whole again will be equal to the complex number x comma y or x plus i y plus the
complex number x dash comma y dash, that is x dash plus i y dash plus the complex
number x double dash comma y double dash or x double dash plus i y double dash,
which we can write in terms of the complex numbers z plus z dash plus z double dash.

So, the associative law of a addition that we can associate the three numbers in addition,
that is we take the addition of the first two numbers, and then add the third number to
them or we take the addition of the last two numbers z dash and z double dash and add to
z, so they are equal or simply if you add the second number to the first and then, the third
number to the sum, so they all will be equal, so that is the associative law of addition.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:58)

Next we take additive identity, we have z plus 0 if you add the two, so this is equal to the
z we can write x comma y or x plus i y and 0 we can write 0, comma 0 or 0 plus i 0, this
sum will be equal to, the sum of the two numbers x plus 0 comma y plus 0 that is x plus
0 and y plus 0 are real and imaginary parts. And that is equal to x comma y that is x plus
i y and which is equal to z, so after adding 0 we get the same number, so this 0 is called
the additive identity. And this 0 the complex number which you have defined, so this is
defined as the additive identity and this is called 0 for the system of the complex
numbers.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:50)

Then we define the additive inverse, inverse of z with respect to addition, that is z plus
minus z if you see this is equal to the number z means x comma y, that is x plus i y plus
minus z means minus x comma minus y over minus x plus i into i times minus y. And
this addition is equal to the addition of the two complex numbers with real and imaginary
parts as x minus x and y minus y, that is 0 comma 0, that is 0 plus i 0 that is the complex
number 0.

So, after adding minus z to z we get 0 and therefore, the number minus x minus y or
minus x plus i times minus y is called the additive inverse of the complex number x
comma y or x plus i y. And this is also called the negative of the complex number x
comma y or x plus i y and we write this as minus of x comma y that is minus x comma
minus y that is minus x plus i times minus y, so this is the negative of the number z. Here
we can note that the geometrical significance of multiplication of a number z by i.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:17)

So, when we multiply a complex number by i that is i z, this is the one obtained by
rotating the vector z through a right angle in the positive direction without changing the
length of the vector. And we can explain here, because if you take i z, so i we can write
cosine pi by 2 plus i sin pi by 2, because equals sin pi by 2 is 0, so this is i into 1 and into
z that is r cos theta plus i sin theta and this will be equal to r into cosine 0 plus pi by 2
plus i sin theta plus pi by 2.

So, this means the theta in cosine and sin have become theta plus pi by 2, so the number
will be rotated through an angle of pi by 2 with the same length of same vector, then we
define the commutative law of multiplication.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:37)

So, if you take z into z dash that is x comma y that is x plus i y and into x dash comma y
dash that is x dash plus i y dash, this product of the complex number as the definition as
may defined earlier can be written as x x dash minus y y dash as the real part. And x y
dash plus y x dash as the imaginary part of the product number, and this will be equal to
we can apply the commutative law of multiplication of the real numbers.

And write this number equal to x dash x minus y dash y as the real part and y dash into x
plus x dash into y as the imaginary part. And which we can write equal to the complex
number x dash comma y dash, that is x dash plus i y dash into the complex number x
comma y that is x plus i y and this product is again equal to z dash into z. So, the
multiplication has been commutated here and z into z dash equal to z dash into z, this is
the commutative law multiplication of two complex numbers.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:03)

We shall now take associative law of multiplication, if we have three numbers z, z dash
and z double dash, so if we make the product of z and z dash first that is x comma y that
is x plus i y and x dash comma y dash that is x dash plus i y dash. And into the third
number that is x double dash comma y double dash that is x double dash plus i y double
dash, so we make the product of the first two numbers by the definition of the
multiplication of two complex numbers.

The real part will be x x dash minus y y dash and in the real part and x y dash plus y x
dash as imaginary part and into the third number. Now, we make this multiplication
again x x dash minus y y dash into x double dash minus x y dash plus y x dash into y
double dash as the real part of the product number. And the imaginary part will be x x
dash minus y y dash into y double dash plus x y dash plus y x dash into x double dash.

Now, here we apply the law of associative with respect to the complex number,
associative law of multiplication with respect to the real numbers, and we make the
associative law here. So, the associate like this x into x dash into x double dash minus y
dash y double dash minus y into x dash y double dash plus y dash into x double dash as
the real part. And the imaginary part will be x into x dash into y double dash plus y dash
into x double plus y into x dash x double dash minus y dash into y double dash, which
we can write equal to the complex number x comma y that is x plus i y into x dash into x
double dash minus y dash y double dash as the real part and the imaginary part will be x
dash y double dash plus y dash x double dash, which we can write equal to x comma y as
before. And now we can write this complex number equal to x dash comma y dash that is
x dash plus i y dash into x double dash into y double dash and this is equal to z into the
product of z dash z double dash.

So, this is the associative law of multiplication, we can also make it z into z dash into z
double dash, so that is we can multiply z by z dash and the product by z double dash, so
all will be equal, so that is the associative law of multiplication.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:11)

Now, we define the multiplicative identity for complex numbers, so if we have the
product x comma y that is x plus i y into 1 comma 0 that is 1 plus i into 0, this product by
the definition of the product of the complex numbers will be x into 1 minus y into 0 that
is the real part. And the imaginary part is x into 0 plus y into 1 this will be equal to after
simplifying x comma y that is x plus i y, so after multiplying x y by b y 1 0 we get the
same number. So, we can say therefore, the complex number 1 comma 0 that is 1 plus i
into 0 is the multiplicative identity and is called the unity for the system of complex
numbers.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:08)

Now, we define multiplicative inverse for the complex number, the complex number x
dash comma y dash that is x dash plus i y dash is called the inverse of the complex
number x comma y that is x plus i y. If the product x comma y that is x plus i y into x
dash comma y dash that is x dash plus i y dash equal to the multiplicative identity 1
comma 0 that is 1 plus i 0.

Now, we can have the left hand side the product of two complex number x y and x dash
y dash as by definition x into x dash minus y y dash as the real part and x y dash plus y x
dash as the imaginary part. And the right hand side is equal to 1 comma 0 that is 1 plus i
0, so from this we must have x x dash minus y y dash equal to 1 that is the real part and x
y dash plus y x dash equal to 0. The real and imaginary parts from both sides must be
equal, so we get these expressions.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:26)

And if you simplify those expressions over x dash and y dash we get x dash equal to x by
x square plus y square and y dash equal to minus y by x square plus y square and
therefore, of course here the denominator that is x square plus y square it should not be 0.
That is this x comma y, the complex number x plus i y does not represent the complex
number 0 comma 0, so that is x square plus y square this should not be 0, means that the
complex number 0 comma 0 should not be 0.

And from this or from x square plus y square that is this should not be 0 that is x and y
both should not be 0, so this means a non 0 complex number x comma y or x plus i y has
a unique multiplicative inverse of the complex number. So, this is the multiplicative
inverse x by x square plus y square and minus y by x square plus y square, so this
complex number is the multiplicative inverse to the number x plus i y or x comma y.
And this we denote as x comma y power minus 1, therefore x plus i y power minus 1 or z
to the power minus 1 or may be 1 by z.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:58)

So, we now take the distributive law of multiplication of complex numbers, if we have
three numbers again z, z dash and z double dash, then we start with the z dash plus z
double dash into z. So, we write x comma y that is x plus i y whole z, x dash comma y
dash that is x dash plus i y dash whole z dash plus x double dash comma y double dash
that is x double dash plus i y double dash whole z double dash.

So, by addition the addition of the two numbers z dash plus z double dash will be x dash
plus x double dash and y dash plus y double dash as the real and imaginary parts and x
into x comma y is outside. Now, we take the multiplication x comma y with this complex
number by the definition again, so x into x dash plus x double dash minus y into y dash
plus y double dash as the real part; and x into y dash plus y double dash plus y into x
dash plus x double dash as the imaginary part.

Now, we can simplify it further, the next step x x dash plus x x double dash minus y into
y dash minus y into y double dash as the real part and x y dash plus x y double dash plus
y x dash plus y x double dash as the imaginary part. Now, again we can rearrange the
above expression as x x dash minus y y dash plus x x dash x x double dash minus y y
double dash as the real part and x y dash minus y x dash plus x y double dash plus y x
double dash as the imaginary part.

We again write it in terms of the real and imaginary parts x x dash minus y y dash real
part comma, the imaginary part x y dash plus y x dash, then plus x x double dash minus y
y double dash as the real part and x y double dash plus y x double dash as the imaginary
part of the complex number. The first product we can write x comma y that is x plus i y
into x dash comma y dash that is x dash plus i y dash that is the product of the two
complex numbers.

And the second we can write the product of two complex numbers x comma y that is x
plus i y and the complex number x double dash comma y double dash that is x double
dash plus i y double dash. So, that will be equal to this product is z into z dash and plus z
into z double dash, so the distributive law of z into z dash plus z double dash is equal to z
z dash plus z z double dash, this is the distributive law of multiplication of the complex
numbers. Now, after this we shall take and define the difference and the division of two
complex numbers.

(Refer Slide Time: 30:36)

The difference of two complex numbers z equal to x comma y or x plus i y and z dash
equal to x dash comma y dash that is x dash plus i y dash is defined by the equality that z
minus z dash equal to z, if we add z and minus z dash, that is z plus minus z dash equal
to we write x comma y x plus i y for z. And for minus z we write minus x dash comma
minus y dash or minus x dash plus i times minus y dash.

And this will be equal to if you take the sum of the two complex numbers by definition
and so we add x and minus x dash and as the real part and y and minus y dash, we add
them as a real part as imaginary part. This is equal to x minus x dash as the real part and
y minus y dash of the imaginary part of the number, so if you take z equal to x plus i y as
I explained just now.

And similarly z dash we take x dash plus i y dash and if you take the difference of the
two, then this will also be x minus x dash plus i y minus y dash with this summation
notation both the complex numbers. So, this is the difference between or difference of
the two number z and z dash.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:13)

So, now we shall define the division of two complex numbers say z and z dash, so we
define this division by z by z dash equal to z, we can take z dash in the numerator as z
dash inverse power minus 1. And of course, here because z dash has come in the
numerator, so z dash will not be equal to 0 complex number that is 0 comma 0 and 0 plus
i 0.

So, we can have the expression z by z dash equal to substituting the values of z and z
dash as x comma y or x plus i y for z and x dash comma y dash that is x dash plus i y
dash for z dash and it is power minus 1. And this product will be equal to x comma y that
is x plus i y is a complex number as such and the inverse as we have defined earlier, we
can write this inverse equal to x dash by x dash square plus y dash square comma or plus
i times minus y dash by x dash square plus y dash square.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:41)

And simplifying as the product of two complex numbers, we get x into x dash divided by
x dash square plus y dash square plus y y dash divided by x dash square plus y dash
square as the real part. And the imaginary part will be minus x y dash divided by x dash
square plus y dash square plus y x dash divided by x dash square plus y dash square, so
we can again write this number as x x dash plus y y dash divided by x dash square plus y
dash square as the real part.

And y x dash minus x y dash divided by x dash square plus y dash square is the
imaginary part of the complex number, so this number is the division of the two complex
numbers and the denominator that is x dash square plus y dash square should not be
equal to 0. So, if we write or if we use the summation notation over the proof, then again
we can write z by z dash equal to x plus i y x plus i y inverse.

Then we can write this as equal to x x dash plus y y dash divided by x dash square plus y
dash square plus i into y x dash minus x y dash divided by x dash square plus y dash
square, so this is the complex number that we have.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:24)

The next property we take modulus and argument of a complex number, now if z equal
to x plus i y is any complex number and we take x equal to r cos theta and y as r sin
theta. Then, from these two expressions we can calculate easily that r is equal to the
positive value of under root x square plus y square, the some of the squares of real and
imaginary parts of the complex number.

Now, this r is called the modulus of the complex number z and written as modulus z that
is two vertical lines on both sides of z, so this means r equal to modulus z equal to the
positive value of under root x square plus y square. And theta is, if you calculate theta
from these expression x equal to r cos theta and y equal to r sin theta, so tangent theta
comes out to the y by x, therefore theta equal to tangent inverse y by x. This theta is
called the argument or amplitude of the complex number z and in short it is written as a r
g, that is r z, so therefore theta equal to argument z equal to tangent inverse y by x.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:57)

So, from this it follows that modulus z equal to 0 if and only if the real part x and the
imaginary part y both are 0, and geometrically modulus z is the distance of the point z
from the origin. Also argument of a complex number is not unique, since if 0 be the
value of the argument or theta be the value of the argument, so also is theta plus 2 n pi
where n is equal to 0 plus minus 1 plus minus 2 etcetera, so this is not unique, so we
have many values.

The value of the argument theta we satisfies the inequality that is theta is greater than
minus pi or less than equal to pi or theta is greater than 0 and less than equal to 2 pi, so
this value of theta is called the principal value of the argument theta, we may say that
argument of 0 is not defined.
(Refer Slide Time: 38:04)

It is evident from the definitions of the difference and modulus that z 1 minus z 2
modulus is the distance the between the points z 1 and z 2, it follows that for fixed
complex number z 0 and real number r 0 the equation z minus z 0 modulus of this equal
to r 0 represents a circle with centre z 0 and radius equal to r 0.

(Refer Slide Time: 38:39)

Next we take the geometrical representation of complex numbers, how we can define or
we can represent geometrically the complex numbers. We represent the complex number
z by x comma y or x plus i y by a 0 whose Cartesian coordinates are x and y referred to
the rectangular axis o x and o y, usually called the real and imaginary axes respectively.
Clearly the polar coordinates of P are r and theta, where r is the modulus and theta is the
argument of the complex number z. The plane whose points are represented by complex
numbers is called Argand plane or Argand diagram after the name of the French
mathematician Jean Robert Argand 1768 to 1822.

(Refer Slide Time: 39:47)

So, on the figure along the x axis we take distance of the 0, P x plus i y or Z, so the
distance OM along X axis is x and the distance of P along Y axis is y and r is the
distance OP that is modulus z equal to r and theta is the angle P O M that is tangent
inverse y by x. So, r is the modulus and theta is the argument of the complex number, so
the complex number can be represented on the Argand diagram, in terms of x and y the
real and imaginary parts. And in terms of the modulus and argument r and theta, this two
dimensional plane is also known as a complex plane or Gaussian plane.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:46)

Then we can take the vector representation of the complex numbers, so if P is the point x
y on the Argand plane and Argand diagram corresponding to the complex number z
equal to x plus i y or x comma y referred to ox and o y as coordinate axes. The modulus
and argument of z are represented by the magnitude and direction of the vector OP
respectively and vice versa.

(Refer Slide Time: 41:25)

Next we take the points on the Argand diagram which will represent the sum difference
product and division of any two complex numbers. So, in the Argand diagram if we take
z 1, this is represented by the point P or we can say the vector OP and this point Q
represents the complex number z 2, so that OQ represents the distance it is modulus z 2.
So, if we complete the parallelogram OPRQ with OP and OQ as the two sides OR will
be the diagonal. So, this point R will represent the sum of the complex numbers z 1 and z
2 that is z 1 plus z 2,

(Refer Slide Time: 42:20)

So, here as an explanation the complex numbers z 1 and z 2, they are represented by the
points P and Q on the Argand diagram, as I explained the compete the parallelogram
OPRQ. Then the midpoint of PQ and OR are the same, because if we refer to the
diagram, then the midpoint M is the midpoint of so this M is the midpoint of PQ and OR,
that is x 1 plus x 2 by 2 and y 1 plus y 2 by 2, so these are the coordinates of the
midpoint M

The coordinates of the point R will be x, therefore because this is M is the midpoint and
R is the point on the other accessibility, so the coordinates of the point R are x 1 plus x 2
and y 1 y 2. So, therefore, the point R corresponds to the sum of the complex numbers Z
1 and Z 2, because x 1 plus x 2 is the real part of the sum and y 1 plus y 2 is the
imaginary part of the sum Z 1 and Z 2, so Z 1 plus Z 2 is represented by the point R in
the figure.
So, in vector notation we can write this if you refer to the figure Z 1 plus Z 2 is equal to
the vector OP plus vector OQ and this will be OP plus PR, because OQ vector is equal to
PR and OP plus PR is O vector OR.

(Refer Slide Time: 44:22)

Now, we take the difference of any two complex numbers on the Argand diagram or
geometrical representation we take, so we first represent minus Z 2 by Q dash on the
other side of Z 2, so that QQ dash is bisected at the point O. We complete the
parallelogram OPRQ dash, then the point R represents the complex number Z 1 minus Z
2, since the or as the midpoint PQ dash and OR are the same as the last time.
(Refer Slide Time: 45:06)

So, we can refer this figure, this Q is represented by the complex number Z 2 and this Q
dash represents minus Z 2, so this point R, if you complete the parallelogram OPRQ dash
then this point R represents the number Z 1 minus Z 2, the difference of the two. Where
Z 1 is represented by the point P and Z 2 is represented by the point Q on the other
diagram and the number Z 1 minus Z 2 will be represented by the point R when we
complete the parallelogram. So, as explained earlier OQ is equal and parallel to RP we
see that ORPQ is a parallelogram, so that OR vector is equal to vector QP.

(Refer Slide Time: 46:14)

So, in terms of the vectorial notation Z 1 minus Z 2 will be vector OP minus vector OQ
and that we can write again as vector OP and vector QO and this will be equal to vector
OP plus vector PR and this will be vector OR that is QP vector. So, the difference of the
complex numbers Z 1 minus Z 2 is represented by the vector QP where the points P and
Q represent the complex numbers Z 1 and Z 2 respectively on the Argand diagram.

(Refer Slide Time: 46:58)

So, here there are important points, that to it is clear that Z 1 minus Z 2 modulus is QP
and argument of this Z 1 minus Z 2 is the angle through which OX has to rotate in
anticlockwise direction as to be parallel to line QP. It is often convenient to use the polar
representation about the same point Z 0 other than the origin, the representation Z minus
Z 0 equal to rho into cosine phi plus i sin phi or rho into e to the power i phi. Means that
rho is the distance between Z and Z 0, that is rho is equal to modulus Z 1 minus Z 0 and
phi is the angle of inclination of vector Z 1 minus Z 0 with the real axis.
(Refer Slide Time: 47:55)

Further, if the vector Z minus Z 0 is rotated about Z 0 in the anticlockwise direction

through an angle theta and Z dash is the new position of Z. Then Z dash minus Z 0 that
will be equal to rho e to the power i phi plus theta, which we can write as a rho e to the
power i phi into e to the power i theta and that will be Z minus Z 0 into e to the power i
theta. If the line AB and CD intersect at the point Z 0 represented by the complex
number Z 0 and if P 1 and P 2 be any two points on AB and CD represented by Z 1 and
Z 2 respectively. Then the angle theta between the lines is given by argument Z 2 minus
Z 0 minus argument Z 1 minus Z 0 equal to argument of Z 2 minus Z 0 by Z 1 minus Z 0

(Refer Slide Time: 49:08)

So, from this diagram we can have the angles between the points, so here we have taken
only principle values of the arguments and if AB coincides with the CD, then argument
of Z 2 minus Z 0 divided by Z 1 minus Z 0 will be 0, because the two lines will be
coinciding with each other. So, it will be 0 or pi, so that Z 2 minus Z 0 by Z 1 minus Z 0
this complex number is will be real in that case.

(Refer Slide Time: 49:47)

And it will follow that this is real the points A, B, C and D will be collinear that is they
will lie in the same line. If the line AB is perpendicular to the line CD, then the angle or
argument Z 2 minus Z 0 by Z 1 minus Z 0 will be plus minus pi by 2, and so the complex
number Z 2 minus Z 0 by Z 1 minus Z 0 will be in that case purely imaginary. So, today
we have defined the complex numbers, we have taken their properties fundamental
operations, some definitions and their geometrical representations through graphs
etcetera. And next time we shall continue with the properties of the complex numbers.

Thank you for your patient hearing.