MUNAWAR ZAMAN BIN SHAHRUDDIN

& SITI RAFIDAH AB RASHID

Oil and Gas Engineering Department
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam
Tel: 03-55448019/013-3070416

CGE545 E-mail:[email protected]

ELECTRICAL AND
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
1
Chapter 1: Introduction
& Electrical Circuits

2
Lesson Outcome
1. Define current, voltage and power including their units.
2. State and apply basic circuit laws to solve for currents,
voltages and powers in electric circuits.
3. Apply the voltage-division and current-division principles
to analyze electric circuit.
4. Analyze the circuits using the node-voltage and
mesh-current technique.
5. Identify the frequency, angular frequency, peak value, rms
value and phase of sinusoidal signal.
6. Apply the phasor and complex impedances to analyze the
steady state AC circuits.
7. Analyze the three phase AC circuits.
3
Chapter Outline
 1.1 Fundamental and
measurement of electricity

5
Definition

• Electric ??
• Electricity ??
• Electrical ??
• Instrumentation ??

6
Definition

• Electric - A type of energy that occurs due to the movement of

electrons and protons in an oscillating pattern.
• Electricity - The set of physical phenomena associated with the
presence and flow of electric charge
• Electrical - Operating by or producing electricity: "an electrical
appliance".
• Instrumentation - The design and use of an electrical system to
collect and process physically meaningful data

7
Measurement and units of electricity

Quantity Symbol Unit Formula and Unit

Charge Q Coulomb Current x time, A.s
Current I Ampere Charge/time, C/s
Energy W Joule Power x time, W.s
Power P Watt Energy/time, J/s
Voltage V Volt Energy/charge, J/C
Resistance R Ohm Voltage/current, V/A
Conductance G Siemens Current/voltage, A/V
Inductance L Henry Weber/current, Wb/A
Capacitance C Farad Charge/voltage, C/V
Frequency f Hertz 1/time, 1/s

8
Prefixes

9
Current and Voltage
* Energy transferred per unit
charge between 2 points in
• Rate of flow of charge Voltage is electric a circuit
through circuit element potential energy * Unit Volt (V) J/C
per unit charge,
• Unit Ampere(A)
measured in
Coulomb/s joules per
coulomb

10
Resistivity

• Resistivity vs resistance…???
• Resistivity - quantifies how strongly a given material
opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity
indicates a material that readily allows the movement
of electric charge.
• Resistance - opposition to the passage of an electric
current through a conductor.
• Resistivity vs conductivity…???

11
Current vs Voltage vs Resistivity

12
1.2 Ohm’s Law

13
Ohm’s Law

• The German scientist Georg Simon Ohm (1827)

discovered that in any conductor, electrons
encounter a resistance whilst flowing through a
circuit. He proved experimentally that the current in
a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the
voltage between its ends.
• Ohm's Law defines the relationships between (V)
voltage, (I) current, and (R) resistance.
• One ohm is the resistance value through which one
Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854)
volt will maintain a current of one ampere.

14
Ohm’s Law

V=I.R
I=V/R
R=V/I

15
Example 1
A 110 volt wall outlet supplies power to a strobe
light with a resistance of 2200 ohms. How much
current is flowing through the strobe light?

16
Example 2

A CD player with a resistance of 40 ohms has a

current of 0.1 amps flowing through it. Sketch the
circuit diagram and calculate how many volts supply
the CD player?

17
Power in an Electric Circuit

• Power is a measure of how much work can be

performed in a given amount of time
• In electric circuit, power is a function of both voltage
and current
• Electrical power is a product of both
voltage and current, not either one separately
• P=I.V=I2R=V2/R
(I=current, V=voltage, R=resistance)

18
Example 3
By referring to the figure, calculate current (I) and
power (P) for a given R=1kΩ and V=10V

19
Electric Circuit
An electric circuit is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current
source flow. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is
called the "source" of electrons. The point where the electrons leave
an electrical circuit is called the "return" or "earth ground".
• The path that the
Load: resistor,
current follows capacitor, LED,
• Consist of but not etc
limited to a voltage
source, load and
conductor
Voltage source:
battery,
generator, etc

Conductor: Wire

20
Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Parallel Circuit/Resistors

Series Circuit/Resistors

21
Types of Electric Circuits/Resistors

Series-Parallel Circuit/Resistors

22
Series Circuit/Resistors
• In a series circuit, the current flow is the same throughout the
circuit

RT = R1+R2+R3+…Rn

23
Example 4
• According to the figure, determine IT

• Given VT=12 V, R1=560 Ω, R2=680 Ω,

R3=1000 Ω
• Therefore,
RT=R1+R2+R3=560+680+1000=2240 Ω
• Based on Ohm’s Law: IT=VT/RT=12/2240=
0.0054 A

24
Parallel Circuit/Resistors
• In a parallel circuit, the current divides among the
branches of the circuit and recombines on
returning to the voltage source.

1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+…1/Rn

25
Example 5
• According to the figure, determine R2

• Given VT=120 V, IT=0.2 A, R1=1000 Ω, R3=5600 Ω

• Based on Ohm’s Law: RT=VT/IT=120/0.2= 600 Ω
• According to parallel circuit, 1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
• 1/600=1/1000+1/R2+1/5600; R2=2048.78Ω

26
1.3 Kirchhoff’s Law

27
Overview

• Kirchhoff’s Law was introduced in 1845

by G. R. Kirchhoff as an extension work
of Ohm which solve calculation of
currents, voltages and resistances in
electrical circuits with multiple loops.
• It also in-lines with the first law of
thermodynamic that involved the
electrical energy.
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
(1789-1854)

28
Basic in term in the electric circuit
• Node - A point or junction where two or more circuit’s elements (resistor,
capacitor, inductor etc) meet is called Node/ junction of two or more
branches
• Branch – That part or section of circuit which locate between two
junctions is called branch. In branch, one or more elements can be
connected and they have two terminal
• Loop – A closed path in circuit where more than two meshes can be
occurred is called loop i.e. there may be many meshes in a loop, but a mesh
does not contain on one loop.
• Mesh – A closed loop which contains no other loop within it or a path
which does not contain on other paths is called Mesh.

29 Ref :
http://www.electricaltechnology.org/
Example 6

30
Example 6 – Finding node

31
Example 6 – Finding branch

32
Example 6 – Finding loop

33
Example 6 – Finding mesh

34
Example 6

35
Kirchhoff’s Law

* Kirchhoff’s laws govern the conservation of

charge and energy in electrical circuits.
* First Law: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (Junction
Rule)
* Second Law: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
(Loop/Mesh Rule)
*

36
First Law: Kirchhoff’s Current Law
“At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of
currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of
currents flowing out of that node, or: The algebraic sum of
currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is
zero”.
•
• The sum of currents entering the
junction are thus equal to the sum of
currents leaving. This implies that the
current is conserved (no loss of current).

37
First Law: Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Node a: I1 – I2 – I3 = 0

Node b: I2 + I3 – I1 = 0

38
Second Law: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

39
Second Law: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Mesh ABEF: Vs – V1 – V2 = 0

Mesh BCDE: V2 – V3 – V4 = 0

Loop ABCDEF:
Vs – V 1 – V 3 – V 4 = 0

40
Example 7

Mesh 1: V1 = 8 – 12 = - 4 V

Mesh 2: V2 = 6 – 12 = -6 V

Mesh 3: V3 = 10 – 6 = 4 V

Mesh 4: V4 = 8- 10 = -2 V

V2+V3+V4-V1=-6+4-2+4=0 verified!

41
1.4 Resistive Network

42
Circuit Analysis
• Previously, you have already learned a part of the circuit analysis
which are:
– Series and Parallel Circuit/Resistors
– Kirchhoff’s Law
• The aim of circuit analysis is to solve the circuit problem with
regards to the value of R, I, V or P.
• There are another part of circuit analysis to be learned which are:
– Voltage Divider Rule
– Current Divider Rule
– Wye Delta Transformation
– Resistive Circuit/Network Analysis Mesh-Current
/Node-Voltage Analysis

43
Voltage Divider Rule
• Consider the following series circuit:

44
Example 8
Find R by using Voltage Divider Rule

First, solve the parallel

resistor-load(rl):
Rload=3.2/10-2=320Ω
Rrl=(1/470+1/320)-1=190.4Ω
According to VDR,
Vload=Vsource(Rrl/R+Rrl)
3.2=20(190.4)/(R+190.4)
So, R=(20(190.4)/3.2)-190.4
=999.6≈1000Ω or 1kΩ

45
Current Divider Rule
• Consider the following parallel circuit:

46
Example 9
• Consider the following parallel circuit. Calculate I1 and I2
based on Current Divider Rule

30V
5Ω 10Ω

• RT=(1/5+1/10)-1=3.33Ω; I = 30/3.33 = 9 A
• I1=G1/(G1+G2)x I = ((1/5)/(1/5+1/10)) x 9 = 6 A
• I2=I-I1=9-6=3 A
47
Wye-Delta-Wye Transformation
• Instead of combination between series and parallel resistors, it can be a
situation where the circuit does not follow either pattern/network such
as: Y or T network and Δ or Π network

Y Network T Network Δ Network

48
Delta-Wye Transformation
Each resistance in the network Y is the product of two adjacent
branches of the resistance in the delta network, divided by the sum of
the three resistance in delta

49
Wye-Delta Transformation
Each resistance in delta network is the product of the total resistance
of all the Y taken twice at a time, divided by the resistance against the
network Y

50
Example 10
• By referring to the following circuit, find RT

51
Example 10

R1=2+12 = 14Ω

Parallel R2=6+12 = 18Ω

Network
Parallel resistor
1/R = 1/14 + 1/18
R = 7.875 Ω

So, RT=20+3+7.875 = 30.875Ω

52
Resistive Network Analysis

• So far, we have already cover the topic circuit analysis

with one voltage or current source, what if there are more
than one sources? That is why we have Resistive Network
Analysis in solving aforementioned circuit problem.
• There are two different methods in Resistive Network
Analysis:
– Mesh-Current@Mesh/Loop analysis
– Node-Voltage@Nodal Analysis

53
Mesh Analysis

• Mesh analysis is based on Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

Normally the current direction can be assumed as
clockwise.
• All positive-negative charge at resistor should be
labeled respectively.
• In the end, there are 2 or 3 sets of algebraic equations
to be solved simultaneously by using Cramer's Rule or
other suitable method.

54
Mesh Analysis

• Mesh 1:
-VA+V1+VL1=0
VA=I1R1+RL1(I1-I2)
VA=I1(R1+RL1)-I2RL1
• Mesh 2:
VL1+V2+VB=0
-VB=RL1(I2-I1)+I2R2
-VB=I2(RL1-R2)-I1RL1

55
Mesh Analysis
• Solve the equation using Linear Algebraic Equation Solution Technique:

VA=I1(R1+RL1)-I2RL1
-VB=I2(RL1-R2)-I1RL1

• Use Cramer’s Rule to solve it!

https://www.purplemath.com/modules/cramers.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtxVGMWXMSE

56
Example 11
• Consider the following circuit:

Find I in each mesh

57
Example 11
Mesh 1:
-20+6I1+10(I1-I3)+4(I1-I2)-10=0
I1(6+10+4)-4I2-10I3=30
20I1-4I2-10I3=30

3
Mesh 2:
10+4(I2-I1)+11(I2-I3)+8+3I2=0
-4I1+I2(4+11+3)-11I3=-18
1 2 -4I1+18I2-11I3=-18

Mesh 3:
-8+11(I3-I2)+10(I3-I1)+9I3-12=0
-10I1-11I2+I3(11+10+9)=20
-10I1-11I2+30I3=20

58
Example 11

20I1-4I2-10I3=30
-4I1+18I2-11I3= -18

-10I1-11I2+30I3=20
Cramer’s Rule

I1 = 2.473 A
I2 = 0.594 A
I3 = 1.709 A

59
Nodal Analysis

• Nodal analysis is based on Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

Every point at the junction can be treated as node and one
node is assigned as reference node.
• The aim is to determine the voltage in the circuit.
• Other than reference node, are assumed to have positive
sign in front.
• Solution will be obtained based on the same method in
Mesh Analysis.

60
Nodal Analysis
• Consider the following circuit:

R5

R
5

61
Nodal Analysis
• Recognize the nodes first

R5

62
Nodal Analysis

R5

R
5

63
Nodal Analysis

• To obtain Vnode1 and Vnode2, the equation should be

order and solve as Linear Algebraic Equation
(Cramer’s Rule)

64
Example 12
• Based on the following circuit, find Ix and Px

Ix=-2.33A
Px=27.1W

65
1.5 AC LRC Circuits

66
AC
• Alternating Current-An electric current that repeatedly changes its
direction or strength, usually at a certain frequency or range of
frequencies.
• The term is also used to describe alternating voltages. Power stations
generate alternating current because it is easy to raise and lower the
voltage of such current using transformers; thus the voltage can be
raised very high for transmission (high voltages lose less power as
heat than do low voltages), and lowered to safe levels for domestic
and industrial use.
• To change the AC to DC, we need rectifiers.

67
Inductors
• Inductor is formed by coiling a wire around some
type of form, usually the iron or iron oxides.
• In electric circuit the symbol for inductor is given by
• Magnetic field or flux that links the coil is created
when current flowing through the coils.
• When the current changes in value, the resulting
magnetic flux changes.
• Energy stored in an inductance results from current
flowing through the inductance.
• It is form of kinetic energy. Energy in inductance
results from charge in motion.

68
Inductors

permeability is the measure of the ability of

a material to support the formation of a
magnetic field within itself

The inductance has the unit of Henry (H)=V.s/A

69
Inductors
• An inductor is the device that we use to model the effect of magnetic
fields on circuit variables. The energy stored in magnetic fields has
effects on voltage and current. We use the inductor component to model
these effects.
• The self inductance is defined as a coil with an inductance of 1 Henry if
the potential difference of 1V is induced in the circuit with the rate of
change of current being 1A/s.

• The energy stored in the inductor is

70
Example 13
• The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) = 10te-5t A. Find the voltage
across the inductor and the energy stored in it.

Solution:

http://www.derivative-calculator.net/#
71
Inductors in Series Inductors in Parallel

72
Voltage in Inductors
• Applying KVL to the loop,

• Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in

73
Current in Inductors
• Using KCL,
• But

74
Wye-Delta Transformation in Inductors
• The inductor in various connection has the same effect
as the resistor. Hence, the Y-Δ transformation of
inductors can be similarly derived.

75
Example 14
• Find the circuit in the following figure:

Find:

76
Example 14
(a) i1(0)
i(0)=4(2-e-10(0))=4(2-1)=4mA and i2(0)=-1mA
So, i(0)=i1(0)+i2(0); i1(0)=4-(-1)=5mA

(b) v(t), v1(t) and v2(t)

v(t)=Leq(di/dt)
Leq=4||12+2=5H
So, v(t)=5(d(4(2-e-10t))/dt)=(5)(-4)(-10)e-10t=200e-10t

77
Example 14
v1(t)
v1(t)=L1(di/dt)=(2)(40)e-10t=80e-10t
v2(t)
So, v2(t)=(200-80)e-1ot=120e-10t @
v2(t)=(4||12)(di/dt)=3(di/dt)=(3)(40)e-10t=120e-10t

(c) i1(t) and i2(t)

i1(t)=(1/L1)ʃv2(t)+i1(0)=(1/4) ʃ120e-10t +5=(-120/4)e-10t+3+5
=8-3e-10t (integrate from 0 to t)
78
Example 14

i2(t)
i2(t)=(1/L2)ʃv2(t)+i2(0)=(1/12) ʃ120e-10t
-1=(-120/120)e-10t+1-1
=-e-10t

Note that i(t)=i1(t)+i2(t)

So, i(t)=8-3e-10t-e-10t=4(2-e-10t)

79
MICHAEL FARADAY (1791-1867)

80
Capacitors
• Capacitor, like a battery store the electrical energy.
• However, unlike battery capacitor cannot produce electrons but only
stores them.
• Capacitors are constructed using two sheets of conductors or two metal
plates separated by a non-conducting substance, or dielectric.
• Specific materials are used as the dielectric i.e. Mica, Ceramic, Cellulose,
Porcelain, Mylar, Teflon and even air. However, the dielectric can be
made of any non-conductive substance.
• The type and size of dielectric used determined the capacitor type and
functions.
• Energy stored in a capacitance results from a voltage existing across the
capacitance.
• It is form of potential energy. Energy in capacitance results from charge at
rest.

81
Capacitors
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or
dielectric).

permittivity relates to a material's ability to

transmit (or "permit") an electric field.

The capacitance has the unit of Farad (F)=A.s/V=q/V

82
Capacitors
• Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the spacing, the
greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity, the
greater the capacitance.

83
Capacitors

+ i
C
v

84
Capacitors
• When v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant voltage
across a capacitor creates no current through the capacitor, the
capacitor in this case is the same as an open circuit.
• If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an infinite
value that is practically impossible. Hence, a capacitor is
impossible to have an abrupt change in its voltage except an
infinite current is applied.

85
Current and Voltage in Capacitors

86
Power in Capacitors

87
Example 15
a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor
with 20V across it.
b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
Solution:
(a) Since

(b) The energy stored is

88
Parallel Capacitors
* The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors
is the sum of the individual capacitance.

89
Series Capacitors

* The equivalent capacitance of series-connected capacitors is the reciprocal

of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

90
Parallel Capacitors Series Capacitors

91
Wye-Delta Transformation in Capacitors

• These results enable us to look the capacitor in this way:

1/C has the equivalent effect as the resistance. The
equivalent capacitor of capacitors connected in parallel
or series can be obtained via this point of view, so is the
Y-△ connection and its transformation

92
Example 16
Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a and b
of the circuit:

Ans:20μF

93
Generation

• With an alternating current in the electrical grid, the current changes

direction very rapidly.
• Ordinary household current in most of the world is 230 Volts alternating
current with 50 cycles per second = 50 Hz
• "Hertz" named after the German Physicist H.R. Hertz (1857-1894).
• The number of cycles per second is also called the frequency of the grid.
• In Malaysia household current is 240 volts with 50 cycles per second (50
Hz).

94
Generation
• AC voltage is given in the form of

• Vm is the peak value of the voltage, ω is the angular

frequency in radians per second, and θ is the phase angle
• Sinusoidal signals are periodic that repeat the same pattern of
values in each period of T.
• ωT=2π because the sin function completes one cycle when
the angle increases by 2π radians.

95
Frequency and Mean Values
• The frequency is the number of cycles completed in one
second. Thus, frequency f=1/T
• Since ωT=2π, ω=2π/T and ω=2πf
• If the function is given in sine, the relationship is given by
sin(z) = cos (z-90º)
• The root mean square (rms) value of a sinusoidal voltage is
the effective value and given by

96
Mean Values: Power
• The average power delivered is given by:

or

97
Phase of Sinusoidal Signal
• Sinusoidal signals don't need to start at zero at t =
0. There are other possibilities. Here are two
sinusoidal signals.

98
Phase of Sinusoidal Signal
• These two signals have the same amplitude and frequency, but they are not the
same. The difference in the two signals is in their phase. Phase is another
parameter of sinusoids. Consider how we might write mathematical expressions for
the signals in the plot.
• For the "red" signal, we can write:
vred(t) = 150sin(2𝛑60t) = 150cos(2 𝛑 60t - 𝛑/2)
This signal has a phase angle of - 𝛑 /2.
• For the "blue" signal, we can write:
vblue(t) = 150sin(2 𝛑 60t- 𝛑 /2) = 150cos(2 𝛑 60t-𝛑)
This signal has a phase angle of - 𝛑 radians.
• In general, any sinusoidal signal can be written as:
vsignal(t) = Asin(2 𝛑 ft + f), where:
A = amplitude,
f = frequency,
f = phase angle

99
Phase of Sinusoidal Signal
• Any time you use a sinusoidal signal you have to make an
arbitrary decision about where the time origin (t = 0) is located.
– If you have just one signal you can often choose the time origin to be the
instant when the signal goes through zero. Then
– If you have more than one signal, you can often choose one of the signals
as a reference - with zero phase - and measure phase from that reference.
• In the example above, we chose the red signal as the reference,
and the blue signal has a phase of -𝛑/2 radians.
• We have used the sine function here, but we could also have
done everything with cosines.

100
Phase of Sinusoidal Signal

101
Phasor Concepts

102
Phasor Concepts

103
Example 17

v1(
t)
v2(
t)

104
Example 17

105
Phasor Concepts

Resistor Capacitor
Vp Inductor
Ip Vp Ip
Ip
ωt ωt
ωt
Vp

106
Impedance
• Complex impedance describes the relationship between the
voltage across an element (expressed as a phasor) and the
current through the element (expressed as a phasor).
• Impedance is a complex number.
• Impedance depends on frequency.
• Voltage-current relationship in DC circuit called Resistance,
as defined by Ohm's Law
• Voltage-current relationship in AC circuit called Impedance

107
Impedance

108
Impedance
The impedance, Z, of a circuit relates peak
current to peak voltage:

(Units: Ohms)

Series Parallel

Zeq=Z1+Z2+Z3+…+Zn 1/Zeq=1/Z1+1/Z2+1/Z3+...+1/Zn

109
Example 18

110
Example 19

111
Conductance, Susceptance, and Admittance

112
Conductance, Susceptance, and Admittance
•

113
Conductance, Susceptance, and Admittance

B
C
Y

θ
G

114
LRC Circuits

115
Parallel LRC Circuits
• In parallel LRC Circuit, the value of G and B are still playing an
important role in determining Y and Ztot

116
Example 20
• Determine the total impedance and the phase angle in the following figure:

• G=0.1 S, BL=0.2 S, BC=0.1 S;

• Btot=|BL-BC|=|0.2-0.1|=0.1 S
• Y=√G2+Btot2=0.1
• Ztot=1/Y=1/0.1=10Ω
• θ=tan-1(1)=45°
10Ω 5Ω 10Ω

117
Current in Parallel LRC Circuits
• In parallel LRC Circuit, the value of G and B are still playing an
important role in determining Y and Ztot

118
Example 21
• Find each branch current and the total current in the following
figure. Draw a diagram of their relationship.

IR=VS/R=5/2.2=2.27 A;
IL=VS/XL=5/5=1 A;
2.2Ω IC=VS/XC=5/10=0.5 A
10Ω ICL=|IC-IL|=|0.5-1|=0.5 A
5V
5Ω Itot=√IR2+ICL2=√2.272+0.52=2.32 A
θ=tan-1(0.5/2.27)=12.42°

119
Example 21

IC=1 A
Itot=9.06 V

ICL=0.5 A

12.4°

IR=2.27 A

IL=0.5 A

120
Power in LRC Circuits
• The formula for the power dissipated in a resistor sometimes called ‘true
power’ (Ptrue). The unit is Watt. Ptrue = I2R
• Meanwhile, the power in a capacitor/inductor called ‘reactive power’ (Pr).
The unit is Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR). Pr = I2XC or I2XL
• Since the concept of phasor has been introduced earlier, we must note that
the same triangle concept can also being employed for the same reason.
This result-in the other term of power called, ‘apparent power’, (Pa). The
unit is in Volt-Ampere. Pa = I2Z
• The other form of power is complex power (S). The unit is similar with
Pa .

121
1.6 AC 3-PHASE SUPPLY

122
3-Phase-Definition
• AC system that involves only one voltage source is called one phase system.
For this type of generator, the emf is generated using 1 conducting coil that is
rotated and strike through the magnetic field (north-south pole).
• If the numbers of conducting coil increased, the generator with multiple phase
will be produced.
• 3-phase generation is based on the generation of one phase system. Therefore,
3 conducting coil should be arranged and separated 120° among each other.
This will lead to the 3 different voltages with the θ of 120°.
• Normally, these 3 conducting coil are termed ‘red’, ‘blue’ and ‘yellow’.
• The rotation of the rotor in the generation of voltage can be positive
(anti-clockwise) or negative (clock-wise).

123
3-Phase-Definition

124
3-Phase-Definition
• Phasor form:

• The summation of VR, VB and VY =0

125
3-Phase-Connection
• Since the generator involved with three different elements,
logically we need 6 wires to connect these 3 elements.
• However, one can be arranged so that all the wires can be
connected correctly. It’s via the delta or wye (star) connection.
Via these connection, there is only 4 wires needed, 3 for output
and one being connected among themselves. The latter is called
neutral.
• This configuration is also important when we are dealing with
the load connection.
• Note that this connection is in wye/star connection.

126
3-Phase-Connection-Wye/Star

• There are two different voltages in 4 wire

y-connection:
– Phase voltage-the voltage difference between appropriate
wire/line with neutral line (Vph)
– Line voltage-the voltage difference between line with
other line (VL)

127
3-Phase-Connection-Wye/Star

Vph ?

VL ?

Vph VRN, VBN, VYN

VL VRB, VRY, VYB

128
3-Phase-Connection-Wye/Star
VRB VBN -VYN VRY

30° 30°
-VRN VRN
30°
VYN -VBN

VYB

129
Example 22
• A 415 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply is connected to a star-connected
balanced load. Each phase of the load consists of a resistance of 25
Ω and inductance 0.1 H, connected in series.
• Calculate a) phase voltage,
b) the line current drawn from the supply

130
3-Phase-Connection-Delta
• The star-connection is based on KVL principle which involved
voltage while delta-connection is based on KCL which involved
current.

131
3-Phase-Connection-Delta

132
Example 23
• A balanced load of phase impedance 120 is connected in delta. When
this load is connected to a 600 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply.
• Determine
a) the phase current, and
b) the line current drawn

133
Power Dissipation in Star and
Delta-connection Loads
• The power dissipation for both star and delta
connection are always the same. The only
difference is the value of VL and IL in the
connection. The equation of power dissipation is
given by: Phase
power
factor

134
Example 24
• A balanced load of phase impedance 100 and power factor 0.8 is
connected
a) in star, and
b) in delta, to a 400 V, 3-phase supply.
Calculate the power dissipation in each case.

a) IL=IpH=Vph/Zph;
Vph=VL/√3=400/√3
b) VL=Vph;
IL=(400/√3)/100=4/√3
Iph=Vph/Zph = 400/100 = 4 A
P=√3ILVLcosф
IL=√3Iph=√3 x 4=4√3 A
= (√3)(4/√3)(400)(0.8)
P=√3ILVLcosϕ
= 1.28 kW
= (√3)(4√3)(400)(0.8)
= 3.84 kW
Power in a delta-connected load is
three times higher then it is connected
in a star configuration 135
Star/Delta Supplies and Loads

• The same equation can also be applied for a

combination of supplies and loads with the same
arrangement.

136
Example 25
• The star-connected stator of a three-phase, 50 Hz alternator supplies a
balanced delta-connected load. Each phase of the load consists of a coil of
resistance 15 Ω and inductance 36 mH, and the phase voltage generated by
the alternator is 231 V.
• Calculate (a) the phase and line currents, (b) the load power factor, and (c)
the power delivered to the load.

137
Example 25

a) Alternator: V1=Vph= 231 V; b) Power factor = cos ϕ = (R/Z)

V2=VL=√3Vph = (√3)(231)=400 V = 15/ 18.78=0.8
IL=Iph=I1
Load: VL=Vph=V2=400 V c) P = Iph2R = (21.3)2(15) = 6.81 kW for 1 phase
XL= 2𝛑fL=2𝛑(50)(36 x 10-3)=11.3 Ω For 3 phase = 6.81 x 3=20.4 kW
Zph=√(R2+XL2)=√152+11.32=18.78 Ω or P = √3VLILcos ϕ=√3(400)(36.9)(0.8)
Iph=Vph/Zph=400/18.78=21.3 A =20.4 kW
IL=√3Iph = (√3)(21.3)=36.9 A;
So, I1=36.9 A
138
Reflection
1. Define current, voltage and power including their units.
2. State and apply basic circuit laws to solve for currents,
voltages and powers in electric circuits.
3. Apply the voltage-division and current-division principles
to analyze electric circuit.
4. Analyze the circuits using the node-voltage and
mesh-current technique.
5. Identify the frequency, angular frequency, peak value, rms
value and phase of sinusoidal signal.
6. Apply the phasor and complex impedances to analyze the
steady state AC circuits.
7. Analyze the three phase AC circuits.
139