File Models and File Accessing Models: Prepared By: Mehta Ishani 1300407010030
File Models and File Accessing Models: Prepared By: Mehta Ishani 1300407010030
models
Prepared By:
Mehta Ishani
1300407010030
Contents
File models
Unstructured and structured files
Mutable and immutable files
File accessing models
Accessing remote files
Unit of data transfer
2
Unstructured files
Simplest model
File – unstructured sequence of data
No substructure
Contents – un interpreted sequence of bytes
Unix, MS-Dos
Modern OS used this model because sharing of files is easier
in compared with structured file model
Since file has no structure then different applications can
interpret the contents of files in many different ways.
3
Structured files
Rarely used
File – ordered sequence of records
Files – different types, different size and different properties
Record – smallest unit of data that can be accessed
Two categories
Files with non indexed records
Files with indexed records
4
Structured files
Files with non indexed records
File records is accessed by specifying it’s position within file
For ex. Fifth record from beginning, second record from end
5
File attributes
Information describing that files
Has name and value
Contains information such has owner, size, access
permission, date of creation, date of last modification and
date of last access
User can read the value of any attribute but can’t change
modify it
Maintained and used by directory service because they are
subject to different access control
6
Mutable files
Used by most existing os
Update performed on files overwrites on old contents to
produce new contents
File is represented as a single stored sequence and that is
altered by each update operation
7
Immutable files
Cedar files system
File can not be modified once it has been created except to
be deleted
file versioning approach is used, a new version of file is
created when change is made rather than updating same file
In practice storage space may be reduced by keeping only
differences rather than created whole file again
Sharing is much easier because it supports caching and
replication which eliminates the problem of keeping multiple
consistent copies
8
Immutable files
Suffering from two issues
Increased use of disk space
Increased disk allocation activity
9
Accessing remote files
One of the following model is used when request to access
remote file
Remote service model
Data catching model
10
Remote service model
Processing of client request is performed at server’s node
Client request is delivered to server and server machine
performs on it and returns replies to client
Request and replies transferred across network as message
File server interface and communication protocol must be
designed carefully so as to minimize the overhead of
generating the messages
Every remote file access results in traffic
11
Data catching model
Reduced the amount of network traffic by taking advantage
of locality feature
If requested data is not present locally then copied it from
server’s node to client node and catching there
LRU is used to keep the cache size bounded
Cache Consistency problem
12
Unit of data transfer
Refers to fraction of file data that is transferred to and from
client as a result of single read write operation
Four data transfer models
File level transfer model
Block level transfer model
Byte level transfer model
Record level transfer model
13
File level transfer model
When the operation required file data, the whole file is
moved
Advantages are
Efficient because network protocol overhead is required only
once
Better scalability because it requires fewer access to file server
and reduce server load and network traffic
Disk access routines on server can be better optimized
Offers degree of resiliency to server and network failure
Drawbacks is it requires sufficient storage space
Ex are amoeba, CFS, Andrew file system
14
Block level transfer model
file data transfer take place in units of data blocks
A file block is contiguous portion of file and fixed in length
Advantage is does not required large storage space
Drawback is more network traffic and more network
protocol overhead
Poor performance
Ex are Sun microsystem’s NFS, Apollo domain file system
15
Byte level transfer model
File data transfer take place in units of bytes
Provides maximum flexibility
Difficulty in cache management
16
Record level transfer model
Suitable with structured files
File data transfer take place in unit of records
Ex. RSS(research storage system)
17
18