1 General Concepts

Course Outcome 1
At the end of the lesson the studens
must be able to:
●
Explain the general concepts and
technologies that made data
communications and networking
possible
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
● Enumerate and describe the ● Compute network peformance in
different components of data terms of throughput, delay, and
communication reliability and availability, mean
● Identify and describe the direction
time before failure (MTBF)
of data flow exchange between mean time to repair (MTTR)
communicating devices.
● Describe the importance of
● Enumerate and describe the
standardization
different types of network
Overview
●
Data communication components,
data representation and direction of
flow
●
Network criteria, performance,
structures, and types
●
Data communication and Internet
Standards
●
Internet as a network
B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-30, 2012
 Basic Definition
●
Telecommunication means communication at a
distance.
●
Data refers to information presented in whatever form
that is agreed upon by the parties creating and using
the data.
●
Data communications are the exchange of data between
two devices via some form of transmission medium such
as a wire cable.

B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-30, 2012

1.4
 Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system

Sender, receiver, medium, message, and

protocol
Effectiveness of communication
●
Delivery to the correct recipient
●
Accuracy B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data
●
Timeliness Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-30, 2012

●
Throughput
●
Jitter
https://brightonleadership.com/2017/03/17/5-ways-increase-communication-effectiveness/

1.5
Data Representation
●
Text: represented as bit pattern (0s and 1s)
● ASCII: uses 7 bits (27 = 128 symbols)
● Extended ASCII: 8 bits (28 = 128 symbols)
● Unicode: 16 bits (216 = 65,536 symbols)
● ISO: 32 bits (232 =4,294,967,296 symbols)
●
Numbers: directly to binary numbers
●
Images: in terms of pixels or dots; jpg, gif, png
●
Audio: wav, mpeg ...
●
Video: avi, mp4 ...
 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-30, 2012
1.7
 1-2 NETWORKS
Network - a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links.
Node - can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.
Link – can be a cable, free space, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.

 Network Criteria
 Physical Structures
 Categories of Networks
B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-30, 2012

1.8
 Network Criteria

 Performance
 Measured in terms of Delay, Throughput, Bandwidth-delay
product, and Jitter
 Throughput is also affected by packet loss and congestion
 Reliability
 Failure and recovery (MTBF / MTTR)
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

1.9
 Network Performance
Throughput: Amount of data Latency = propagation time +
transmission time + queuing
that can pass through a time + processing delay
network or through a channel Propagation time = distance /
Bandwidth-delay product: number propagation speed
of bits that can fill the link. Transmission time = data size /
bandwidth
Queuing time = time spent in the
interface buffer
Processing delay = Processing time
Latency or Delay: Length of time it Jitter - the variation in delay for
takes for an entire message to packets belonging to the same
completely arrive at the destination flow.
from the time the first bit is sent out
from the source.

B. Forouzan, Chp 3, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 84-89, 2012
1.10
 Network Performance
●
Throughput
What is the throughput of a network that can send
1000 frames/sec carrying approximately 10,000 bits
per frame? What is the efficiency of this network if its
bandwidth is 100 Mbps?
Throughput ________________ Mbps
Efficiency ________________ %
●
Delay
●
Bandwidth-delay product
●
Jitter
B. Forouzan, Chp 3, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 84-89, 2012
1.11
 Network Performance
●
Throughput
What is the throughput of a network that can send
1000 frames/sec carrying approximately 10,000 bits
per frame? What is the efficiency of this network if its
bandwidth is 100 Mbps?
Throughput ________________ Mbps
Efficiency ________________ %
●
Delay
●
Bandwidth-delay product
●
Jitter
B. Forouzan, Chp 3, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 84-89, 2012
1.12
 Network Performance
● Packet loss Congestion
Congestion is related to two issues,
The number of packets lost during
●
●
throughput and delay
transmission
● The delay is at a minimum (composed of
● When a router receives a packet what?) when the load is less than the
while processing another packet, capacity of the network
the received packet needs to be ● Delay increases sharply when the load
stored in the input buffer waiting reaches the network capacity (why?)
for its turn ● Delay becomes infinite when the load is
greater than the capacity (why?)
● A time may come when the buffer
is full and the next packet needs ● Throughput increases proportionally with
the load (why?) when the load is below
to be dropped
the capacity of the network,
● The effect of packet loss on the ● Throughput (increases, constant,
Internet network layer is that the decreases) after the load reaches the
packet needs to be resent, which capacity (why?)
in turn cause more packet loss
(why?)

B. Forouzan, Chp 17, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2012, pp 525-526
1.13
 Latency / Delay
Latency = propagation time + Propagation time = 2,000,000m /
transmission time + queuing 200,000,000 m/s = .01 sec
time + processing delay Transmission time = 5 Mbits/
Propagation time = distance / 5mbps = 1 sec
propagation speed Queuing time = 10*2 μs = 10 * .
Transmission time = data size / 000002 = .00002 sec
bandwidth Processing delay = 10 * 1 μs = .
00001 sec
Queuing time = time spent in
the interface buffer Latency = 1.01003 sec

Processing delay = Processing

time

B. Forouzan, Chp 3, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 84-89, 2012
1.14
 Network Performance
● Bandwidth-delay product

● A link with a bandwidth of 1 bps has a delay of 5

secs
● What is the bandwidth-delay product
● Explain its meaning

● Another link has a bandwidth of 5 bps with a delay

of 5 secs
● What is the bandwidth-delay product
● Explain its meaning

1.15
 Network Performance - Jitter
B. Forouzan, Chp 28, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, p 991, 2012

Jitter = ((.15-.01)+(.27-.15) + (.37-.27)) / 3

= (.14+.12+.10)/3 = .12

Jitter = ((.11-.01)+(.21-.11) +
(.31-.21)) / 3
= (.10+.10+.10)/3 = .10

https://howdoesinternetwork.com/2013/jitter

1.16
 Reliability & Availability
Failure and Recovery
● A given network was deployed and used for one

(1) year
● In its logbook was written that it was down in

February and was repaired for 4 days Then, it

went down again in May and November and was
repaired for 3 days and 1 day respectively
● What is the mean time before failure (MTBF), mean

time to repair (MTTR), and Availability

1.17
 Reliability & Availability
Failure and Recovery
MTBF=(operational time)/(number of
downtime)
= (365 – 4 – 3 – 1)/3 = 357/3 =
MTTR=total downtime / number of repairs =
(4+3+1)/3=2.67
Availability = MTBF / (MTBF + MTTR)
= 357 / 365 = 97.81%

1.18
 Reliability & Availability
Parallel Systems: A = 1 – (1-AA) * (1-AB)
System A Component A » = 1 – (1-0.8)*(1-0.8)
Availability = 0.8» = 1 – 0.2*0.2 = 0.96
»
Component B
Availability = 0.8»

Series Systems: A = AA * AB
System B Component A Component B
Availability = 0.8 Availability = 0.8
»

» =AA*AB
» = 0.8*0.8
» = 0.64

1.19
 Physical Structures

 Type of Connection
 Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
 Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission

B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-30, 2012
1.20
 Physical Structures, topology

B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data Communications and

Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-
30, 2012

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/vector-graphic-
icon-types-internet-network-1137323051?
src=5yuDcgM29lNmtkjRYX71PQ-1-19

1.21
 Mesh topology Star topology

Number of links = ... Number of links = ...

Where n = number of nodes Where n = number of nodes

B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-30, 2012
1.22
 Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-30, 2012

1.23
 Categories of Networks

 Local Area Networks (LANs)

 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas

B. Forouzan, Chp 1 “Introduction”, Data Communications and Networking: Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, pp 3-30, 2012

1.24
 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.25
 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.26
 Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

1.27
 1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

1.28
 Hierarchical and conceptual organization of the Internet

1.29
Standards
●
Serve as guidelines to manufacturers,
vendors, government agencies, and other
service providers

Two categories:
●
De facto – standards that have been
adopted through widespread use
●
De jure – those that have been legislated
by an officially recognized body
 Standards Creation

●
Committes : ISO, ITU, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
●
Forums: SIG
●
Regulatory Agencies: FCC, NTC
Thank you!
Activity 2a
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
● Enumerate and describe the different ● Give (and describe) two
components of data communication
(include an illustration) importance of standardization
● Identify, illustrate, and describe the ● Narrate a short history of the

direction of data flow exchange between Internet by identifying key

communicating devices.
● Enumerate, illustrate, and describe the
years from 1960 to 2000,
different types of network mentioning key people,
technologies, organizations, &
applications.
Internet Brief History
Mid 1960s mainframe computers in research organizations
were stand-alone
●
At MIT, packet switching was presented by Leonard Kleinrock;
●
in England Paul Baran at Rand Institute and Donald Davies at National
Physical Laboratory, published papers about packet-switched networks.
ARPA was interested in finding a way to connect computers
in research organization to share results, reduce cost and
eliminate duplication of effort (DOD funded)
1967 in an ACM meeting ARPA presented their ideas about
ARPANET, a small network connected computers
1969 ARPANET was a reality; four nodes are connected:
UCLA, UCSB, SRI, UU via network control protocol (NCP)
1973 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn – outlined the TCP protocol
1977 were split into TCP-IP
Internet Brief History
1981 UC modified UNIX to include TCP/IP; a project of DOD
1983 ARPANET protocols were abolished; TCP/IP became the
official protocol of the ARPANET
1981 CSNet computer science network was founded
– Sponsored by national science foundation
– Interconnected universities (with no ties with DOD) but
had ComSsci courses
– Less costly
1986 NSFNet, National Science Foundation Network;
provided backbones to five supercomputer centers in US
1990 NSFNET replaced ARPANET
1991 ANSNET, Advanced Network Services (ANS) network
took over the large traffic handled by NSFNET
– ANS a non-profit organization formed by IBM, Merit, and
Verizon
1995 NSFNET reverted back as a research network.
1990 with the invention of WWW made internet more
popular
Standards
●
developed through cooperation of standards
creation committees, forums, and government
regulation agencies
●
serve as guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,
government agencies, and other service
providers
●
guarantee national and international inter-
operability of data, processes and technology
●
essential in creating and maintaining an open
and competitive market
 Standards Creation

● Committes
● ISO - International Organization for Standardization

● ITU - International Telecommunication Union

● ANSI American National Standards Institute

● IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

● EIA - Electronics Industries Association (EIA)

Standards
Forums
– special-interest groups have developed forums made up
of representatives from interested corporations,
organizations, universities
– To accommodate the need for working models and
agreements and to facilitate the standardization
process,
– Technology develop faster than the ability of standards
committee to ratify standards
Regulatory Agencies
– i.e. Federal Communications Commission (FCC, USA),
National Telecommunications Commission (NTC, Phils.)