COURSE: - Production and Operations Management for

Plantation & Agri Commodity (POM - PAC)

Individual Assignment: - Evaluation of post-harvest coffee to confirm to good manufacturing

Submitted to
Dr. Prof. V. G. Dhanakumar, Dr. K. Narendran and Dr. C. Ganesh Kumar.

IIPM, Bangalore

Submitted by
B Venkat Reddy

19PGDM ABPM 48

Section 2
Abstract.

Coffee has good prospects in agroindustry despite overproduction worldwide. Indonesia is ranked
4th in the world’s main coffee producer after Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia. One of the regencies
of coffee-producer regions is Ngawi Regency which is located on the slopes of Lawu Mount.
Coffee quality is the main criterion to compete with other coffee producers. The way to improve
the quality of Indonesian coffee is by upgrading post-harvest handling processes. The aim of this
study was the evaluation of the process of post-harvest coffee to conform to GMP (Good
Manufacturing Practises) to develop farmer’s entrepreneurship. The research respondents were 50
coffee farmers obtained by purposive sampling method. The results showed that coffee farmers in
Ngrambe Subdistrict, Ngawi District, use the dry process in the process of stripping coffee beans
(81.35%). The quality of the coffee picking process is low (53.62%). Generally, coffee farmers do
not sort (71.23%). The coffee storage process is also low (52.35%). The efforts required to follow
up this research including the dissemination of post-coffee harvest technology that is in accordance
with GMP. Furthermore, it can improve the competitive advantages of the product

Introduction

Coffee is one of the superior products in the plantation subsector in Indonesia. Indonesia is the
fourth as the largest coffee producing country in the world. During the last six years (2006-2011),
the average amount of coffee exported was 412.67 thousand tons, with a total value of 802.58
million US $ with a total workforce involved reaching 2 million. According to the International
Coffee Organisation (ICO), coffee consumption increases each year so that the increase in coffee
production in Indonesia has the opportunity to export coffee to major coffee consuming countries
in the world such as the European Union, the United States, and Japan. In general, the agricultural
products of local farmers are of low economic value because they have not been processed and
developed through SMEs. Product innovation needs to be carried out in accordance with consumer
innovativeness of processed coffee products so that the innovations of coffee beans produced are
adopted by consumers. Coffee beans produced by farmers need to be processed properly so that
they meet the requirements to be accepted in coffee shops in the country and overseas franchises
such as Starbuck and Quick Check. Ngawi Regency is a coffee-producing area in the western part
of East Java Province. But, so far the coffee has not been processed properly so that it does not
have economic value. Hargomulyo Village in Ngrambe Sub-District, Ngawi Regency includes five
main coffee-producing mountain areas in East Java. The area of coffee plantations in Ngrambe
District reaches 620 ha. The type of coffee that is mostly planted is Robusta coffee with a total
production of 1424 tons. Hargomulyo Village as one of the coffee-producing villages in Ngrambe
Sub-District, Ngawi Regency, East Java, Indonesia.

Lately, a problem arises because more than 65% of Indonesia's coffee exports are Grade IV above
and classified as low-quality coffee, which is subject to an export ban. The low quality of Robusta
coffee production is mainly due to garden management, inadequate harvest, and post-harvest
handling because almost all robusta coffee is produced by smallholder plantations. Large coffee
production, especially in the village of Hargomulyo, needs to be followed by an increase in the
quality or quality of coffee. This is so that coffee products in the village of Hargomulyo can
compete with coffee products from other regions so that farmers get attractive price incentives. To
produce high-quality coffee, it is necessary to handle the right harvest and post-harvest based on
GMP. The application of GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) is a guarantee for consumers that
the market products are derived from the results of a series of processes that are efficient,
productive and environmentally friendly. Through the GMP process, coffee farmers will get added
value in the form of incentives to increase prices and ensure adequate market guarantees.
According to Lamerle C. the quality of the harvest is used, and the quality. Most of the show's
concern with quality and price, however, is that there is a lack of concern with the harvest
techniques used and the price of quality. Regarding the above, it is necessary to know the extent
of harvest and postharvest handling that has been carried out by farmers so that appropriate
corrective measures can be taken. This study aims to evaluate the post-harvest handling of coffee
by farmers in the village of Hargomulyo, Ngrambe District, Ngawi Regency, East Java, Indonesia.

Harvesting of coffee fruit is done manually by picking the ripe fruit and then putting it in a plastic
sack. Based on the level of suitability of coffee harvesting practices, it is known that only 10% of
farmers pay attention to the cleanliness of the equipment used during harvesting. Separation or
sorting for young ripe and dry/falling fruits on average has not been done well. Sorting seeds to
separate ripe fruit and young on average has not been done. However, many farmers now harvest
the ripe fruit or red pick. After finishing picking the coffee is not immediately dried so that the
average stockpiling of fruit is still done by the farmers. Hoarding is generally carried out for 2- 3
days. According to Rachmanda, the thing to avoid is storing coffee fruit in plastic sacks or sacks
for more than 12 hours, because it will cause pre-fermentation so that the aroma and taste of coffee
beans are less good and foul-smelling (fermented).

Drying level in dry coffee processing:

The method of processing dry methods is mostly done considering the capacity of the processing
is small, easy to do, simple equipment and can be done at the farmer's house. The process of
processing Robusta coffee which is commonly carried out by farmers at the research location is
twofold and broken by skin, some are doing both processing. However, the majority of farmers
process broken skin. In the coffee, the harvested coffee fruit is immediately dried, while for the
broken coffee before drying the coffee is ground using a coffee fruit breaking machine and then
dried. The grains should be dried in order to reduce its 53% humidity; due to the current trading
conditions, this percentage should reach a value between 10% and 12 % .The limited drying area
is overcome by drying coffee using public facilities such as paved roads. The drying process has
on average been carried out according to the standard, namely the height of the coffee stack <4 cm
so that the sun's heat can be received evenly in all parts of the coffee. Regular reversals are carried
out in one day approximately 2-3 times so that the heat is received more evenly. This is in
agreement with the finding of Berhanu et al. who reported the highest raw quality from sundried
coffee dried on mesh wire, while coffees dried on bricks scored the lowest raw quality values.
Similarly, Anteneh reported that improper postharvest processing and handling practices (drying
on bare ground) can induce fungus and foreign matters and deteriorate the quality of coffee. Based
on the process that has been carried out to guarantee quality, supervision has been carried out on
the drying process by farmers based on GMP

Both in processing coffee logs and shells, all farmers have carried out a separation based on the
level of drought. Generally, coffee beans require a longer drying time compared to broken coffee,
for around 10-12 days of coffee while the coffee breaks the skin 5-7 days. Coffee that has been
dried in the sun is first separated so that it is not mixed with coffee that is still wet or freshly dried.
Meanwhile, the coffee fruit that has not been dried is also not piled up but left completely dry.

Although still relying on estimates of the traditional way farmers use it is quite effective because
based on the results of laboratory tests, the average coffee sample has a water content below 12.5%,
meaning that it meets the general quality requirements according to SNI. In the process of
processing dry cracked coffee requires a coffee fruit breaking tool generally still manually. The
condition of the average breaker machine has not been cleaned regularly. The results of the milling
are then accommodated using a coffee container base or not directly on the ground. Based on the
research of Cabrera et al. all coffee trade is carried out on a wet weight basis, while in the scientific
world, the dry weight basis is more often used. For this reason, both measurements are presented
for greater clarification. The locations of the containers in the vessel corresponded to the deck,
first floor, and hold, and the samples from the three regions of the container corresponded to the
bottom, middle, and top.

Stripping and sorting

Farmers have not paid attention to the cleanliness level of the coffee peeler used or cleaning has
not been done periodically. Cleaning is done when the performance of the tool has been disrupted.
Separation of seeds with objects other than coffee beans such as coffee skin, stone, leaves, etc.
generally, farmers have done well, meaning that this activity is quite routinely carried out even
though sometimes coffee skin is mixed but the percentage is low and conformity level of stripping
and sorting coffee

All farmers generally do not make the uniform size of seeds by multiplying according to the
applicable size. Based on the size of dry processing robusta coffee is divided into two, namely
large and small. The large size with the criteria does not pass the sieve with a diameter of 6.5 mm
(number 16 sieve, while the small size is the coffee beans that pass the 6.5 mm diameter sieve but
do not pass the sieve 3.5 mm in diameter (size No. 9).

The existence of products that deviate from the standard provisions cannot be mixed with a good
product because it will contaminate the product as a whole. Separation of physically deformed
seeds can reduce ochratoxin contamination. Thus, it is recommended to separate defective seeds,
especially black seeds, fungus or other defective seeds [9-10].

Storage

Most farmers have stored coffee separately between coffee beans, coffee broken skin and coffee
beans. Long-term storage in the form of spindle coffee or shelled coffee beans is rarely done by
farmers, generally long-term storage in the form of rice coffee that is completely dry. The stored
coffee beans on average have met the standard maximum water content set at 12.5% based on the
results of the water content tests that have been carried out fulfilling SNI.

Good coffee storage owned by farmers is in the form of coffee, not in the form of rice coffee (green
coffee) with water content ranging from 14 16%. With this level, the coffee spindle is stored for
2-3 years. If at the time of harvest the price of coffee is low, farmers can save it until prices
improve. During the rainy season, the average farmer protects dried coffee, such as by closing
coffee using plastic or tarpaulin, so that the coffee beans are not exposed to direct rain or bring
coffee to a protected place so that the coffee beans remain dry. Inspections or checks on the quality
of coffee have been carried out by some farmers while others have not routinely checked because
farmers assume storage is only temporary or in the short term, when the selling price is appropriate
the product will be sold immediately. The average storage done by farmers is <1 year or ranges
from 3-4 months. Dry storage area room or area designated for the storage of packaged or
containerized bulk food that is not potentially hazardous time/temperature control for safety

Factory standards for avoiding microbial contamination of coffee after postharvest.

The highest level of suitability for post-coffee handling was in the drying activity (75%) and the
lowest for harvesting (21.67%) followed by stripping and sorting activities (33.8%), while the
storage level was 54.4%. Related to the low level of harvest and post-harvest handling, it is
necessary to socialise to farmers how to handle harvest and post-harvest coffee in accordance with
GMP, especially at the harvesting level. Kinds of efforts conducting for this research i.e. need for
dissemination of post-coffee harvest technology that is in accordance by GMP. Furthermore, it can
improve the competitive advantages of the product.

References

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