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A. What Is Safety-Critical Software? Give Examples. Safety-Critical Software

Safety-critical software is software whose failure could harm people, the environment, or equipment. Examples include software for transportation systems, nuclear power plants, aerospace systems, and civil engineering structures. A prototype is an early sample or model of a product used to test concepts or processes. User interface prototyping involves users evaluating prototypes and is important for validating design concepts. Prototyping helps address unclear requirements early in the development process.

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Azaz Ali Shah
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37 views3 pages

A. What Is Safety-Critical Software? Give Examples. Safety-Critical Software

Safety-critical software is software whose failure could harm people, the environment, or equipment. Examples include software for transportation systems, nuclear power plants, aerospace systems, and civil engineering structures. A prototype is an early sample or model of a product used to test concepts or processes. User interface prototyping involves users evaluating prototypes and is important for validating design concepts. Prototyping helps address unclear requirements early in the development process.

Uploaded by

Azaz Ali Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q4:

a. What is safety-critical software? Give examples.


Safety-Critical Software
A Safety Critical Software System is a computer system whose failure or malfunction may harm
and consequence people’s lives, environment or equipment.

Some fields and examples:


1) Transport ( Railways, Cars, Anti lock brakes)
2) Nuclear Engineering (Nuclear power station control)
3) Aerospace(NASA space shuttle)
4) Civil Engineering ( Calculate Structure)

b. What is a prototype? What is user interface prototyping? Give an example of


both

1) Prototype:
A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process.
A prototype model is generally used when the requirements are unclear it is use when the
customer is unclear about the details of the input, process and the output needs of the software.
In prototype we don’t develop full software firstly we develop a prototype of the software

EXAMPLES OF PROTOTYPE MODELS:


Prototypes come in many types, Prototype model depends upon the creation and purpose, for
what purpose a model has been created. some prototypes are created just to represent the
functioning or the look of the product. While some include showing a miniature version.

EXAMPLES:
 Paper prototypes
 HTML prototypes
 3D print
 single version of the lot, etc.

2) What is user interface prototyping


User interface prototyping is a testing and evaluation approach, which is a crucial component of User-
Centred Design (UCD) methodology, widely used in IT projects since the 1990s. Involving users in
evaluating prototypes is an important part of all iterative approaches for IT projects
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management, and of agile methodologies in particular. Originating from User-Centred Design,


prototyping has also become a popular method for user-based validating design concepts in service
design and development.

EXAMPLES:

 paper sketches or pictures


 bitmaps from a drawing tool
 an interactive executable prototype; for example, in Microsoft Visual Basic

c) Differentiate between Error, fault and failure. Give examples of each.


Error 

Refers to difference between Actual Output and Expected output, it refers to human activity that
results in software containing fault or deflect.

EXAMPLE:

A developer may misunderstand a design notation, or a programmer might type a variable name
incorrectly.

Fault

It is a condition that causes the software to fail to perform its required function, it is a
characteristic, a condition that causes a system to fail in performing its required functions.

EXAMPLE:

Faults or defects are sometimes called Bugs.

Failure

It is the inability of a system or component to perform required function according to its


specification, presence of fault sometimes results into failure but it doesn’t always guarantee.

EXAMPLE:
Example of failure can be a product which is too hard to use, or too slow, but still fulfills the
functional requirements
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Explain why the effort, time, and cost required to develop a program using the build and fix style
increase exponentially with the size of the program? How do software engineering principles help tackle
this rapid rise in development time and cost?

The build and fix style:

a) The software is developed without any specification or design. An initial product is built, which is
then repeatedly modified until it (software) satisfies the user. This process goes on until the user
feels that the software can be used productively, each time the he comes with new ideas due to
which the project can go lengthy and lengthy, length directly relates to time, which the software
gets lengthy it also effects cost and too much effort is required to complete that project.

Properties:

1) No planning or analysis
2) The working program is the only work product

Disadvantages:

1) Understandability and maintainability decreases rapidly with increasing program size


2) Totally un satisfactory
3) Need a lifecycle modal
 Game plan
 Phases
 Milestones

b) we can tickle this problem using these steps

a) Planning a project
b) Analysis
c) Properly designing
d) Implementation
e) Maintenance

Planning a project getting requirements from the End-user and

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