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COGENERATION AND SITE UTILITY SYSTEMS

STEAM TURBINES

Types of steam turbine

Back-pressure Condensing

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Types of steam turbine

Extraction Induction

Steam conditions and power generation

Steam Pressure Power (MW) Efficiency

10 – 27 bars 0.75 35 – 45 %
20 – 40 bars 0.75 – 4 55 – 60 %
40 – 60 bars 4 – 40 75 – 85 %
60 – 140 bars 40 – 90 80 – 87 %

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Steam Rankine cycle

Heating P1 > P2
(Phase Change,
Steam Generation,
Superheating)
Isentropic Expansion
Pumping (Shaft Work,
Heating Power Generation)

Condensation
(Phase Change)

T-S diagram

Isentropic efficiency

H-S diagram

Isentropic efficiency;

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∆𝐻
η𝑖𝑠 = =
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∆𝐻′

𝐻1 − 𝐻2
η𝑖𝑠 =
𝐻1 − 𝐻2′

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H-S diagram

Example 1
A steam turbine operates with inlet of 7 bar,
320oC and is expanded to 1 atm. If the
isentropic efficiency is 75%, determine the shaft
work per kg steam.

Solution: Consider isentropic expansion DS = 0

From steam table,
H1@7 bar, 320˚C = 3100.1 kJ/kg
S1@7 bar, 320˚C = 7.3672 kJ/kg-K

At 1 atm = 1.01325 bar

[email protected] bar = 7.3672 kJ/kg-K = S1 , since ∆S = 0, S1 = 0.
Interpolation: [email protected] bar, isentropic = 2680.7 kJ/kg

Real expansion = H1 – H2
𝐻1 − 𝐻2
η𝑖𝑠 = = 0.75
𝐻1 − 𝐻2 ′
Solve for H1 – H2 = 314.5 kJ/kg
Therefore, Ws = m∙∆H = 314.5 kJ

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Example 2
Steam at 50 bar, 550oC is expanded in a
backpressure turbine to 10 bar. If the isentropic
efficiency is 70%, determine the temperature of
the outlet steam.

Solution 1: From steam table,

H1@50 bar, 550C = 3537.90 kJ/kg
S1@50 bar, 550˚C = 7.127 kJ/kg-K

S2@10 bar = 7.127 kJ/kg-K, so that ∆S = S1 – S2 = 0,

Interpolation: H2@10 bar, isentropic = 3054.71 kJ/kg

Real expansion = H1 – H3

𝐻1 − 𝐻3
η𝑖𝑠 =
𝐻1 − 𝐻2

Solve for H3 = 3199.67 kJ/kg

From steam table, T10 bar,H3 = 370oC

Example 2
Steam at 50 bar, 550oC is expanded in a
backpressure turbine to 10 bar. If the isentropic
efficiency is 70%, determine the temperature of
the outlet steam.

Solution 2: From H-S diagram,

H1@50 bar, 550C = 3550 kJ/kg
H2@10 bar, isentropic = 3050 kJ/kg
Let real expansion = H1 – H3

𝐻1 − 𝐻3
η𝑖𝑠 =
𝐻1 − 𝐻2

Solve for H3 = 3200 kJ/kg

From H-S diagram,

T10 bar,H3 = 360oC

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Example 3
A steam turbine shown below is required to produce 100 kW of shaft work for a chemical
process. Determine the flow rate of steam required to be expanded through the turbine.

Solution 1: From steam table

H1@50 bar, 550C = 3537.90 kJ/kg
H2@10 bar, 350C = 3156.85 kJ/kg
Steam inlet
550oC
Shaft
50 bar ∆H = Hinlet – Houtlet = 381.05 kJ/kg
Work
For 100 kW shaft work requirement,
Steam Ws = m∙∆H = 100 kJ/s
outlet 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
350oC 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 100 × × 3600 = 944.76𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝑠 381.05 𝑘𝐽 ℎ
10 bar

Solution 2: From H-S diagram,

∆H = Hinlet – Houtlet = 400 kJ/kg
For 100 kW shaft work requirement,
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 100 × × 3600 = 900𝑘𝑔/ℎ
𝑠 400 𝑘𝐽 ℎ

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Degree of saturation

• Unsaturated steam is a mixture of liquid and vapor

• Use quality of steam, α (dry fraction in saturated steam)

• Enthalpy of saturated steam;

ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 𝛼ℎ𝑔 + (1 − 𝛼)ℎ𝑓

• Entropy of saturated steam;

𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 𝛼𝑠𝑔 + (1 − 𝛼)𝑠𝑓

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Example 4
Steam at 40 bar, 400oC enters a high-pressure turbine and expands to 8 bar. The extracted
steam is then reheated to 400oC and is expanded again to 10 kPa in a low-pressure turbine.
Calculate the thermal efficiency of the steam cycle, if the specific heat of the boiler is 3000
kJ/kg. Assume the pump work is negligible and the steam cycle is ideal.

Re-heater

Steam inlet
400oC 8 bar 400oC
40 bar

Steam outlet
10 kPa

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Solution 1: From H-S diagram

HP turbine entrance
H1@40 bar, 400˚C= 3220 kJ/kg

HP turbine exit
H2@8bar,isentropic= 2850 kJ/kg

LP turbine entrance
H3@8 bar, 400˚C= 3280 kJ/kg

LP turbine exit
[email protected],isentropic= 2420 kJ/kg

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Total ideal work generated,

WT = ∆HHP + ∆HLP
= 1256.67 kJ/kg

Total heat input,

QT = Qboiler + Qreheat
= 3000 kJ/kg + Hinlet,LP – Houtlet,HP
= 3000 + 3266.42 – 2813.57
= 3452.85 kJ/kg

Thermal efficiency,
𝑊𝑇 1256.67
η𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = = 36.4%
𝑄𝑇 3452.85

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LP turbine exit
∆S = S3 – S4 = 0,
Solution 2: From steam table
S4 (7.5757 kJ/kg-K) falls between entropy of
liquid (sf) and gas (sg), hence S4 is affected
HP turbine entrance by the degree of saturation;
H1@40 bar, 400˚C = 3212.22 kJ/kg
S1@40 bar, 400˚C = 6.7653 kJ/kg-K
𝑠4 = α𝑠𝑔 + β𝑠𝑓
a = fraction of dry steam,
HP turbine exit
 = fraction of wet steam
At 8 bar, find S2 = 6.7653 kJ/kg-K
(so that ∆S = S1 – S2 = 0)
𝑠4 = 8.1308α + 0.6626β
Interpolation: H2@8 bar, isentropic = 2813.57 kJ/kg 𝑠4 = 8.1308α + 0.6626(1 − α)

LP turbine entrance Solving for α = 0.9257.

H3@8 bar, 400˚C = 3266.42kJ/kg Then,
S3@8 bar, 400˚C = 7.5757 kJ/kg-K 𝐻4 = 2586 0.9257 + 196.2 (1 − 0.9257)
= 2408.4𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

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Total ideal work generated,

WT = ∆HHP + ∆HLP
= 1256.67 kJ/kg

Total heat input,

QT = Qboiler + Qreheat
= 3000 kJ/kg + Hinlet,LP – Houtlet,HP
= 3000 + 3266.42 – 2813.57
= 3452.85 kJ/kg

Thermal efficiency,
𝑊𝑇 1256.67
η𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = = 36.4%
𝑄𝑇 3452.85

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