Formula Sheet for EE406


Energy of discrete time signal (DTS): E  
2
x (n )
n 
N
1
Average power of discrete time signal (DTS): P  lim 
2
x ( n)
N  2 N  1
n  N

Convolution sum formula for LTI system

 
y (n )  x (n )  h (n )  h (n )  x (n )  
k 
x (k )h (n  k )   h (k )x (n  k )
k 

Convolution sum formula for causal LTI system

 n
y (n )   h (k )x (n  k )   x (k )h (n  k )
k 0 k 

Convolution sum formula for causal FIR system

M 1
y (n )   h (k )x (n  k )
k 0

Constant Coefficient Difference Equation (CCDE):

N M
y (n )   ak y (n  k )   b k x (n  k )
k 1 k 0
N M

a
k 0
k y (n  k )   b k x (n  k )
k 0


Direct Two Sided Z-transform: X (z )   x (n )z
n 
n


Direct One Sided Z-transform: X ( z )   x(n) z  n
n 0
Shift (delay) Property for one sided z-transform

If x(n)  X  ( z ), then
 k

x(n  k )  z  k  X  ( z )   x(n) z n 


 n 1 
 a N1  a N2 1

N2
, a 1
Summation of finite Geometric Series:  a k   1  a
k  N1  N  N  1, a  1
 2 1


an
Summation of infinite Geometric Series:  ak 
k n 1 a
, a 1
 N2
1
 k  2  N
k  N1
2  N1  N 2  N1  1 
Summation of finite Arithmetic Series:
N2
1
k
k 1
2

6
 N 2  N 2  1 2 N 2  1 
M

Y (z )
b k z k
The system function of CCDF: H (z )   k 0
N
1   ak z  k
X (z )
k 1

Partial Fraction Expansion (PFE): Distinct Poles: real or complex conjugate

X (z ) A1 A2 AN
   
z  z  p1   z  p 2  z  pN 
X (z )
Ak   z  pk 
z z  pk

Inverse z-transform for PFE: Distinct Poles: complex conjugate (causal)


 Ak Ak  

z 1    2 A k  rk  cos   k n   k u (n )
n
 1 

 1  pk z

1
 
1  pk z   
j k
Ak  Ak e
p k  rk e j k

Partial Fraction Expansion (PFE): Multiple-order Poles

m
1 A1k A2k A mk Ask
     
 z  pk   z  pk   z  pk   z  p k  s 1  z  p k 
m 2 m s

1  d m s  X (z ) 
 z  z  p k 
m
Ask     , s  1, 2, ,m
 m  s !  dz m s z  p k

Inverse z-transform for PFE: Double-order Poles: causal

 
1  p k z 1 
 n  p k  u (n )
n
z  2

 1  pk z

1


Fourier Transform of Discrete-time Periodic Signals (DTFT)

Analysis: X ( )  X (e j  )   x (n )e
n 
 j n

1
 X ( )e
j n
Synthesis: x (n )  d
2 2


The frequency response of a system H ( )  H ( ) e j  ( )   h (k )e
k 
 j k

The frequency response of a LTI system described by CCDE

 M

j
Y (e ) Y ( ) b e k
 j k

H ( )  H (e j  )    k 0
X (e j  ) X ( ) N

a e
k 0
k
 j k

The response of a relaxed LTI system to an input signal, x(n), with a single frequency, k is
y (n )  Ae j k n H (k )
Where x (n )  Ae j k n

The system response to a cosine input signal, x(n), with a single frequency, k is
y (n )  A H (k ) cos k n   (k ) 
Where x (n )  A cos k n 

The system response to a sine input signal, x(n), with a single frequency, k is
y (n )  A H (k ) sin k n   (k ) 
Where x (n )  A sin k n 

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of Discrete-time finite Signals of length N

N 1
Analysis: X (k )   x (n )W Nkn , 0  k  N  1
n 0

1 N 1
Synthesis: x(n)   X (k )WN kn , 0  n  N  1
N k 0
 j (2 / N )
Where W N  e

Matrix relation of DFT

X  DN x
1 1 
x  DN X  DN X
N
1 1 1 1 
 X (0)   x (0)  1 W 1 W N2 W N 1 
 X (1)   x (1)   N N 
X  , x    , and D N  1 W N2 W N4 W N2 N 1 
     
     
 X (N  1)   x (N  1)    N 1 N 1 
1 W N
N 1
W N2 N 1 WN 
Circular convolution of two finite sequences
N 1
 
x 3 (m )   x 1 (n )x 2  m  n N , 0  m  N  1
n 0