Cantilever Retain Wall
Design of Cantilever Retaining wall
Unit : kN , m
Step -1 Input Data
Type of material : Sand & Gravel mixture with moderate quantity of fine silty sand
Depth of Backfill : 8 m
Live Load Surcharge ( s ): 19.2 kN/m2
Unit weight of Backfill material ( g ) : 18.85 kN/m3
Angle of repose ( f ) in degrees : 30 0
Coefficient of friction between concrete surface & soil ( mF ) : 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil ( qo ) : 250 kN/m2
Unit weight of Reinforced cement concrete ( dc ) : 25 kN/m3
Factor for design as Limit State ( fd ) 1.5
Grade of Concrete & Strength ( fck ) M20 20 N/mm2
Reinforcement Steel ( HYSD ) & Strength ( fy ) Fe415 415 N/mm2
Yield Strength of Steel ( Es ) 200000 N/mm2
Diameter of main bars (diaM ) 20 mm
Diameter of distribution bars (diaD ) 10 mm
Clear Cover to reinforcement ( Cc ) 50 mm
Design bond stress for HYSD bars (Refer clause 25.2.1.1) ( tbd ) 1.92 N/mm2
Step -2 Coefficient of earth pressure
Coefficient of active earth pressure ( Ka )
( Ka ) = ( 1 - sin f ) / ( 1 + sin f ) 0.333
Coefficient of passive earth pressure ( Kp )
( Kp ) = ( 1 + sin f ) / ( 1 - sin f ) 3.000
Tp
W4
x4
W2
x
Ha 2 W5
PHS
x H
5
x3
PH H/2
Tb W3
Tc
Hb H/3
Ta
W1 kA.g.H
x1
Step-3 Input dimensions ( m )
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Cantilever Retain Wall
B Tp Ha Hb Ta Tb Tc
5.52 0.24 8 1.2 0.4 2 3.12
Step -4 Calculation of Gravity Loads per m length of retaining wall and Restoring moment
Weight of Components W ( kN ) x (m) MR = W. x
W1 = B. Ta. 1.dc 55.200 2.760 152.352
W2 = Tp.(Ha +(Hb -Ta).1.dc) 52.800 2.120 111.936
W3 = (0.5.(B-(Tb+Tp+Tc)).(Ha+(Hb-Ta))).1.dc 17.600 2.293 40.363
W4 = (0.5.(B-(Tb+Tp+Tc)).(Ha+(Hb-Ta))).1.g 13.270 2.347 31.141
W5 = Tc.(Ha+(Hb-Ta).1.g 517.546 3.960 2049.481
Total 656.416 2385.272
Factored Design Load ( Wfd ) = fd. S W 984.624 kN
Factored Restoring Moment ( MRfd ) = fd . S MR 3577.909 kN.m
Step - 5 Calculation of Horizontal Forces
Equivalent height of Surcharge ( hs ) = s / g 1.02 m
Total height of the backfilled material ( H ) = Ha+Hb 9.2 m
Factored Horizontal force due to active earth pressure ( PH )
PH = 0.5.(Ka.g.H).H.fd 398.866 kN
Factored Horizontal force due to surcharge ( PHS )
PHS = (Ka.g.hs).H.fd 88.320 kN
Step - 6 Check for Stability
Over Turning Moment ( factored ) ( Mo )
Mo = ( PH. H/3 + PHS. H/2 ) 1629.461 kN
Distance of resultant from toe ( x )
x = MR - Mo / W 1.979 m
Note: Eccentricity measured from the centre line of horizontal slab ( e )
should be less than or equal to B / 6 (e <= B/6 ) 0.92 m
e=B/2-x 0.781 m OK
Factor of safety against Over Turning ( Fso )= M R / Mo 2.20
As per IS: 456 -1978
Over turning moment due to dead load ( Modl )
Modl = PH . H/3 1223.189 kN.m
Over turning moment due to live load ( Moll ) 0 kN.m
Resisting moment as per IS :
MR > MRis = (1.2. Modl + 1.4.Moll) 1467.827 kN.m OK
Step -7 Check for Sliding
Sliding Force ( Fs )
Fs = ( PH + PHS ) 487.186 kN
Resisting Force ( Fr )
Fr = m. 0.9. S ( W ) 443.081 kN
Factor of Safety against sliding ( Fssl )
Fssl = ( Fr / Fs ) 0.909 Not OK, < 1.4
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Cantilever Retain Wall
Unsafe - Shear Key may be provided below the base slab to satisfy F.O.S against Sliding
If Shear Key is to be provided the Height of Shear Key ( Hsk ) required below the base slab is caluclated as follows :
Factored Horizontal force due to passive earth pressure ( Psk)
Psk = 0.5.(Kp.g.Hsk).Hsk.fd
Resisting Force with Shear Key ( Frsk )
Frsk = Fr + Psk
Frsk = Fr + ( 0.5.(Kp.g.Hsk).Hsk.fd )
Now Frsk / Fs = 1.4
Hsk = Sqrt ( (1.4Fs - Fr) / ( 0.5.Kp.g.fd)) 2.37 m
Suppose the errosion of the soil over the toe slab does not occur, then, it is necessary to provide shear key of
smaller depth. Since the depth of foundation ( Hb ) shall also provide passive earth pressure, the depth of Shear Key:
Hsy = Hsk - Hb 1.17 m
Step -8 Check for Bearing Stress
Tp
Tb
Tc
dt
Ta a b
c
B
qh
qt
qb
qa
qc
Factored ultimate bearing capacity of soil ( qofd )
qofd = fd.qo 375 kN/m2
The ultimate bearing pressure below the toe of retaining wall ( qt )
qt = ( SW/B ) . ( 1+ 6.e / B ) 329.822 kN/m2 OK
The ultimate bearing pressure below the toe of retaining wall ( qh )
qh = ( SW/B ) . ( 1- 6.e / B ) 26.926 kN/m2 OK
Safe, No tension will develop at the base
Pressure below " a " ( qa ) :
qa = qh + (( B - Tb ) / B ). ( qt - qh ) 220.077 kN/m2
Pressure below " b " ( qb ) :
qb = qh + (Tc / B).(qt - qh ) 198.128 kN/m2
Pressure below "c" ( qc ) :
qc = qh + ((B - Tb + dprovT) / B). (qt - qh) 255.195 kN/m2 dt = dprovT ( Effective depth of Toe S
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Cantilever Retain Wall
Step - 9 Calculation of Constants
Mu/bd2 is calculated from the value of Mu
pt required is calculated against the value of Mu/bd2 as per Table 2 of SP 16
which is based on the following equation :-
Mu = 0.87 fy (pt/100) [1 - 1.005 (fy/fck) (pt/100)] bd2 - Section 2.3.1, SP 16
pt =100*((1-SQRT(1-(4*1.005*(fy/fck)*((mu/bd2)/(0.87*fy)))))/(2*1.005*(fy/fck)))
Area of steel required is calculated as Ast,req = (pt/100) x b x d
Ast,req = (pt/100) x b x d
The maximum value of pt is restricted by Mu,lim which is calculated as follows:
Maximum depth of neutral axis ( xu,max )
xu,max / d = 0.0035 / (0.0055 + 0.87 fy/Es) - Section 2.2, SP 16
pt,lim = 100 x 0.36 fck (xu,max / d) / 0.87 fy - Section 2.3, SP 16
Mu,lim / bd2 = 0.87 fy (pt,lim/100) [1 - 1.005 (fy/fck) (pt,lim/100)] - Section 2.3, SP 16
xu,max / d = 0.48
pt,lim = 0.96 %
Mu,lim/bd2 = 2.76 N/mm2
Equivalent Shear :-
Nominal Shear Stress :tv = Vu / bd - IS:456 Clause 39.1 Page 114
For solid slabs, the design shear strength of concrete ( without shear reinforcement ) shall be
ktc, where k has the values given below : -IS:456 Clause 39.2.1.1 Page 115
Overall Depth of slab, mm 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25
Now tc is calculated as :
tc = 0.85 x (0.8 fck)1/2 x ((1 + 5 b)1/2 - 1) / 6 b - Section 4.1, SP 16 page 175
Where b = 0.8 fck / 6.89 pt
b,min = 1.0
Step -10 Design of Heel Slab
Loads & Forces acting on the heel slab :
Weight of the backfill material on the heel slab :
Wbh = fd.Tc.(Ha+Hb-Ta).1.g 776.318 kN @ 1.560 m from b
Self weight of heel slab acting downwards :
Whs = fd.Tc.Ta.1.dc 46.800 kN @ 1.560 m from b
Soil reaction acting upwards over heel slab :
Qsh = 0.5.(qh+qb).Tc.1 351.084 kN @ 1.164 m from b
Taking moments about " b ", Maximum Moment ( Mb ) :
Mb = Wbh.(Tc/2)+Whs.(Tc/2)-Qsh.((Tc/3)*((qb+2.qh)/(qb+qh))) 875.253 kN-m
Maximum Shear force at "b" ( Fsb ):
Fsb = Wbh + Whs - Qsh 472.035 kN
Effective depth required ( dreqH ) :
dreqH = sqrt (( Mb.1.106 ) / ( Mulim*1000 )) 563 mm
Over depth required ( OdreqH ) :
OdreqH = dreqH + Cc + ( diaM/2 ) 623 mm
Overall depth Provided ( OdprovH ) : 700 mm O.K
Effective depth provided ( dprovH ):
dprovH = OdprovH - (Cc + diaM / 2) 640 mm
Percentage of Steel required ( ptReqH ) :
ptReqH =100*((1-SQRT(1-(4*1.005*(fy/fck)*((Mb/bd2)/(0.87*fy)))))/(2*1.005*(fy/fck))) 0.692 %
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Cantilever Retain Wall
Area of Steel Required ( AstreqH ) :
Ast,reqH = (ptReqH/100) x b x dprovH 4426 mm2
Area of one main bar ( Amf ) = 0.785.diaM2 314 mm2
Required Spacing of main bars for heel slab ( SpmHreq ):
SpmHreq = (1000. Amf )/Ast,req 70 mm
Provided Spacing of Main Bars for Heel slab (SpmHprov) = 150 mm
Area of Steel Provided ( AstprovH ) :
AstprovH = ( 1000.Amf ) / SpmHprov 2093 mm2 Main Steel Provided < Required
Minimum Reinforcement (AstminH) : - IS:456 clause 25.5.2.1
AstminH = 0.12*b*OdprovH / 100 840 mm2
Area of one distribution bar ( Adf ) = 0.785.diaD2 79 mm2
Spacing of distribution bars for heel slab ( SpdH ):
SpdH = (1000. Adf )/Ast,minH 90 mm
Check for Shear
tv pt b tc k ktc Remarks
N/mm2 % N/mm2 N/mm2
0.738 0.327 7.100 0.402 1.00 0.402 Unsafe, Revise the Section
Step -11 Design of Toe Slab
Loads & Forces acting on the Toe slab :
Weight of the backfill material on the toe slab is not considered :
Self weight of toe slab acting downwards :
Wts = fd.Tb.Ta.1.dc 30.000 kN @ 1.000 m from a
Soil reaction acting upwards over toe slab :
Qst = 0.5.(qt+qa).Tb.1 549.899 kN @ 1.067 m from b
Taking moments about " a ", Maximum Moment ( Ma ) :
Ma = Qst*((Tb/3)*((qa+2*qt)/(qa+qt))-(Wts.(Tb/2)) 556.481 kN-m
Maximum Shear force at "a" ( Fsa ):
Fsa = Qst - Wts 519.899 kN
Effective depth required ( dreqT ) :
dreqT = sqrt (( Ma.1.106 ) / ( Mulim*1000 )) 449 mm
Over depth required ( OdreqT ) :
OdreqT = dreqT + Cc + ( diaM/2 ) 509 mm
Overall depth Provided ( OdprovT ) : 700 mm O.K
Effective depth provided ( dprovT ):
dprovT = OdprovT - (Cc + diaM / 2) 640 mm
Percentage of Steel required ( ptReqT ) :
ptReqT =100*((1-SQRT(1-(4*1.005*(fy/fck)*((Ma/bd2)/(0.87*fy)))))/(2*1.005*(fy/fck))) 0.412 %
Area of Steel Required ( AstreqT ) :
Ast,reqT = (ptReqT/100) x b x dprovT 2634 mm2
Area of one main bar ( Amf ) = 0.785.diaM2 314 mm2
Required Spacing of main bars for Toe slab ( SpmTreq ):
SpmTreq = (1000. Amf )/Ast,reqT 110 mm
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Cantilever Retain Wall
Provided Spacing of Main Bars for Toe slab (SpmTprov) = 100 mm
Area of Steel Provided ( AstprovT ) :
AstprovT = ( 1000.Amf ) / SpmTprov 3140 mm2 O.K.
Minimum Reinforcement (AstminT) : - IS:456 clause 25.5.2.1
AstminT = 0.12*b*OdprovT / 100 840 mm2
Area of one distribution bar ( Adf ) = 0.785.diaD2 79 mm2
Spacing of distribution bars for Toe slab ( SpdT ):
SpdT = (1000. Adf )/Ast,minT 90 mm
Check for Shear
The base slab can be considered as wide cantilever beam. Since the soil pressure introduces compression
in the slab, the critical section for shear is taken at a distance 'd' (dprovT) from the face of the wall.
Soil upward Pressure Intensity at "c" ( qc ) = 255.195 kN/m2
dted = Tb - dprovT 1.360 m
Soil reaction acting upwards over toe slab (between toe edge & "c") :
Qstc = 0.5.(qt+qc).dted.1 397.812 kN
Net factored vertical Shear at "c" ( Fsc ):
Fsc = Qstc-(fd*dted*Ta*dc*1) 377.412 kN
tv pt b tc k ktc Remarks
N/mm2 % N/mm2 N/mm2
0.590 0.491 4.733 0.475 1.00 0.475 Unsafe, Revise the Section
Step -12 Design of Vertical Wall (Stem)
The vertical wall (stem) acts as a cantilever slab. The maximum bending moment occurs at its junction with heel slab.
Factored Horizontal force due to active earth pressure ( PH )
PH = 0.5.(Ka.g.H).H.fd 398.866 kN
Factored Horizontal force due to surcharge ( PHS )
PHS = (Ka.g.hs).H.fd 88.320 kN
Taking moment of the Lateral forces about the junction of stem & heel ( Ms):
Ms = PH*((H/3)-OdprovH)+PHS*((H/2-OdprovH)) 1288.431 kN-m
Effective depth required ( dreqS ) :
dreqS = sqrt (( Ms.1.106 ) / ( Mulim*1000 )) 683 mm
Over depth required ( OdreqS ) :
OdreqS = dreqS + Cc + ( diaM/2 ) 743 mm
Overall depth Provided ( OdprovS ) : 750 mm O.K
Effective depth provided ( dprovS ):
dprovS = OdprovS - (Cc + diaM / 2) 690 mm
Percentage of Steel required ( ptReqS ) :
ptReqS =100*((1-SQRT(1-(4*1.005*(fy/fck)*((Ms/bd2)/(0.87*fy)))))/(2*1.005*(fy/fck))) 0.930 %
Area of Steel Required ( AstreqS ) :
Ast,reqS = (ptReqS/100) x b x dprovS 6416 mm2
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Cantilever Retain Wall
Area of one main bar ( Amf ) = 0.785.diaM2 314 mm2
Required Spacing of main bars for Vertical Wall (Stem) ( SpmSreq ):
SpmSreq = (1000. Amf )/Ast,reqS 40 mm Check for Spacing of bars
Provided Spacing of Main Bars for Stem (SpmSprov) = 40 mm
Area of Steel Provided in the Stem ( AstprovS ) :
AstprovS = ( 1000.Amf ) / SpmSprov 7850 mm2 O.K.
Minimum Reinforcement (AstminS) : - IS:456 clause 25.5.2.1
AstminS = 0.12*b*OdprovS / 100 900 mm2
Area of one distribution bar ( Adf ) = 0.785.diaD2 79 mm2
Spacing of distribution bars for Vertical wall (Stem) ( SpdS ):
SpdS = (1000. Adf )/Ast,minS 80 mm
Step -13 Development Length ( Ld ) :
Ld = f.ss / 4.tbd
ss = 0.87 fy
Ld = 940 mm
Step -14 Curtailment of Bars
Height (from the top) at which curtailment of bars is required (Hca): 3.9 m O.K.
Taking moment of the Lateral forces at specified height (Mca):
Mca = ((Ka.g.Hca3/ 6)+(Ka.g.hs.Hca2/2))*fd 166.188 kN-m
Available depth at the section ( OdAvca ):
OdAvca = Tp+(Hca/(H-OdprovH))*(OdprovS-Tp) 474 mm
Available Effective depth at the section (dAvca) :
dAvca = OdAvca -( Cc+ diaM/2 ) 414 mm
Effective depth required at the section (dReqca) :
dReqca = sqrt (( Mca.1.106 ) / ( Mulim*1000 )) 245 mm
Percentage of Steel required ( ptReqca ) :
ptReqca =100*((1-SQRT(1-(4*1.005*(fy/fck)*((Mca/bd2)/(0.87*fy)))))/(2*1.005*(fy/fck))) 0.286 %
Area of Steel Required at the section ( AstReqca ) :
Ast,Reqca = (ptReqca/100) x b x dAvca 1182 mm2
Percentage of steel curtailed at the section (Pcurca) : 84.94 % More than 50% curtailment Not Permi
Actual point of Curtailment from top (Hlca):
Hlca = Hca - dAvca or 12*diaM (whichever is greater) 3.49 m -IS:456 clause 25.2.3.1 page 66
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Cantilever Retain Wall
*** check if hs is to be taken
Not OK, < 1.4
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Cantilever Retain Wall
ated as follows :
pth of Shear Key:
dt = dprovT ( Effective depth of Toe Slab provided)
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Cantilever Retain Wall
150 or less
1.30
- Section 4.1, SP 16 page 175
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Cantilever Retain Wall
Main Steel Provided < Required
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Cantilever Retain Wall
on with heel slab.
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Cantilever Retain Wall
Check for Spacing of bars
More than 50% curtailment Not Permissible
-IS:456 clause 25.2.3.1 page 66
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