Agni College of Technology

Thalambur, Chennai 600 130

Office of Examcell
EC8394 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

OBJECTIVES:

The student should be made to:

 Understand analog and digital communication techniques.

 Learn data and pulse communication techniques.
 Be familiarized with source and Error control coding.
 Gain knowledge on multi-user radio communication.

UNIT I ANALOG COMMUNICATION 9

Introduction to Communication Systems: Modulation – Types - Need for Modulation. Theory of

Amplitude Modulation - Evolution and Description of SSB Techniques - Theory of Frequency and Phase
Modulation – Comparison of various Analog Communication System (AM – FM – PM).

UNIT II PULSE AND DATA COMMUNICATION 9

Pulse Communication: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) – Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) – Pulse
code Modulation (PCM) - Comparison of various Pulse Communication System (PAM – PTM – PCM).
Data Communication: History of Data Communication - Standards Organizations for Data
Communication- Data Communication Circuits - Data Communication Codes - Error Detection and
Correction Techniques - Data communication Hardware - serial and parallel interfaces.

UNIT III DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 9

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) – Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) –Phase Shift Keying (PSK) – BPSK –
QPSK –Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) – 8 QAM – 16 QAM – Bandwidth Efficiency–
Comparison of various Digital Communication System (ASK – FSK – PSK – QAM).

UNIT IV SOURCE AND ERROR CONTROL CODING 9

Entropy, Source encoding theorem, Shannon fano coding, Huffman coding, mutual information, channel
capacity, Error Control Coding, linear block codes, cyclic codes, ARQ Techniques.

UNIT V MULTI-USER RADIO COMMUNICATION 9

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) - Code division multiple access (CDMA) –
Cellular Concept and Frequency Reuse - Channel Assignment and Hand over Techniques- Overview
of Multiple Access Schemes - Satellite Communication - Bluetooth.
 Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell

TEXT BOOK:

1. Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems”, 6th Edition,

Pearson Education, 2009.

REFERENCES:

1. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2004
2. Rappaport T.S, "Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice", 2nd Edition,
Pearson Education, 2007
3. H.Taub, D L Schilling and G Saha, “Principles of Communication”, 3rd Edition,
Pearson Education, 2007.
4. B. P.Lathi, “Modern Analog and Digital Communication Systems”, 3rd Edition,
Oxford University Press, 2007.
5. Blake, “Electronic Communication Systems”, Thomson Delmar Publications, 2002.
6. Martin S.Roden, “Analog and Digital Communication System”, 3 rd Edition, Prentice
Hall of India, 2002.
7. B.Sklar, “Digital Communication Fundamentals and Applications” 2 nd Edition
Pearson Education 2007.
 Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
UNIT I ANALOG COMMUNICATION

NOISE:

Noise is an unwanted electrical signal which gets added on a transmitted signal when it is
travelling towards the receiver. Electrical noise is defined as any undesired electrical energy. For
Example: In audio recording any unwanted electrical signals that fall within the audio frequency
band of 0 khz to 15khz will interface with the music and therefore considered as noise.

Noise figure is a figure of merit and used to indicate how much the signal to noise ratio
gets degraded as a signal passes through a series of circuits.

Noise can be divided into two general categories:

(i) Correlated Noise : Implies a relationship between the signal and the noise.
(ii) Uncorrelated Noise : It is present all the time whether there is a signal or not.

Uncorrelated Noise:

Uncorrelated can be divided into two general categories: (i) External noise and (ii) Internal
noise.

EXTERNAL NOISE, INTERNAL NOISE:

External Noise:

It is a Noise generated outside the device or circuit. There are three primary sources of
external noise.
(i) Atmospheric ,
(ii) Extra terrestrial and
(ii) Manmade noise.

Extraterrestrial Noise consists of electrical signals that originate from outside earths
atmosphere and is therefore also called as deep space noise. This noise originates from the milky
way , other galaxies and the sun.

Extraterrestrial noise is subdivided into two categories.: (i) Solar and (ii) Cosmic.

Internal Noise: It is the noise caused by electrical interference generated within a device or
circuit.

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Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell

There are three primary kinds of internally generated noise are:

(i) Thermal.
(ii) Shot ,Transits time.

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:

Communication is the process of establishing connection (or link) between two points for
information exchange.

The Science of Communications involving long distances is called Telecommunication

( the world Tele standing for long distance)

The Two basic types of communication systems are

(i) Analog.
(ii) Digital.

In Analog Systems: Both the information and the carrier are analog signals.

In Digital Systems: The digital pulses are transferred between two or more points in a
communication system.

Analog communication:

The modulation systems or techniques in which one of the characteristics of the carrier is
changed in proportion with the instantaneous value of modulating signal is called analog
communication system.

Advantages of Analog communications

 Transmitters and Receivers are simple

 Low bandwidth requirement
 FDM can be used

Disadvantages of analog communication

 Noise affects the signal quality

 It is not possible to separate noise and signal
 Repeaters can‘t be used between transmitters and receivers
 Coding is not possible
 It is not suitable for the transmission of secret information
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Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
General Communication Systems:

Information Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination

Source

Noise and
Distortion

Fig: Block diagram of a general communication system

Drawbacks of Baseband Transmission (without Modulation)

 Excessively large antenna heights.
 Signals get mixed up.
 Short range of communication.
 Multiplexing is not possible.
 Poor quality of reception.

The above drawbacks can be overcome by means of modulation techniques:

Modulation, Types, Need for Modulation:

Modulation is the changing characteristics of the carrier signal with respect to the
instantaneous change in message signal.

Needs for modulation: In order to carry the low frequency message signal to a longer distance,
the high frequency carrier signal is combined with it.

a) Reduction in antenna height

b) Long distance communication
c) Ease of radiation
d) Multiplexing
e) Improve the quality of reception
f) Avoid mixing up of other signals

Frequency modulation: Frequency Modulation is the changing frequency of the carrier signal
with respect to the instantaneous change in message signal.
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Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
Phase modulation: Phase Modulation is defined as changing the phase of the carrier
signal with respect to the instantaneous change in message signal.

Deviation ratio:Deviation ratio is the worst case modulation index and is equal to the
maximum peak frequency deviation divided by the maximum modulating signal frequency.
Mathematically the deviation ratio is DR= f (max)/fm(max).

Amplitude modulation: Amplitude Modulation is defined as changing the amplitude of

the carrier signal with respect to the instantaneous change in message signal.

Carson’s rule: Carson‘s rule states that the bandwidth required to

transmit an angle modulated wave as twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and the
highest modulating signal frequency. Mathematically carson‘s rule is B=2( f +fm) Hz.

Modulation index: It is defined as ratio of amplitude of the message signal to the

amplitude of the carrier signal. m=Em/Ec.

Percentage modulation: It is the percentage change in the amplitude of the output wave
when the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal. M=(Em/Ec)*100

THEORY OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation is the changing the amplitude of the carrier signal with respect to
the instantaneous change in message signal.
The amplitude modulated wave form, its envelope and its frequency spectrum and
bandwidth. Fig (a) Sinosoidal modulation signal (b)High frequency carrier (c) AM signal.
Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
 Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell

Fig:1.2.3 : Frequency domain Representation of AM Wave

Amplitude Modulation of Power distribution:

AM Power Distribution:
Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
 Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
This equation relates total power of AM wave to carrier power, Maximum Value
of modulation index, m=1 to avoid distortion. At this value of modulation index,
Ptotal = 1.5 Pc. From the above equation we have

Example Problems:
Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
 Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
Office of Examcell
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENT OF ANGLE
MODULATED WAVE.

The values of Bessel functions depend upon modulation index m, They are listed in
Table 2.1.1
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Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
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Carson’s Rule:

Carson’s Rule gives appoximate minimum bandwidth of angle modulated signal as

 Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
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THE CONCEPT OF ANGLE MODULATION AND ITS WAVEFORM,
FREQUENCY AND PHASE MODULATION:
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Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
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The expression for frequency deviation, phase deviation and modulation index in

angle modulation.
Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai 600 130
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