4

CHAPTER 2

P. P 2.1
T T T
1 1 4 1
=P lim =
T →∞ 2T ∫
−T
y 2 (t )dt lim
T →∞ 2T ∫=
−T
4 cos 2 p tdt lim
T →∞ 2T ∫ 2 (1 + cos 2p t )dt
−T

4 2T
= lim = 2
T →∞ 2T 2

Since 0<P<∞, i.e. the signal has finite power, it is a power signal.

P.P. 2.2

 2(2 − t ), 0 < 2 − t < 1 4 − 2t , 1 < t < 2 1 + t , −1 < t < 1

=
(a) t (2 − t )  =  = 
3 − (2 − t ), 1 < 2 − t < 3 1 + t , −1 < t < 1 4 − 2t , 1 < t < 2
 2(1 + t / 3), 0 ≤ 1 + t / 3 < 1 2 + 2t / 3, −3 ≤ t ≤ 0
=
(b) y (1 + t / 3)  = 
3 − (1 + t / 3), 1 ≤ 1 + t / 3 ≤ 3  2 − t / 3, 0<t <6
These are sketched below.

y(2-t)

-1 0 1 2 t

(a)

y(1+t/3)

-3 0 3 6 t

(b)
 5

P.P. 2.3

Comparing the given signal with the square wave in Table 2.2, we notice that

=
A 1,= ωo 2ππ
T 2,= =
/T . Hence,
1 4 ∞ 4 ∞ 1
f (t ) = ∑t = ∑ sin nt ,
sin(2n − 1)ππ n =2k − 1
=ππ 2n − 1
n 1= k 1 n

P.P. 2.4
We comparing the given signal with the triangular wave in Table 2.2, we notice that

=
A 4,= ωo 2ππ
T 2,= =/T . Hence,
4 16 ∞ cos(2n − 1)ππt 16 ∞ cos n t
h(t ) =− 2∑ =
2 − 2 ∑
, n=
2k − 1
= 2 ππ n 1=(2n − 1) 2 k 1 n2

The phase spectrum is zero, while the amplitude spectrum is shown below.

An

1.62

0.18
0.06

0 p 2p 3p 4p 5p ω

P.P. 2.5
=T 10,= ωo 2=
ππ
/T /5
T /2 1

( )
1 1 1 1 1
∫ ∫
− jnωo t
=cn =
f (t ) e dt = 10e − jnωot dt = e − jnωot e − jnωo − e jnωo
T −T / 2 10 −1 − jnωo −1 − jnωo
2  e jnωo − e − jnωo  sin nωo sin nπ / 5
=  =  2= 2
nωo  2j  nωo nπ / 5
∞
sin λ jλt nπ
=f (t ) 2= ∑
n = −∞ λ
e , λ
5
 6

P.P. 2.6

1 T 2π
Cn =
T ∫
0
f (t )e − jωo nt dt , ω
=o = π
2

1 1 − jnπ t
2 ∫−1
Cn = te dt

Using integration by parts,

u = t and du = dt

dv = e–jnptdt which leads to v = –[1/(2jnp)]e–jnpt

1
t 1 1
Cn = − e − jnππ − ∫ e − jn t dt
t

2 jnππ −1
2 jn − 1

1
j 1
= e − jnπππ
+ e jn t  + 2 2 e − jn t
2nππ 2n ( − j ) 2
−1

= [j/(np)]cos(np) - [1/(2n2p2)](e–jnp – ejnp)

j (−1) n 2j j (−1) n
Cn = − 2 2 sin(nπ ) =
nπππ 2n n

Thus
∞ ∞
j jnπt
f(t) = ∑ Cne jnωot =
n = −∞
∑ ( −1)
n = −∞
n

nπ
e

The amplitude and phase spectra are shown next.

 7

|Cn|

0.32

0.16

0.11
0.8

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n

(a)

φn

90o

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n

-90o

(b)
 8

P.P. 2.7
π
1
T
1 π
=
P ∫
T 0
f 2 (t )=
dt
2ππ∫
0
(1) 2=
dt = 0.5
2
1× π
T
1
=
Co ∫
T 0
f (=
t )dt = 0.5
2π
ωo 2=
= π /T 1
T π
1 1 1
=Cn ∫
T 0
=f (t )e − jnωot dt =
2ππ∫
0
(1)e − jnt dt
2 (− jn)
(e − jnπ − 1)

− j
j  , n = 1,3,5, 7,...
= (cos nππ− j sin
= n − 1)  nπ
2nπ  0, n = 2, 4, 6,...
 1
 , n = 1,3, 5, 7,...
| Cn | =  n 2π 2
2

 0, n = 2, 4, 6,...
The πoωer sπectrum is shoωn beloω.

|Cn|2

0.25

0.2 0.2

0.022 0.022
0.008 0.008

-5 -3 -1 0 1 3 5 n
 9

P.P. 2.8
1
1 − jω 1
∫ (1)e =−
− jωt
(a) X (ω ) = e − 1 = 1 − e − jω 
0
jω jω

e − jωto
(b) F [δ (t − to ) =
Let to = −3.
X (ω ) = e j 3ω
 e jωt + e − jωt 
X (ω ) = 2F  
(c )  2 
= 2π [δ (ω + ωo ) + δ (ω − ωo ]

P.P. 2.9

t
 t  − jωt  t  − jωt
0
X (ω ) = ∫ 1 + e dt + ∫ 1 − e dt
−t 
t  0
t 
t t
 t  + jωt  t  − jωt
= ∫ 1 − e dt + ∫ 1 − e dt
0
t  0
t 
t
 t
= 2 ∫ 1 −  cos ωtdt
0
t
2sin ωt 2
= − 2 (cos ωt + ωt sin ωt − 1)
ω tω
2
= (1 − cos ωt )
tω 2
cos 2u = 1 − 2sin 2 u
But
1 − cos ωτ = 2sin 2 ωτ / 2
4 sin 2 ωτ / 2
=X (ω ) = sin 2
ωττ
/ 2
τω 2 (ωτ / 2) 2
ωτ
= τ sin c 2
2
 10

P.P. 2.10

e at , t<0
f (t ) = 
 0, t >0
∞ 0 0

∫ (t )e − jωt dt ∫=
e at e − jωt dt ∫e
( a − jω ) t
F (ω )
= f= dt
−∞ −∞ −∞

1 0 1
= = e( a − jω )t
a − jω −∞ a − jω

The energy spectral density is

1
G (ω ) =| F (ω ) | 2 = , ω = 2πf (2.10.2)
a +ω2
2

Thus, the energy contained in the frequency range of –fo < f < fo is
fo
df
E= ∫
− fo a + (2πf ) 2
2
(2.10.3)

The integrand is even so that we can integrate from 0 to fo and multiply by 2.

If we let u = 2pf/a so that df = adu/2p, eq. (2.10.3) becomes
2πf o / a
2a du 1 2πf o
E=
2πa 2 ∫
0 1+ u 2
=
πa
tan −1
a

P.P. 2.11

(a) (
) 1 e − jω 2 + e − jω + e jω + e jω =
X (ω= 2
)
2 ( cos ω + cos 2ω )
-t
(b) y(t)=2te u (t )
2
Let g(t)=2e-t u (t ) → G (ω )=

1 + jω
dG (ω )
=
y (t ) tg (t ) 
→ j = j 2(-1) j (1 + jω ) -2
dω
2
Y (ω ) =
(1 + jω ) 2

(c ) z(t) and its derivatives are shown below.

 11

z(t)

0 1 t

z’(t)
z’’(t)

5
5δ(t)

0 1 t 0 1 t
-5δ(t-1) -5δ’(t-1)

-5δ(t-1)

t ) 5δ (t ) − 5δ (t − 1) − 5δ '(t − 1)
z ''(=
( jω ) 2 Z (ω ) = 5 − 5e − jω − 5 jω e − jω
−5
Z (ω ) = (1 − e − jω − jω e − jω )
ω 2

P.P. 2.12
Taking the first derivative gives y’(t) in Fig. A. Taking the second derivative gives y’’(t)
as in Fig. B.
 12

y’(t)

-2 -1 0 1 2 t

-5

Fig. A

10δ(t+1) y’’(t)

5δ(t-2)

-2 -1 0 1 2 t

-5δ(t+2)

-10δ(t-1)

Fig. B

From Fig. B,

y ''(t ) =−5δ (t + 2) + 10δ (t + 1) − 10δ (t − 1) + 5δ (t − 2)

Taking the Fourier transform of each term,
( jω ) 2 Y (ω ) = −5e j 2ω + 10e jω − 10e − jω + 5e − j 2ω
−5(e j 2ω − e − j 2ω ) + 10(e jω − e − jω )
=
−ω 2Y (ω ) = 20 j sin ω − 10 j sin 2ω
or
j10
Y (ω )
= (sin 2ω − sin ω )
2
ω

P.P. 2.13
=
(a) f (t ) e − (t − 2)u (t − 2)
 13

1 ∞ 1 ∞ πd (ω ) e jωt
=(b) g (t ) =
2ππ∫−∞
G (ω )e jωt d ω
2 ∫−∞ (5 + jω )(2 + jω ) dω
1 1 1
= = = 0.05
2 (5)(2) 20

P.P. 2.14
=
−20 20 log | H | 
= 10−20 / 20 0.1
→ H =
2
ω  1
1+   = 2 = 100
ω
 c 0.1
ω 2π f f
Let =X = =
ωc 2π f c f c
=
X n 99  →= X = 991/ n =
991/ 3 4.6261
f 50
f=
c = = 10.81 MHz
X 4.6261
wc3
H (s) =
s 3 + 2www
cs + 2 c s + c
2 2 3

where wππ
c =2 fc =2 ×10.81×106 rad/s=6.791×107 rad/s

P.P. 2.15

R
jωC
1 1 R
R� R+
Vo jωC jωC 1 + jω RC
=
=H (ω ) = =
Vi 1 1 R
jω L + R � jω L + R � jω L +
jωC jωC 1 + jω RC
R
=
R(1 − ω LC ) + jω L
2

Since R = 1,
1
=H (s) = ( s jw )
s LC + sL + 1
2

1/ LC
H (s) = 2
s + s / C + 1/ LC
We compare this with
k
H (s) =
s + 1.4142ww
2
cs + c
2
 14

k
=
H (0) = 1
ωc
2

1
ωc2 =
LC
1
= 1.4142 
=
→ C = 0.7071 707.1 mF
C
ωc 1, =
If = L 1/=
C 1.4142 H

Prob.2.1

(a) An analog signal is a continuous-time signal in which the variation with time is
analogous to some physical phenomenon.
(b) A digital signal is a discrete-time signal that can have a finite number of values
(usually binary).
(c) A continuous-time signal takes a value at every instant of time.
(d) A discrete-time signal is defined only at particular instants of time.

Prob. 2.2

(a) A periodic signal is one that repeats itself every T seconds.

(b) An aperiodic signal is a nonperiodic signal, i.e. it does not repeat itself.
(c ) A signal is said to be an energy signal when the total energy E of the signal
satisfies the condition 0 < E < ∞
(d)A signal is called a power signal when its average power P satisfies the condition
0< P <∞

Prob. 2.3
(a) x1(t) is sketched below.

x1(t)

0 1 2 3 t
 15

(b) x2 (t ) =
2Π (10t ) =
2Π (t / 0.1). It is sketched below.

x2(t)

-0.05 0.05 t

(c ) x3(t) is shown below.

x3(t)

-4 0 4 t

Prob. 2.4

(a) Since sinc (x)= sin(x)/x,

sin(ππ
= to / 3) sin(n ) =

→ to 3n
y1 (t ) is sketched below.
 16

y1(t)
2

-9 -6 -3 0 3/ 6 9 t

(b) y2(t) is sketched below.

y2(t)

1.5 2.5
-1 0 1 2 3 t

(c ) y3(t) is shown below.

y3(t)

-2 0 t

-4
 17

Prob. 2.5
(a) x1(t) =x(-t) is sketched below.

x1(t)

-2 -1 0 t

(b) x2(t) = x(t+2) is sketched below.

x2(t)

-2 -1 0 t
(c ) x3(t) = 1 + 2x(t) is shown below.

x3(t)

0 1 2 t

(d) x4(t) = x(2t) is shown below.

x4(t)

0 1/2 1 t
 18

(e) x5(t) = x(t/4) is sketched below.

x5(t)

0 4 8 t

Prob. 2.6
2 −2t ∞
∞ ∞ ∞
E= ∫ ( x(t )) dt = ∫ e −2|t| d = 2 ∫ e −2t dt = = 1< ∞
2
(a) e
−∞ −∞ 0
−2 0
i.e. x(t ) is an energy signal.
T T
T3
(b) E = lim ∫ ( y (t )) 2 dt = lim ∫ t 2 dt = lim = ∞
T →∞ T →∞ T →∞ 3
0 0
T T
1 1 2 1 T3
P = lim ∫ ( y (t )) dt = lim ∫ t dt = lim
2
= ∞
T →∞ T T →∞ T T 3
0 0 T →∞

i.e. y (t ) is neither energy nor power signal.

t t
 t2 t3  t
2
 t  1  2
(c) E= ∫ ( z (t )) dt= 2 ∫ 1 −  dt= 2  t − + 2  = 2 t − t + t = t
2

−t 0
t  t 3t  0  3  3
Hence, z (t ) is an energy signal.

Prob. 2.7

It is not possible to generate power signal in a lab because such a signal would have
infinite duration and infinite energy. Signals generated in the lab have finite energy and
are energy signals.
 19

Prob. 2.8

T
1
P= ∫f
2
(t )dt
T 0
T T
1 1 2 2
=Pg =∫
T 0
g 2 (t )dt
T ∫0
a f (bt + c)dt

Let =
bt + c λ, =dt d λ / b
bT + c
a2 1 a2
b T ∫c
=Pg = f 2
( λ ) d λ P
b

Prob. 2.9
(a) A system is linear when its output is linearly related to its input.
(b) A nonlinear system is one in which the output is not linearly related to its input.
(c) A continuous-time system has input and output signals that are continuous-time.
(d) A discrete-time system has input and output signals that are discrete-time.

Prob. 2.10

(a) A time-varying system is one in which the input-output relationship varies with
time.
(b) A time-invariant system is one in which the input-output relationship does not
vary with time.
(c) A casual system is one whose output signal (response) does not start before the
input signal (excitation) is applied.
(d) A noncausal system is one in which the response depends on the future values of
the input.
(e) An analog system is one whose input signal is analog.
(f) A digital system is one whose input is in the form of a sequence of digits.

Prob. 2.11

(a) Linear
(b) Nonlinear
(c) Linear

Prob. 2.12

(a) Linear
(b) Nonlinear
(c) Nonlinear
 20

Prob. 2.13

= ωo 2ππ
T 4,= =/T /2
 5, 0 < t <1

=
f (t ) 10, 1< t < 2
 0, 2<t <4

1 
T 1 2
1
a0 =
T ∫
0
f (t )dt =  ∫ 5dt + ∫ 10dt  = 3.75
4 0 1 
2 nπππ n t  −5
T 1 2
2 t n
an = ∫ f (t ) cos nωotdt =  ∫ 5cos dt + ∫ 10 cos dt  = sin
T 0 4 0 2 1
2  nπ 2
2 nπππ n t  5  n 
T 1 2
2 t
bn = ∫ f (t ) sin nωotdt =  ∫ 5sin dt + ∫ 10sin dt  = 1 − 2 cos nπ + cos 
T 0 4 0 2 1
2  nπ  2 

Prob. 2.14

= ω0 2ππ
T 4,= =/T / 2, =
bn 0 since f (t ) is an even function.
 0, −2 < t < −1
 π

=f (t ) cos t , −1 < t < 1
 2
 0, 1 < t < 2

2
T /2
2
1
ππ 12 1 1
=a0 =
T 0∫ f (t ) dt
40∫
= cos tdt
2
=sin t
2 ππ 2 0
4
T 1
ππ
n t
T ∫0 ∫ cos 2 t cos
=an = f (t ) cos nω0tdt dt
0
2

We apply the trig identity: cosAcosB = ½[ cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)]

1 
1
ππ 
=an ∫
20  cos (n + 1)t + cos (n − 1)t dt
2 2 
For n = 1.
1 sin π t  1 1
] dt 
1
1
=
a1 ∫ [cos π t + 1= + t=
 0 2
20 2 π
For n > 1,
1 ππ 1
=an sin (n + 1) + sin (n − 1)
ππ(n + 1) 2 (n − 1) 2
When n = odd, (n+1) and (n-1) are even so that an = 0 .
When n = even, (n+1) and (n-1) are odd so that
 21

πππ
sin (n + 1) =− sin (n − 1) =cos n=(−1) n /2
2 2 2
(−1) −(−1)
n /2 n /2
−2(−1) n /2
an = + =
πππ
(n + 1) (n − 1) (n 2 − 1)
Thus,
1 1 ππ 2 ∞ (−1) n /2 n
f (t ) =+ cos t − ∑ 2 cos t
ππ2 2 n = even ( n − 1) 2

Prob. 2.15

T 4, ω=
= 0 2ππ
/=
T / 2, a=
0 0, f (=
t ) 2(t − 1)
nππ
T 2
2 2 1 1 1 2 n
an = ∫ f (t ) cos nωotdt = ∫ 2(t − 1) cos tdt = 2 cos at + t sin at − sin at , a=
T 0 40 2 a a a 0 2
1 2 1 4
=an (cos nππππ
− 1) + sin n − 0 − sin=
n −0 (cos n − 1)
a 2
a a nπ
2 2

2
1 1 1 2
∫0 (t − 1) sin atdt =
bn =
a 2
sin at − t cos at + cos at
a a 0
1 1 −2
= 0 − (2 cos nπππ
− 1) + (cos n − 1) = (2 + cos n )
a a nπ
∞
 4 nππ 2 n 
=f (t ) ∑  2 2 (cos nππ − 1) cos t− (2 + cos n ) sin t
n =1  n ππ 2 n 2 

Prob. 2.16

bn = 0 since this is an even function

T = 6, ω = 2p/6 = p/3

2 2
∫2 4 dt 
2 T /2 3

T ∫0 6  ∫1
ao = f (t )=dt (4t − 4) dt +

1 2
( 2 t − 4 t ) + 4( 3 − 2 )  = 2
2
=

3 1 

4 T/4
an =
T ∫
0
f ( t ) cos( nπt / 3)dt
2 3
= (4/6)[ ∫ ( 4 t − 4) cos( nπt / 3)dt + ∫ 4 cos( nπt / 3)dt ]
1 2
 22

2 3
16  9  nπt  3t  nπ t  3  nπ t   16  3  nπ t  
=  cos + sin − sin  + sin 
6 n π
2 2
 3  nπ  3  nπ  3   1

6  nπ  3  2

= [24/(n2p2)][cos(2np/3) − cos(np/3)]

24 ∞
1  π2     
Thus f(t) = 2π
+ 2 ∑ 2 
cos  n  - cos 
  
  cos 
 


n=1 

At t = 2,

f(2) = 2 + (24/p2)[(cos(2p/3) − cos(p/3))cos(2p/3)

+ (1/4)(cos(4p/3) − cos(2p/3))cos(4p/3)

+ (1/9)(cos(2p) − cos(p))cos(2p) + -----]

= 2 + 2.432(0.5 + 0 + 0.2222 + -----)

f(2) = 3.756

Prob. 2.17

Express each term in the standard form as an cos(ωnt + θ n ).

1 1 1
sin(5t + 25=
o
) cos(5t + 25o − 90=o
) cos(5t − 65o )
4 4 4
1 1
− cos(3t + 20o= ) cos(3t − 160o )
2 2
Thus, the magnitude and phase spectra are shown below.

An

0.5 0.25

0 1 2 3 4 5 ω
 23

φn

15o

0 1 2 3 4 5 ω

-65o

-160o

Prob. 2.18
an = 20/(n2p2), bn = –3/(np), ωn = 2n

400 9
An = a 2n + b 2n = + 2 2
n π
4 4
n π

3 44.44
= 1 + 2 2 , n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc.
nπ n π

n An
1 2.24
3 0.39
5 0.208
7 0.143
9 0.109
 24

φn = tan–1(bn/an) = tan–1{[–3/(np)][n2p2/20]} = tan–1(–nx0.4712)

n φn
1 –25.23°
3 –54.73°
5 –67°
7 –73.14°
9 –76.74°
∞ –90°
2.24
0 2 6 10 14 18

ωn

An –30° –25.23°
0.39

0.208 –60° –54.73°

0.0.143 0.109
–67°
–73.14°
–76.74°
φn
ωn –90°
0 2 6 10 14 18

Prob. 2.19
f (t ) = 40 cos 5ππππ
t − 20sin(2 t + / 6) cos 5 t
But 2sin A cos B= sin( A + B) + sin( A − B)
=f (t ) 40 cos 5πππππ
t − 10sin(7 t + / 6) − 10sin(−3 t + / 6)
=
Also, sin a cos(a − 90o )
(t ) 40 cos 5πππ
f= t − 10 cos(7 t − 60o ) + 10 cos(3 t − 120o )
Thus,
10, ω1 5π , ω2 =
a1 = 40, a2 = −10, a3 == 7π , ω3 ==
3π , θ1 0, θ 2 =
−602 , θ3 =
−120o

Prob. 2.20

This is an even function.

 25

=
bn 0,= ωo 2ππ
T 4,= =/T /2
1
(2 + 4)4
=a0 2= 3
4
 4t , 0 < t < 1

=f (t )  4, 1 < t < 3
8 − 4t , 3 < t < 4


T /2
4
=
an
T ∫
0
f (t ) cos nωotdt , =
a n=
ω0 nπ / 2

4   1 1 4
1 2
t 2
an = ∫ 4t cos a tdt + ∫ 4 cos a tdt  = 4  2 cos a t + sin a t  − cos a t
4 0 1  a a 0 a 1
 1 1  4
= 4  2 (cos a − 1) + sin a − 0  − (cos 2a − cos a )
a a  a
16 nπππ 8 n n
= 2 2 (cos − 1) + (sin + cos − cos nπ )
n ππ 2 n 2 2
∞
nπ
f (t )= 3 + ∑ an cos t
n =1 2
Prob. 2.21
(a) Since f(t) is an odd function, a0= 0= an . T= π , ωo= 2π / T= 2
 π /2
π /2
4 1
T /2
4 4 t
=bn
T ∫
0
(t ) sin nωotdt
f= =∫
πππ
0
t sin 2ntdt  4n 2
sin 2 nt −
n
cos 2 nt  0

4 π  2
= − cos nπ  = (−1) n +1
πππ
 2n  n

(−1) n +1
2 ∞
f (t ) = ∑
π n =1 n
sin 2nt

(b) The total average power is

8 t3 p / 2 1
T 2
1 2 4t 2
T ∫0 p ∫0 p 2
=PT =f (t )dt =
2
dt =
p3 3 0 3
1 1 1 4 4 4 4  2 1 1 1
2
∑ An2 = ∑ bn2 =  2 + 2 + 2 +
P4 = a02 +
2 2p 4p 9p 2 
25p  p
= 2 (1 + + + )
4 9 25
= 0.2026(1.4011)
= 0.2839
 26

Prob. 2.22

= p , w0 2=
T 2= p /T 1
p
1
∫p t e
2 − jnt
Cn = dt
2p −

We integrate by parts twice and obtain

2 2
Cn = 2
cos np =− 2
( 1) n , n≠0
n n
For n = 0,
p
1 p2
2p −∫p
=C0 = t 2
dt
3
Hence,
p2 ∞
2(−1) n jnt
f (=
t)
3
+ ∑
n = −∞ , n ≠ 0 n2
e

Prob. 2.23
T 0 t
1 1 1
∫ ∫ dt + ∫ (−1)e − jω0 nt dt
− jω0 nt − jω0 nt
=Cn f (t )=
e dt (1)e
T 0 T −t T 0
1 e − jω0 nt 0 1 e − jω0 nt t 1 1 2
= − = (1 − e − jω0 nt ) + (e − jω=
0 nt
− 1) (e − jω0 nt − 1)
T − jω0 n −t T − jω0 n 0 − jω0 nT jω0 nT jω0 nT
2π
But ωo = ,
T
1
=Cn (e − j 2 nπt / T − 1), n ≠ 0
jnπ
For n = 0,
1 e − jω0t 0 1 e − jω0t t
0 t
1 1
T −∫t T ∫0
− jω0t − jω0t
=
C0 e dt + ( −1) e = dt −
T − jω0 −t T − jω0 0
2π
=
But ω0 
→=ωoT 2π
T
−1 1 − jω0t 1
C= (1 − e jω0t ) + (e − 1)
= (cos ω0t − 1)
2πππ
0
2
∞
1 1 − j 2 nπt / T
=f (t ) (cos 2πt / T − 1) + ∑ (e − 1)e jnπ t / T
ππ n = −∞ jn
n≠0
 27

Prob. 2.24

= ω0 2ππ
T 2,= =/T
1
0
 e − jnππ
t
e − jn t  0
∫
− jnπ t
Cn= 4(1 + t ) e dt= 2  + (− jnπ t − 1) 
 − jnππ −n  −1
2 2
2 −1
 (1 − e jnππ ) 1 e jn   (1 − cos nππππ
− j sin n ) 1 (cos n + sin n )
= 2 − 2 2 + 2 2 ( jnππ −
= 1)  2  − 2 2+ ( jn − 1
 − jnππππππ n n   − jn n n2 2
 j 1 ( jnπ − 1) 
= 2  (1 − cos nπ ) − 2 2 + cos nπ 
 nππ nπ 
2 2
n

Prob. 2.25
(a) g (t ) = f (t − 2) = ∑C e n
jnωo ( t − 2)
= ∑C e n
− j 2 nω0
e jnωot

Cn' = Cn e − j 2 nω0
df
(b) h=
(t ) 2=
dt
∑ 2C ( jnω )e
n 0
jnωo t

Cn' = 2 jnω0Cn
d 2 f df
(c) y (t ) = − =
dt 2 dt
∑C ( j n ωn
2 2 2
0 − jnω0 )e jnωot

−Cn (n 2ω02 + jnω0 )

Cn' =

Prob. 2.26

π
(a) X (ω ) =
(1 + jω ) 2 + π 2
1 − jω / 3
Y (ω )
(b) = e + e jω / 3 
3
2
(c) sgn(t) ⇔
jω
2
Z (ω ) =
j (ω + 1)
 28

Prob. 2.27
1
4 − jωt 1 4
X (ω )
(a)= ∫=
4e − jωt dt
−1
=
− jω
e
−1 − jω
(e − jω − e jω )

8 (e jω − e − jω ) 8
= = = sin ω 8sin cω
ω j2 ω
Or X(ω )=F [ 4=
Π (t/t ) ] 4t sin c=
(ωt / 2) 8sin cω=
, (t 2)

1 2
2 − jωt 1 1 − jωt 2
(b) Y (ω ) =∫ 2e − jωt dt + ∫ (1)e − jωt dt = e + e
0 1
− jω 0 − jω 1
1
= (2 − e − jω − e − j 2ω )
jω
Or y '(t )= 2ddd
(t ) − (t − 1) − (t − 2)
jωY (ω ) =(2 − e − jω − e − j 2ω )
1
Y (ω ) = (2 − e − jω − e − j 2ω )
jω
(c ) z ''(t )= δ ( t + 1) - 2δ (t ) + δ (t - 1)
- ω 2 Z (ω )= e jω - 2 + e - jω = 2 cos ω - 2
-2
= Z (ω ) (cos ω - 1)
2
ω
But cos2A=1-2sin 2 A
4sin 2 ω / 2
Z (ω )
= = sin c 2 (ω / 2)
ω
Or z(t)=∆(t) 
→ Z (ω )= sin c 2 (ω / 2)

Prob. 2.28
(a) Taking the first and second derivatives gives
f ''(t ) = ddd
(t + 2) --
4 (t 1) + 3 (t - 2)
Taking the Fourier transform of each term:
-ω 2 F (ω ) =e j 2ω - 4e --
jω
+ 3e j 2ω

2 (
3e j 2ω e j 2ω )
1 jω
F (ω= ) 4e -- --
ω

(b) g (t ) = 2∆(t − 1) − 2Π[(t − 3) / 2]

=G (ω ) 2e − jω sin c 2 (ω / 2) − 2e − j 3 2sin cω
ω
=G (ω ) 2e − jω sin c 2 ( ) − 4e − j 3 sin cω
2
 29

Prob. 2.29

Taking second derivative of the signal gives

A A
h ''(t ) = Aδ '(t ) − δ (t ) + δ (t − t )
t t
A A
−ω 2 H (ω ) = Ajω − (1) + e − jωt
t t
A
H (ω )= 1 − jωt − e − jωt 
ω 2t 

Prob. 2.30

(a) Let h(t ) = 1 + m cos a t

ω ) 2πδ (ω ) + mπ [δ (ω + a ) + δ (ω − a )]
H (=
1
ω)
F (= [ H (ω + β ) + H (ω − β )]
2
mπ
= π [δ (ω + β ) + δ (ω − β )] + [δ (ω + a + β ) + δ (ω + a − β )
2
+δ (ω − a + β ) + δ (ω − a − β )]

e jt − e − jt
(b) g=
(t ) sin(=
t) , 0 < t < 2π
2j
2ππ − jt
e −e
jt 2
1
∫ ∫ (e
− jωt jt (1−ω )
=G (ω ) = e dt − e − jt (1+ω ) )dt
0
2j 2j 0

1  e jt (1−ω )
e  2π −1  e j 2π (1−ω ) − 1 e − j 2π (1+ω ) − 1 
− jt (1+ω )
= + =  +
2 j  j (1 − ω ) j (1 + ω )  0 2  (1 − ω ) (1 + ω ) 
But e j 2π = cos(2ππ
) + j sin 2 =
1
−1  e − j 2πω − 1 e − j 2πω − 1  −1 (e − j 2πω − 1)(2) 1 − e − j 2πω
G (ω= + = =
2  (1 − ω ) (1 + ω )  2
)
(1 − ω 2 ) 1− ω2

Prob. 2.31
t /2
πt 2t cos(ωt / 2)
=P(ω ) ∫
=
−t / 2
cos e − jωt dt
2 π  ωt 
2

1−  
 π 

Prob. 2.32

(a) r(t) is sketched below.

 30

r(t)

20

-1 0 1 t

∞ 1

∫ ∫ 10(1 + cos π t )e
jωt − jωt
(b) (ω )
R= r (t )e − = dt dt
−∞ −1
− jωt 1
e 1
− jω −1 −∫1
= 10 + 5 (e jππ
t
+ e − j t )e − jωt dt

10 − jω jω 5e j (π −ω )t 5e − j (π +ω )t 1
= (e − e ) + +
− jω j (π − ω ) − j (π + ω ) −1
20 (e j (π −ω ) − e − j (π −ω ) ) ( e − j ( π +ω ) − e j ( π +ω ) )
= sin ω + 5 −5
ω j (π − ω ) j (π + ω )
= 20sin cω + 10sin c(π − ω ) + 10sin c(π + ω )

Prob. 2.33

1 jω a − jω a
F1 (ω ) =
(a) (e + e ), π /4
a=
2
∞ ∞
1 1 1
∫ F1 (ω )e jωt d ω ∫ 2 e
jω ( t + a )
=f1 (t ) = + e jω (t − a )  d ω
2ππ −∞
2 −∞
∞

∫e
j ( t ± a )ω
But d ω 2πd (t ± a )
=
−∞

1 1
f1 (t)= 2πdddπdπ
[ (t + a ) − (t − a )]= [ (t + / 4) − (t − / 4)]
4π 2
 31

f 2 (t ) e −4(t − 2)u (t − 2)
(b)=
(c) Let ω 2 = x
x+2 x+2 1 1
=
F3 = = =
x + 3 x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 1) x + 1 ω + 1
2 2

1
f3 (t ) = e −|t|
2

Prob. 2.34

2 jπω − jπω
=
2sin πω [e − e ]
2j
1 1
1 1
∫ ∫
jπω − jπω jωt
f (t ) = [e − e ]e d ω = [e jω (π +t ) − e − jω (π −t ) ]d ω
2ππ
j −1 2 j −1
1  e jω (π +t ) e − jω (π −t )  1 2 j sin t
= + =
j  j ( + t ) j ( − t )  0 t 2 − 2
2ππππ

Prob. 2.35

∞
1
∫ F (ω )e
jωt
f (t ) = dω
2π −∞
−ω +t t ωo +t
1 o A jωt 1 1 A
∫ ∫ Ae jωt d ω + ∫
jωt
= e dω + e dω
2πππ
−ωo −t
2 2 −t 2 ω t
o−
2
A e −ωo + t A e
jωt
t A e ωo + t jωt jωt
= + +
4πππjt −ωo − t 2 jt −t 4 jt ωo − t
e − jωot At e jωot
= A sin t t + sin c(t t ) + A sin t t
2πππ t 2 t
At
=f (t ) sin(t t ) [1 + cos(ωot ) ]
π
 32

Prob. 2.36
∞ 0 1
1 1
f (t ) = ∫ F (ω )e jωt d ω = [ ∫ (−2ω )e jωt d ω + ∫ (2ω )e jωt d ω ]
2ππ−∞
2 −1 0

1  2e jωt ( jωt − 1) 0 2e jωt ( jωt − 1) 1

= − + 
2π  ω2 −1 ω2 0
1
= 1 − jte − jt − e − jt + jte jt − e jt +1 
2 
πω
1
= [ 2 − 2t sin t − 2 cos t ]
πω 2

Prob. 2.37

h(t=
(a) Let ) g (−2t )
1 20 20
H (ω ) =
=
2 (1 − jω ) 2 − jω
2

(b) Let f (t ) = tg (t )
dG (ω ) 20
F (ω ) = j = 20 j (− j )(1 + jω ) −2 =
dω (1 + jω ) 2
Let h(t ) =+ (t 1) g (t + 1)u (t + 1) = f (t + 1)u (t + 1)
jω 20e jω
H (ω ) e=
= F (ω )
(1 + jω ) 2
dg 20 jω
(c) ⇔
dt 1 + jω
dg
= j
d  20 jω  [(1 + jω ) j − jω ( j )] = − 20
t   = j 20
dt d ω  1 + jω  (1 + jω ) 2 (1 + jω ) 2
(d) Let y (t ) = g (t ) cos π t
1  10 10 
ω)
Y (= [G (ω + π ) + G (ω − π=
)]  + 
2 1 + j (ω + π ) 1 + j (ω − π ) 

Prob. 3.38
(a) Let f (t ) = x(t )e − j 2t
4 + j (ω + 2)
F (ω )= X (ω + 2)=
−(ω + 2) 2 + j 2(ω + 2) + 2
 33

(b) Let= g (t ) x(t ) sin πππππ

=
(t - 1) x(t )[sin t cos - cos t sin ]
Since cosππ
=-1 and sin =0,
g (t ) = - x(t ) sin π t
1
G (ω ) = - [ X (ω + π ) -- X (ω π ) ]
2
1 1
[ 4 + j (ω - π )] [ 4 + j (ω + π )]
= 2 - 2
--(ω π ) 2 + j 2(ω - π ) + 3 -(ω + π ) 2 + j 2(ω + π ) + 3
(c) Let h(t ) = x(t ) * δ (t − 2) = x(t − 2)
− j 2ω (4 + jω )e − j 2ω
H (ω ) e=
= X (ω )
−ω 2 + j 2ω + 3
t
(d) Let y (t ) = ∫ x(t )dt
−∞

X (ω ) 4 + jω 4
Y (ω ) = + πd X (0) (ω ) = 2 + πd (ω )
jω jω (−ω + j 2ω + 3) 3

Prob. 2.39

2sin ωt
(a) u (t + t ) − u (t − t ) ⇔
ω
sin ωt 1
⇔ [u (t + t ) − u (t − t )]
ωt 2t
Let t =1
sin ω 1
⇔ [u (t + 1) − u (t − 1)]
ω 2
 sin t  1
F  = 2π [u (−ω + 1) − u (−ω − 1) ]
 t  2
∞ ∞
sin 2 t 1
∫−∞= ∫ π [u (−ω + 1) − u (−ω − 1)] dω
2 2
dt
t 2
2π −∞

ππ−ω + 1
= = = (2) π
2 −ω − 1 2
 34

4
(b) Let f (t ) =
t +42

2a
⇔ 2π e − a|ω| , a=
2
t + a2
2

16
f 2 (t ) =
(t + 4) 2
2

∞ ∞
1
∫ f (t )dt = ∫ | F (ω ) | dω
2 2

−∞
2π −∞
∞ ∞ ∞
dt 1 1 π −4ω
∫−∞ (t 2 + 4)2 16=
= ∫
2π −∞
4π 2 e −4|ω| d ω
4 ∫0
e dω

e −4ω
ππ
= =
4 −4 16

Prob. 2.40

1
(a) X (ω )
= = , a 3
a + jω
1
| X (ω ) |2 = 2
a + ω2
2 1 −1 ω ∞ 2 1 π 1
∞
1 dω
E=
2π −∞ ∫ a + ω 2ππ
2 2
=
3
tan = = = 0.1667 W
3 0 2 32 6

 ω4 
(b) Y (ω ) 4sin
= = c  4sin c(2ω )
 2 
∞
1
E= ∫ 16sin c (2ω )dω
2

2π −∞

sin 2 x π
∫ x 2 dx
= ∫=
2
But sin c xdx
2
dx
2ω x
Let =  dω
→ =
2
16 dx 8 π
=E
2ππ∫ sin c 2=
x = 2
2 2 2
 35

Prob. 2.41

 ω2 
=F (ω ) 5(2)
= sin c   10sin cω
 2 
Applying the time shifting property,
G (ω ) =F (ω )e jω 2 + F (ω )e − jω 2 =10sin cω ( e jω 2 + e − jω 2 )
G (ω ) = 20 cos(2ω ) sin cω

Prob. 2.42

Vo (ω ) jω RC
=
H (ω ) =
Vi (ω ) 1 + jω RC − ω 2 LC
=
H (0) 0, =
H (∞ ) 0 
→ a bandpass filter

Prob. 2.43
∞ ∞
1
∫= ∫=
−200π t
=Ex x 2 (t )dt e dt
−∞ 0
200π
1
=x(t ) e −100π t 
→
= X (ω )
100π + jω
1
Y (ω ) H (ω
= = ) X (ω ) , −B < ω < B
100π + jω
dω
B B
1 1 1 1
=
Eout
3
=Ex =
600ππππ∫
2 −B
| Y (ω ) |2 =
dω ∫
0
2
104 + ω 2
1 1 1 B  B π
=  tan −=
1
 
→ tan
600πππππ
 100 100  100 6
π
= =
B 100π tan 5, 441.4 rad/s
6
 36

Prob. 5.44

ωc3 1 1
=H (s) = =
s + 2ωc s + 2ωc + ωc s + 2 s + 2 s + 1 ( s + 1)( s 2 + s + 1)
3 2 3 3 2

A Bs + C
H=
(s) + 2
s +1 s + s +1
=
1 A( s + s + 1) + B( s 2 + s ) + C ( s + 1)
2

Equating coefficients,
s2 : 0= A + B 
→ B= - A
s: =
0 A + B +=
C 0+C 
→ =
C 0
constant: 1=A+C 
→ A=1, B=-1

1 s 1 s
H (s) = − 2 =−
s +1 s + s +1 s +1  3
2

( s + 1/ 2) + 
2

 2 
1 ( s + 1/ 2) 1/ 2
= − +
s +1  3
2
 3
2

( s + 1/ 2) + 
2
 ( s + 1/ 2) + 
2

 2   2 
3
1 ( s + 1/ 2) 1/ 2 2
= − +
s +1  3
2
3  3
2

( s + 1/ 2) + 
2
 2 ( s + 1/ 2) +  2 
2

 2   
 3  1 −t / 2  3 
e − t − e − t / 2 cos 
h(t ) = t  + e sin  t 
 2  3  2 

Prob. 2.45
This is H(s) for third-order Butterworth filter. Hence,
1
H (s) = 3
s + 2s + 2s + 1
2
 37

Prob. 2.46
1
1 sC = 1
Z1 = 1 + sL, Z 2 =�1 =
sC 1+
1 1 + sC
sC
Z2
Vo = Vs
Z1 + Z 2
1
=
H
Vo
=
Z2
= 1 + sC =
1
Vs Z1 + Z 2 1 + sL + 1 s LC + s ( L + C ) + 2
2

1 + sC
1/ LC
=
s + s (1/ C + 1/ L) + 2 / LC
2

Comparing this with

k
H (s) =
s + 1.414ww
2
cs + c
2

we get
2 1 1
k= 1/ LC , ww
c=
2
, 1.414 =
c + ,
LC C L
1 Lwc2
= = 50 L
C 2
1
= 50 L +
14.14 
→ 50 L2 − 14.14=
L +1 0
L
14.14 ± 14.142 − 4(50)(1)
L= � 0.1414
100
1
=L 141.4 mH, C= = 0.1414 = 141.4 mF
50L

Prob. 2.47

(a) The MATLAB code with the plot is presented below.

t=-2:0.1:2;
x = t.*t -2*t +3;
plot(t,x)
 38

11

10

2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

(b) The MATLAB codes with the plot is shown below.

t=-pi:pi/40:pi;
y = 4*cos(2*pi*t - 12*pi/180) + 3*sin(2*pi*t);
plot(t,y)

-2

-4

-6
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

(c) The MATLAB code with the plot is shown below.

t= 0:0.05:5;
z = 10*( 1 - exp(-2*t));
 39

plot(t,z)

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Prob. 2.48
(a) The MATLAB with the plot is shown below.

w= -5:0.1:5;
F = 1./sqrt( 4 + w.*w);
plot(w,F)

0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

(b) The MATLAB with the plot is shown below.

w= -4:0.1:4;
G = 10*( sin(5*w).*sin(5*w) )./(25*w.*w);
 40

plot(w,G)

10

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Prob. 4.49
The MATLAB code with the plots is presented below.

w= -5:0.1:5;
a=pi*w
F = 10*j.*exp(-j*a).*sin(a) ./(1-w.*w);
FM = abs(F);
FP = angle(F)*180/pi;
subplot(2,1,1); plot(w,FM);
xlabel('\omega'); ylabel('magnitude');
subplot(2,1,2); plot(w,FP);
xlabel('\omega'); ylabel('phase');
 41

20

15

magnitude 10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ω

200

100
phase

-100

-200
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ω

Prob. 2.50

From Prob. 2.13,

−5 nππ 5  n 
a0 =3.75, an = sin , bn = 1 − 2 cos nπ + cos 
nππ 2 n  2 
∞
π
3.75 + ∑ an cos(nω0t ) + bn sin(nωot ),
fN = ωo =
n =1 2

The MATLAB code with the plot of partial sum is shown below.

N=15;
t = -2:0.01:2;
w = pi/2
f0=3.75;
fN = f0*ones(size(t));
for n=1:N
fac=5/(pi*n);
an= -fac*sin(w*n);
bn=fac*(1 - 2*cos(n*pi) + cos(w*n));
fN = fN +an*cos(n*w*t) + bn*sin(n*w*t);
end
plot(t,fN)
 42

12

10

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Prob. 2.51

From Problem 2.14,

1 1 ππ 2 ∞ (−1) n /2 n
f (t ) =+ cos t − ∑ 2 cos t
ππ2 2 n = even ( n − 1) 2

The MATLAB code with the plot is shown below.

N = 25;
t = -2:0.01:2;
w = pi/2;
f0 = 1/pi;
fN = f0*ones(size(t));
fN = fN + 0.5*cos(w*t)
fac=-2/pi;
for k=1:N
n=2*k;
fac1= (-1)^(n/2);
fac2 = n^2 -1;
fN = fN +fac*fac1*cos(n*w*t)/fac2;
end
plot(t,fN)
 43

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Prob. 2.52

From Problem 2.20,

16 nππ 16 n
=an (cos − 1) + sin
n ππ
2 2
2 n 2
∞
nπ
f (t )= 3 + ∑ an cos t
n =1 2

The MATLAB code with the plot of partial sum is shown below.

N = 31;
t = 0:0.01:2;
w = pi/2;
f0 = 3;
fN = f0*ones(size(t));
for n=1:N
fac1= 16*( cos(w*n) -1)/(n*n*pi*pi);
fac2 = 16*sin(w*n)/(n*pi);
an=fac1 + fac2;
fN = fN + an*cos(n*w*t);
end
plot(t,fN)
 44

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Prob. 2.53

The MATLAB code is shown below.

den = [ 1 3.236 5.236 5.236 3.236 1];

roots(den)

ans =

-0.3090 + 0.9510i
-0.3090 - 0.9510i
-1.0000 + 0.0000i
-0.8090 + 0.5879i
-0.8090 - 0.5879i

Prob. 2.54
The MATLAB code with the plot is shown below.

[z,p,k]=buttap(6); % returns the zeros, poles, and constant k of the

% 6th-order Butterworth filter
num=k*poly(z); % forms the numerator
den=poly(p); % forms the denominator
[mag,phase,w]=bode(num,den); % returns magnitude, phase (in
%degrees), and frequency vector w (automatically)
semilogx(w,20*log10(abs(mag)))
% plot(w,mag) % plots the magnitude verse w
title('Magnitude of the frequency response')
 45

xlabel('Omega')
ylabel('Magnitude')

Magnitude of the frequency response

0

-20

-40

-60
Magnitude

-80

-100

-120

-140
-1 0 1
10 10 10
Omega
 46

Chapter 3

c 3 × 108 m/s
=
3.1 (a) L =
0.1λ 0.1= 0.1
30 × 103 Hz
min
fm
Lmin = 103 m or 1 km

(b) f c =100 f m =100 × 30 × 103 Hz =3 × 106 Hz

c 3 × 108 m/s
=
L =
0.1λ =
0.1 0.1 = 10 m
3 × 106 Hz
min
fc

3.2 (a) For f c = 550 kHz,

c 3 × 108 m/s
H= =
0.1λ =
0.1 0.1 = 54.54 m
550 × 103 Hz
min
fc

(b) For f c = 1600 kHz,

c 3 × 108 m/s
H= =
0.1λ =
0.1 0.1 = 18.75 m
1600 × 103 Hz
min
fc

M p Am
3.3 Ac = 10 ; Modulation index= m= =
Ac Ac
For waveform sketches, Amax =
Ac + Am ; Amin =
Ac − Am
For From Figure 3.35 (a), Amax = Ac + Am =8; Amin = Ac − Am = 2
1 1 1 1
∴ Ac = ( Amax + Amin ) = (8 + 2 ) = 5; Am = ( Amax − Amin ) = (8 − 2 ) = 3
2 2 2 2
A 3
m= m= = 0.6 or 60%
Ac 5

4
µ
(a) = = 0.4
10
Sketch is similar to Fig. 3.2 (a) but Amax = 10 + 4 = 14 and Amin = 10 − 4 = 6 .

10
µ
(b) For Am = 10 , = = 1.0 (100% modulation, not recommended!)
10
Sketch is similar to Fig. 3.2 (b) but Amax = 10 + 10 = 20 and Amin = 10 − 10 = 0