STRUCTURAL THEORY 2

CE 421

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
 The principle of superposition may be defined as follows: the total
displacements and internal stresses in a linear structure corresponding
to a system of applied forces are the sum of the displacements and
stresses corresponding to each load applied separately.

 The principle of geometrical compatibility may be defined as follows:

the displacement of any point in a structure due to a system of applied
forces must be compatible with the deformations of the individual
members.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
 Virtual Displacement Method
 System of forces being subjected to set of virtual displacement to
produce a total work done equal to zero
𝑭 ∗ 𝜹𝒓 = 𝟎
 Virtual Force Method
 A body under a set of forces undergoing displacement or has a
displaced shape when a set of virtual forces is applied in the
structure under equilibrium then the work done by this virtual forces
undergoing real displacement is equal to zero.
𝒓 ∗ 𝜹𝑭 = 𝟎

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
 The most classical method of analyzing indeterminate
structure

 Also known as the method of consistent deformation

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)

𝐵𝑦 ∗ 𝛿𝐵 = ∆𝐵

∆𝐵
𝐵𝑦 =
𝛿𝐵

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)
 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS:
1. Determine the degree of indeterminacy of the given structure.
2. Select one of the support reactions as the redundant.
3. Remove the restraint corresponding to the redundant from the given
indeterminate structure to obtain the primary determinate structure.
4. Draw a diagram
1. For a primary structure with only the external loading applied to it.
Sketch a deflected shape of the structure, and show the deflection (or
slope) at the point of application and in the direction of the redundant
by an appropriate symbol.
2. For a primary structure with only the unit value of the redundant applied
to it.
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)
 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS:
5. Write the compatibility equation
6. Compute the deflections of the primary structure at the location of
the redundant due to the external loading and due to the unit value
of the redundant.
7. Substitute the values of deflections (or slopes) computed in step 6
into the compatibility equation, and solve for the unknown
redundant.
8. Determine the remaining support reactions of the indeterminate
structure

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)
 Example:
1. Determine the reaction in the prop of the propped cantilever
beam shown (a) when the prop is firm and rigid, (b) when the prop is
rigid and settles an amount y and (c) when the prop is elastic

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)

 Answer:
3𝑤𝑙 3𝑤𝑙 3𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝑤𝑙 4 𝑙3 𝐿
𝑎 𝑉= 𝑏 𝑉= − 3 𝑐 𝑉= ∗ +
8 8 𝑙 8𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 𝐴𝐸
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)
Example 2. Determine the reaction in the continuous beam shown.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)

∆𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦 𝛿𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝑦 𝛿𝐵𝐶

∆𝐶 = 𝐵𝑦 𝛿𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶𝑦 𝛿𝐶𝐶

COMPATIBILITY EQUATION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(BEAM)
Exercises:
Assume EI as constant

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
INDETERMINACY OF TRUSSES

EXTERNAL

INTERNAL

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSS

4 Support Reactions
3 Equilibrium Equations
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
ΣM = 0

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSS

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

∆𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 ∗ 𝛿𝑥 ASCOT
 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSS

𝑃𝐿
∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 ∗ 𝛿𝑥
𝐴𝐸
𝐵𝑥 = 𝑃
𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝐿
𝛿𝑥 = = 𝐵𝑥 ∗
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSS

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
Compatibility Equation

∆𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 ∗ 𝛿𝑥

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
CALCULATING ∆𝑥 Member Elongation
𝐹𝐿
First analyze the truss 𝛿𝑥 =
under the given 𝐴𝐸
load

F - Force applied at the member

L - Length of the member
A - Cross sectional area of the
member
E - Modulus of Elasticity of the
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO member ASCOT
 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
𝑛

∆𝑥 = 𝛿𝑖 ∗ 𝑓𝑖
𝑖=1
𝛿𝑖 - elongation due to real load
𝑓𝑖 - member force due to virtual unit load
∆𝑥 = 𝛿𝐴𝐵 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐵 + 𝛿𝐵𝐶 ∗ 𝑓𝐵𝐶 + 𝛿𝐴𝐶 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐶 + 𝛿𝐴𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐷 + 𝛿𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐶𝐷

20 58.16 −148.44
∆𝑥 = 0.4 + 1.08 + −0.77 + 0 + 0
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
185
∆𝑥 =
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO
𝐸𝐴 ASCOT
 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
CALCULATING 𝛿𝑥 Member Elongation
F - Force applied at the member
𝐹𝐿 L - Length of the member
𝛿𝑥 = A - Cross sectional area of the member
𝐴𝐸
E - Modulus of Elasticity of the member

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
𝑛

𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝑖 ∗ 𝑓𝑖
𝑖=1
𝛿𝑖 - elongation due to real load
𝑓𝑖 - member force due to virtual unit load

𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝐴𝐵 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐵 + 𝛿𝐵𝐶 ∗ 𝑓𝐵𝐶 + 𝛿𝐴𝐶 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐶 + 𝛿𝐴𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐷 + 𝛿𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐶𝐷

−2.0 −5.8 6.6 −3.2 −5.6

𝛿𝑥 = 0.4 + −1.08 + 0.77 + (−0.6) + (−0.5)
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴

17
𝛿𝑥 =
𝐸𝐴
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
∆𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 ∗ 𝛿𝑥
185 17
= 𝐷𝑥 ∗
185 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
∆𝑥 =
𝐸𝐴
𝐷𝑥 = 10.9 𝐾𝑁
17
𝛿𝑥 =
𝐸𝐴
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
INTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSS

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
INTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSS

Compatibility Equation

∆= 𝐹𝐴𝐷 ∗ 𝛿

∆
𝐹𝐴𝐷 =
𝛿

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
Example: Analyze the truss shown

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
CALCULATING ∆ Member Elongation Due to unit virtual load

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
𝑛
𝛿𝑖 - elongation due to real load
∆𝑥 = 𝛿𝑖 ∗ 𝑓𝑖 𝑓𝑖 - member force due to virtual unit load
𝑖=1

∆𝑥 = 𝛿𝐴𝐵 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐵 + 𝛿𝐵𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐵𝐷 + 𝛿𝐴𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐷 + 𝛿𝐴𝐶 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐶 + 𝛿𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐶𝐷

−205 −125 290

∆𝑥 = −1.6 + −1.25 + 2.69 + 0 + 0
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
1264
∆𝑥 =
𝐸𝐴
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS) Member Elongation
CALCULATING 𝛿

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
𝑛

𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝑖 ∗ 𝑓𝑖 𝛿𝑖 - elongation due to real load

𝑓𝑖 - member force due to virtual unit load
𝑖=1

𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝐴𝐵 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐵 + 𝛿𝐵𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐵𝐷 + 𝛿𝐴𝐶 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐶 + 𝛿𝐴𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐴𝐷 + 𝛿𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝑓𝐶𝐷 + 𝛿𝐵𝐶 ∗ 𝑓𝐵𝐶

10.24 6.25 −29 6.25 10.24 −4

𝛿𝑥 = 1.6 + 1.25 + −2.69 + 1.25 + 1.6 + (−1)
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴

130
𝛿𝑥 =
𝐸𝐴
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)

∆= 𝐹𝐵𝐶 ∗ 𝛿 1264
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 𝐸𝐴 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 9.7 𝐾𝑁
130
∆ 𝐸𝐴
𝐹𝐵𝐶 =
𝛿

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FORCE METHOD
(TRUSS ANALYSIS)
Exercises:
Analyze the following indeterminate trusses using the Force Method.
Assume a constant EA

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT