│Lesson 5 │Statistics

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
a. defines statistics and differentiate the two divisions of statistics,
b. identifies the different uses and importance of statistics in human
endeavor,
c. computes the measures of central tendencies.
d. classify data on normal distribution.

DEFINITION OF STATISTICS
Statistics deals with the collection, organization or the presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical information or data in order to give
conclusion or judgment or prediction that help in the decision-making
process.
DIVISIONS OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics
This refers to the first part definition; it deals with collection,
organization, presentation and description of quantitative data without
prediction or judgment; its aim is to describe the data.
Example: If a teacher wants to analyze the level of performance
of his students using descriptive statistics, he determines the mean
average performance based on the scores of the test and if he wants to
describe how the scores of his students differ from one another, he
determines through the measure of variability or scatterness.
Inferential Statistics
It refers to the second part definition; deals with making a judgment
or a conclusion about the population based on the findings from a sample
that is taken from the population.
Example: If a teacher is interested to determine if there exists a
significant relationship between the level of performance of his students
and their study habit, he can compute the correlation coefficient by using
an appropriate measure of correlation. Or if the teacher wants to know if
there exists a significant difference between two groups of students, he
then computes a value using an appropriate inferences or statistical tool
then compare it to a tabular value and decide whether to accept or reject
a hypothesis; if there exists a significant difference or not. The terms
mentioned will be further defined on the next modules.

Significance of Statistics
Statistics is very useful in all aspects of human endeavor. It is
important, for it seeks solution to an existing problem through researches.
The following are important in the following aspects:
1. In education for instance, through statistical tool, the teacher can
evaluate students’ performance. Another instance in this field is the
case wherein an instructor wants to know which method is better in
teaching, through statistical tool he can compute for a value to back
up any claim.
2. In business and economics, statistics is used in decision making,
like for instance businessmen will make decisions what appropriate
price for a commodity or who will be their target market or analysis
on the actual price increases.
3. Psychology, statistics is used through statistical tools like, I.Q. test,
aptitude test, neurological test, etc.
4. In sociology and population dynamics, through statistics one can
able to know the number of people living in a particular area, the
number of births, number of deaths, number of migrates, or number
of voters.
5. And in medicine, through statistics, one can able to investigate
causes and effects of a particular disease.

As the different aspects of human endeavor meet complicated

problem and that in order to cope up with this problem, we must study
statistics and must appreciate the uses and its importance.

Collection or data gathering may be done through direct or interview

method, indirect or questionnaire method, registration method, and others
like observation, telephone interview and through experiments.

Organization or the Presentation refers to the organization of data

into tables, graphs or charts so that logical and statistical conclusions can
be derived from the collected measurements
 Analysis of data pertains to the process of extracting from the given
data relevant information from which numerical description can be
formulated.

Interpretation of data involves the drawing of conclusion from the

analyzed data. It is also the formulation of conclusion or judgment or
prediction.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Population is the totality of objects or individual having the same

characteristics. For example, the population of the students enrolled at NLPSC,
Candon City, Ilocos Sur for this year.
Sample is the representative set or part taken from population that
reflects the characteristics of the whole. It is a method of selecting the elements
of a sample from the population under consideration.

The formula in determining the sample size from a population size is

called the Slovin Formula defines as:
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
Where:
n = sample
N = Population
e = margin of error (value not higher than 5% or 0.05)
Example 1. A researcher wants to determine the level of English competence of
College Students at NLPSC, Candon City Ilocos Sur with a population of 1,800
students. If he allows a margin of error of 5%, how many must he consider into
his sample?

Given:
n = x (unknown)
N = 1,800
e = 5%

Solution:
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
1800
𝑛=
1 + 1800 (. 05)2
𝑛 = 327.27 or 327

 This means that researcher will consider 327 students as his respondents.
 What about if population is
categorized? Let us try the next
example.

Example 2. Using problem number 1, what if NLPSC offers 9 courses and the
researcher wants to know the number of students per course. The table below
shows the number of students in each course.
Courses POPULATION

1. BSE 190

2. BEED 165
3. AB 135

4. BSCS 105

5. BSBA 545
6. BSCRIM 155

7. CHS 145

8. AMOM 220

9. AOM 140

TOTAL 1800

To determine sample per course the following are the solutions:

𝑛
𝑃=
𝑁
Where: P is proportion
n is sample
N is population

P = 327/1800
= 0.1817
 Courses Population Population per course x p
1. BSE 190 190 x 0.1817 = 34.5 or 35
2. BEED 165 165 x 0.1817 = 29.9 or 30
3. AB 135 135 x 0.1817 = 24.53 or 25
4. BSCS 105 105 x 0.1817 = 19.08 or 19
5. BSBA 545 545 x 0.1817 = 99.008 or 99
6. BSCRIM 155 155 x 0.1817 = 28.16 or 28
7. CHS 145 145 x 0.1817 = 26.34 or 26
8. AMOM 220 220 x 0.1817 = 39.97 or 40
9. AOM 140 140 x 0.1817 = 25.43 or 25
TOTAL 1800 326.9 or 327

The researcher will take 35 BSE, 30 BEED, 25 AB, 19 BSCS, 99 BSBA,

28 BSCRIM, 26 CHS, 40 AMOM and 25 AOM students that is to complete the
327 college students to be taken as sample of the study.

Rounding off Numbers

The concept of rounding off numbers is needed in statistics for

estimation or approximation purposes. The example above on the computed
sample is needed to be exact, for we identify number of respondents to be taken
from a population. Therefore, there are three rules to consider:
1. If the number to be rounded is followed by a value greater than 5,
50,500, 5,000 and so on, the number to be rounded off will be increased
by 1 then the preceding number will be changed by zeros.
2. If the number to be rounded is followed by a value lower than 5, 50, 500,
5,000 and so on, the number to be rounded off will remain as it is then
the preceding number will be changed by zeros.
3. If the number to be rounded is followed exactly by 5, 50, 500, 5,000 and
so on, consider if the number to be rounded is an even or odd number,
so that if;
a. odd (follow rule no. 1)
b. even (follow rule no. 2)

Examples:
Round off the following to nearest unit:
1. 326. 823 = 327 (rule # 1)
2. 326. 457 = 326 (rule # 2)
3. 326. 500 = 326 (rule # 3b)
4. 325. 500 = 326 (rule # 3a)
5. 326. 501 = 327 (rule # 1)
DATA

Why do we need data?

Data are used to provide input to a survey or study, to measure performance, to

assist in the conduct and to satisfy curiosity.
Data are any information gathered about the sample or population. Examples are
age, sex, educational background, rating etc.

Data that are gathered about the population is called Parameters while data that
are gathered about the sample is Estimates.
Data are categorized into:
1. Qualitative data – refer to the characteristics or qualities of the responses. Examples
for this are sex (male or female), religious affiliation (Catholic, Protestant etc.),
educational background.
2. Quantitative data – refer to the numerical or quantitative responses. Examples for
this are age, height, length of service, number of family member etc.
Quantitative data may be classified as:
Discrete – a qualitative data that are obtained through counting like, number of enrollees
at NLPSC, or number of family members in Barangay X.
Continuous – a qualitative data that are obtained through a measure like height, weight,
age.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

For computation purposes, qualitative data are converted to quantitative data and
that is through a process called measurement. Codes or numbers will be assigned in
order to compute data statistically and codes will be used as to change the characteristic
information into numerical information. The following are the level of measurement:

1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. ratio

a) b) artificial Characteristics: Characteristics Characteristics:

natural a) categorize :
a) categorize
Characteristic: a) Rank a) categorize b) rank
Categorize only c) add
b) rank
d) subtract
c) add e) zero is non-arbitrary
Examples Examples set; it does mean a
d) subtract
total absence.
e) zero is
A. Gender: A. Teachers arbitrary set;
rating: it does not
1. Male mean a total
1. Excellent absence.
2. Female
2. Very Good Examples Example
3. Good
B. Civil Status
4. Poor A. A. Monthly Family
1. Single
5. Needs Temperature of Income
2. Married 00
Improvement 1. Above 10,000
3. Widow B. Score in a
test 2. 10,000-15000
4. Widower
B. Position in an 3. 4,000 -9,000
Organization C. I.Q. level of
a student 4. Below 4,000
C. Brands of T-Shit 1. President
B. Height
1. Penshoppe 2. Secretary
C. Length
2. Lacoste 3. Treasurer
D. Age
3. Ben
Note: 00 does not mean a total absence of temperature rather it is at freezing point
therefore temperature is an example of interval while if we say zero monthly income
means there is no income in that particular month, this best illustrates ratio.

Methods of Collecting Data

As defined, statistics is a process for which the first step is to collect data. There
are different ways to collect data that are needed in the study.
Interview method – this is a face to face interaction wherein the interviewer gathers
firsthand information; he can also ask follow up questions and explains at the same time
problems encountered by the interviewee on a particular question. However, the
disadvantages are, time consuming and expensive to the interviewer.
Questionnaire method – this is done through questionnaire where the researcher can
distribute and collect questionnaires after the respondents have answered. The
respondents have all the freedom to answer the questions. It is less expensive and less
time consuming. However, instances like blank answers will be encountered by the
researcher and greater possibility that false information be stated on the questionnaires.
Documentary Method - this is done under certain law. For example, one wants to
determine the votes in a particular barangay, therefore the data must be taken at the
Comelec Office.
Observation – if a study pertains to behavior and attitude, this method is best used to
gather data. For instance; one is interested to study the attitude of SPED pupils in a
particular school.

Others
A. Experimentation – this is used if one is interested to test a particular method or to
study the cause and effect of a particular variable. For example, an instructor
wants to determine what method is more effective in teaching Statistics, is it
Lecture Method or Modular Approach?
B. Telephone Method – this is used if researcher wants to know or ask few
questions example for this is, asking about their favorite TV station, favorite song,
or their idea about a particular concept, and so on.
Activity 3. Answer the following briefly and concise (100 pts)

1. Define statistics and cite some uses of statistics in any aspect of human endeavor. (10

pts.)

2. Differentiate descriptive statistics from inferential statistics. Illustrate an example for each

to further illustrate and differ the two. (10 pts.)

3. Which is better analyzing data taken from the sample or analyzing data taken from the

population? Why? (10 pts.)

4. Differentiate parameters from estimates. (10 pts.)

5. A researcher wants to decide the number of respondents to be taken from the students in

NLPSC, Ilocos Sur. Complete the table below using 5% margin of error. (60 pts.)

Course Population Sample

BSM 245

BSCRIM 537

BSOA 448

BSE 355

BCAED 376

BPED 175

Total