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11-15 Fluid

The continuity equation describes the conservation of mass for fluid flow. It states that the rate of change of density of a fluid plus the divergence of the velocity field times the density is equal to zero. The continuity equation applies to both compressible and incompressible flows in fluids and solids. For steady state and incompressible flows, the divergence of the velocity field equals zero. The assumptions of the continuity equation are that the flow is through a single tube with a single inlet and outlet, the fluid is non-viscous, the flow is incompressible, and the flow is steady.

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69 views3 pages

11-15 Fluid

The continuity equation describes the conservation of mass for fluid flow. It states that the rate of change of density of a fluid plus the divergence of the velocity field times the density is equal to zero. The continuity equation applies to both compressible and incompressible flows in fluids and solids. For steady state and incompressible flows, the divergence of the velocity field equals zero. The assumptions of the continuity equation are that the flow is through a single tube with a single inlet and outlet, the fluid is non-viscous, the flow is incompressible, and the flow is steady.

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subhash
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11.

Continuity equation

∂ρ/∂t+∂(ρv1)/∂x1+∂(ρv2)/∂x2+∂(ρv3)/∂x3=0 (or) ∂ρ/∂t+∇⋅(ρv)=0

The most general forms of the continuity equation that enforces conservation of mass. It
applies to all materials, not just fluids. So it applies to solids as well.

a. Steady state
∇⋅(ρv)=0
b. Incompressible (ρ=constant)
∇⋅v=0 (or) ∂v1/∂x1+∂v2/∂x2+∂v3/∂x3=0

12. Assumption in continuity equation

Following are the assumptions of continuity equation:

 The tube is having a single entry and single exit


 The fluid flowing in the tube is non-viscous
 The flow is incompressible
 The fluid flow is steady

13.various forces acting on moving fluid.

 Inertial force
 Viscous force
 Gravity force
 Pressure force
 Surface tension force
 Elastic force

Inertial force:
 Inertia force is equal to the product of mass and acceleration of the flowing fluid
and acts in the direction opposite to the direction of acceleration. It always exists
in the fluid flow problems.
Viscous force:
 Viscous force is equal to the product of shear stress due to viscosity and surface area of
the flow. It is present in fluid flow problems where viscosity is having an important role
to play.
Gravity force:
 Gravity force is equal to the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity of the
flowing fluid. It is present in case of open surface flow.
Pressure force:
 Pressure force is equal to the product of pressure intensity and cross sectional area of the
flowing fluid. It is present in case of pipe flow.
 Surface tension force:

Surface tension force is equal to the product of surface tension and length of surface or
flowing fluid

 Elastic force:

Elastic force is equal to the product of elastic stress and the area of flowing fluid

14.

a. Reynolds equation of motion

Fnet =Fg+Fv+Fp+Ft

Where,

Fggravity force, Fv viscous force, Fp pressure force, Ft thrust force

b. navier stroke equation

Fnet =Fg+Fv+Fp

c. Euler equation of motion (valid only for non viscous flow)

Fnet =Fg+Fp ,, ∂P/ρ+g*dz+vdv=0

d. Bernoulli’s equation (integrating Euler equation)

For incompressible flow

P/( ρ*g)+V^2/(2*g)+z=constant potential head

Kinetic head

Pressure head

15. Assumptions of navier strokes equation

1.The Navier–Stokes equations are based on the assumption that the fluid, at the scale of
interest, is a continuum – a continuous substance rather than discrete particles.

2.The control volume can remain fixed in space or can move with the fluid

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