Assignment Spring 2020 

Organic Pharmacy I PHR 114 

Submitted to 

Sabrin Islam Khan 

Lecturer 

Department OF Pharmaceutical Sciences 

North South University 

Submitted By 

Fuad Hasan Pranto 

ID: 1921147049 

Section:5 ​ D
​ ATE OF Submission:​ 11/06/2020 

 
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Importance of alcohol, aldehyde and ketone and 

carboxylic acid in pharmaceutical sciences 

​ Alcohol

Alcohol is a series of organic compounds that consist of one or more hydroxyl(-OH) groups
attached to a carbon atom of an alkyl group (C​n​H​2n+1​). The general structure of alcohol is
C​n​H​2n+1​OH. Alcohols are the most common organic compounds, very used as an intermediate in
the synthesis of other compounds. Alcohols with less molecular weight are highly soluble in
water, increasing molecular weight decreases the solubility ​and their boiling points, vapor
pressure, densities, and viscosities. ​Alcohols can be classified into three types as primary,
secondary, tertiary according to the number of an alkyl group.

Alcohol is utilized in the pharmaceutical business in an assortment of assembling forms. It has

bactericidal action and is regularly utilized as a topical disinfectant, particularly in liquor gel for
hands. It is additionally generally utilized as a dissolvable and additive in pharmaceutical
arrangements

Fig Structure OF Alcohol Fig Structure OF Methanol

Importance Of Alcohol in Pharmaceutical Science

● 1-Butanol is developed as substitute articulation for topical delivery of clindamycin
phosphate
● Panaxytriol, panaxynol (Polycetylenic alcohols) is used as an antiproliferative against
tumor cells
● The essential oil in a mixture with methanol extract of two harvested mint species has
antimicrobial and anti oxidizing properties. They are used in Tunisian folkloric medicine
● Methanol is used in Chinese Liquor medicine
● Methyl Alcohol is hugely used as an Excipients
● 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio hexanol can potentially be used for treating MDR in
patients with AML
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● Isopropanol mixture with water is used as a rubbing alcohol agent and also used in
aftershave lotions, hand lotions
● Efinaconazole (C​18​H​22​F​2​N​4​O) 10 percent topical solution is used for fungus infection of
the nail
● Propyl alcohol is used as a topical antiseptic Gel
● Propyl alcohol is used as an Extracorporeal gel for surgical use
● Dehydrated alcohol is used as an Injection Solution for Intraspinal route
● Abacavir({(1S-cis)-4-[2-amino-6-(cyclopropyl amino)-9H-purin-9-yl]
cyclopent-2-en-1-yl} methanol) is FDA approved drug which is used for treating HIV
● Fluorocarbon alcohol are of interest for novel pulmonary delivery approaches
● Procyanidins and extract of Butanol from Cinnamini Cortex decrease the rate of
infection 0f SARS-CoV
● Quinidine (6-methoxy-α-(5 vinyl 2-quinuclidinyl)-4-quinoline methanol) alkaloid hoses
the sensitivity of heart and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium flows
across cell films. It draws out cell activity potential and diminishes automaticity.
Quinidine additionally squares muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission. It
was mainly used as an oral tablet
● Phenol is used for the treatment of Huntington’s Disease, Treatment of haemophilia-B
● NICOTINIC Alcohol which is an immediate acting fringe vasodilator that causes
flushing and may diminish circulatory strain. It is utilized in vasospasm and undermines
GANGRENE.
● Polyvinyl alcohol is used as an Excipient, which will increase viscosity in
pharmaceuticals products and also as a lubricant and protectant in ophthalmic drugs.
● Eflornithine(2-(difluoromethyl) ornithine) is a prescription drug which is used for
inhibiting excessive hair growth in the face (especially for the woman)
● Methanol with other API is used for treating cerebrovascular disease.
● Ethanol (0.5 mL/1mL) + ​Benzalkonium chloride​+ ​Isopropyl alcohol​+ ​Lidocaine
hydrochloride​+ ​Lidocaine hydrochloride​+ ​Neomycin sulfate​is used as a ​FIRST AID
KIT
● Medications, for example, indomethacin, along with oneself gathering properties of
polyvinyl alcohol with 2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium and with acyl chains of
different atomic loads, were utilized to build the accessibility of the medication.
● Heptanol had an antiarrhythmic effect also had a Dimodal effect on susceptibility to
inducible VT.
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Aldehydes
An organic compound in which a carbon atom shares its double bond with a higher
electronegative oxygen atom and a single bond with a hydrogen atom and another single bond
with alkyl groups or another group is called Aldehyde. The double bond between oxygen and
carbon is known as the carbonyl group. It is derived from alcohol by dehydrogenation.

The polarity of the carbonyl group prominently influences the physical properties of liquefying
point and breaking point, solvency, and dipole moment.

Aldehydes experience a wide assortment of substance responses, including polymerization. Their

mix with different kinds of atoms delivers the alleged aldehyde buildup polymers, which have
been utilized in plastics, for example, Bakelite and in the cover tabletop material Formica.
Aldehydes are additionally valuable as solvents and scent fixings and as intermediates in the
creation of colors and pharmaceuticals.

Fig: General Structure OF Aldehyde ​ ​Fig: General Structure of Formaldehyde

Importance Of Aldehydes in Pharmaceutical Science

● Methanal in combination with Metacresol Sulfonic acid polymer has a bactericidal effect
● 10 percent methanol is used as a topical agent for pre and post-surgical remove of warts
● Formaldehyde in combination with cresol is used for root canal therapy
● .2 ml formaldehyde is used as a topical agent for hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis
● Formaldehyde is used in methenamine therapy
● In liquid and semi-solid dosage, form Aldehydes are used as Excipients
● Volatile aldehydes are the biomarkers of lung cancer
● Forty percent aqueous solution of formaldehyde is widely used worldwide as
preservatives, antiseptics, and disinfectants. An 8% formaldehyde solution
● in water has a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria, fungi,
● Propanal 20mg/40mg is used as a beta-blocker for decreasing anxiety; also, it has a vast
effect on relieving migraine pain, angina.
● Betaine aldehyde is a potential antimicrobial agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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● Glutaraldehyde is used for disinfection or sterilization of instruments such as fiberoptic
endoscopes, respiratory therapy equipment, hemodialyzers, and dental instruments that
cannot withstand exposure to the high temperatures of steam
● sterilization
● Formaldehyde solutions are used for high-level disinfection of
● hemodialyzers, preparation of vaccines, and preservation and
● embalming of tissues.
● The 4% formaldehyde (10% formalin) solutions used for fixation of tissues and
embalming
● Cinnamaldehyde is an ordinarily happening flavonoid that gives the zest cinnamon its
flavor and smell. It normally happens in the bark of cinnamon trees and different types of
the sort Cinnamomum, for example, camphor and cassia.
● Retinaldehyde, ​a group of biochemical agents, clinically proven to reduce fine lines,
wrinkles, and other signs of skin aging.
● Tolualdehyde is used as a growth substance in the culture medium of the strains of
Pseudomonas putida​.
● Tucaresol a form of aldehydes is in the trial for using in the HIV treatment
● Acetaldehyde is utilized as an enhancing specialist of a medication. It is additionally
utilized in the assembling of acetic acid.
● Benzaldehyde is commonly used as a flavoring-agents in pharmaceutical products.

Ketone
Ketone is a class of organic compounds where center carbon is covalently bonded to an oxygen
atom, remaining two bonds with other carbon atoms or an alkyl group(R). In the pharmaceutical
industry, Ketone plays a vital role in the making of drugs. Acetone is one of them for its
proportion solubility; it also can dissolve other compounds.

Some important reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones are Aldol condensation, Chlorination,
Clemmensen reduction, Wolf-Kishner reaction.

Just a few ketones are fabricated for an enormous scope in the industry. They can be
incorporated by a wide assortment of techniques, and in view of their simplicity of planning,
relative solidness, and high reactivity, they are about perfect substance intermediates. Many
complex organic compounds are synthesized by using ketones as building squares. They are
most broadly utilized as solvents, particularly in enterprises fabricating explosives, finishes,
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paints, and materials. Ketones are likewise utilized in tanning, as additives, and in water-driven
liquids.

Fig: Structure OF Ketone Fig: 2-Butanone

Importance of Ketone in Pharmaceutical science

● Acetone extract from Myrtaceae has a potent antioxidant property, which has been used
in the formulation of anti-aging, skin-whitening products.
● Probucol (​Acetone (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) mercaptole is used to lower HDL
and LDL cholesterol.
● Propanone as Diethylpropion is used as a CNS drug; it is safest for the patient with
hypertension
● Acetone is used as an Excipients in Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Perphenazine,
Divalproex Sodium
● 1-(2-naphthyl)-2-(imidazole-1-yl) ethanone oxime has potential antimicrobial and
anticonvulsant activities. The anticonvulsant property was determined by maximal
electroshock in mice and rats.
● 1-(2-hydroxy-4-morpholine-4-yl-phenyl)- ethanone, hinders the DNA-subordinate
protein kinase (DNA-PK) and contrasts fundamentally from recently considered
DNA-PK inhibitors both basically and practically.
● 1,3-diketones, 1,4-diketones, and beta-triketones are a valuable blend of various kinds of
heterocycles. These heterocycles are significant intermediates for the sedate union:
1,3-diketones amalgamation pyrazoles, isoxazoles like heterocycles. 1,4-diketones gives
furans, pyrroles, and thiophenes. Beta-triketones give indeno diazepines,
indenopyrimidens. Clinical scientific experts utilize these heterocycles as indicated by the
need. For different medication combinations, these mixes help a great deal in the territory
of clinical science and pharmaceutics.
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● Butanone is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in combination with other
API
● Heptadone is used as a potent synthetic analgesic in combination with phenyl,
dimethylamino. It is marketed as a tablet, concentrate solution.
● C​9​H​28​0​2 is
​ used for the treatment of hypogonadism, gender dysphoria, and some types of
breast cancer.
● C​21​H​27​NO has been used to cure addiction to heroin, opium, and morphine.
● A ketone-enhanced eating diet may shield neurons from death during the movement of
Alzheimer's infection.
● Plicamycin drug has been used for the treatment of testicular cancer.
● Butyrophenone has sedative and antiemetic effects
● 3-Heptanone has a synthetic analgesic property and works as a µ-opioid receptor (MOR)
● Ketones are often used as a flavoring agent which helps to make almond, cherry, jasmine
aromas
● A derivative of Methanone is identified as a new synthetic cannabinoid
● 1- Phenylethanone has a role as a non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug

Carboxylic Acid
​ he compound which contains a carboxyl functional group is called Carboxylic acid. Its general
T
formula is R-COOH.

Carboxylic acid is called Bronsted-Lowry acid, as it can donate protons. These compounds are
polar. The boiling point of the carboxylic acid is higher than water. These compounds have a
sour smell. Carboxylic acids form esters with reaction with alcohol.

Some carboxylic acids are Methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid, Propanoic acid, Butanoic acid, etc.

Carboxylic acids are found in nature, mostly. Lactic acid is found in milk products; citric acid is
found in citrus food. Other carboxylic acids exist in the living cell.

The central substance normal for the carboxylic acids is their acidity. They are commonly more
acidic than other natural mixes containing hydroxyl gatherings yet are commonly more
vulnerable than the recognizable mineral acids.

Structure:
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Fig; General Structure of Carboxylic Acid ​Fig: Acetic Acid

Importance of Carboxylic Acid in Pharmaceutical Science

● Acetic acid is widely used as an antibiotic, also used in the infections in the ear canal
● Formic acid (methanoic acid) is an important intermediate in chemical reactions, and also
it has antibacterial and preservation quality
● Formic acid is widely used in the treatment of Varroa destructor
● Propanoic acid derivatives is a clotting factor XA inhibitor
● 2-hydroxy Propanoic acid which is collected from Salvia miltiorrhiza has an antioxidant
and cardio shield effect
● Fusidic acid ointment cream is used in the treatment of bone infections, bacterial eye, and
skin infections
● Combination of Citric acid and tartaric acid work as an antacid in the gastrointestinal
tract
● Carboxylic acids help to synthesize numerous drugs
● Prodrug or possibly precursor going about as blends not naturally powerful anyway
changed over into dynamic ones in unequivocal conditions. (antihypertensive medication,
antithrombotic medication, or antiviral medication)
● Omega 6 fatty acids are used for decreasing the cardiac problem, lowering bad LDL,
HDL
● Carboxylic acids are used in many drugs like aspirin, phenacetin
● Aminopolycarboxylic, E​thylenediaminetetraacetic​acids are the famous chelating agent
● Omega 3 fatty acids work as a lipid regulator, reduce triglyceride in adult patients
● Omega 5 fatty acid is an important compound for Adjuvant Treatment
● Febuxostat oral tablet is used to reduce high levels of uric acids
● C​6​H​7​N​3​O Isoniazid is an antibiotic used for the treatment for latent tuberculosis
● Aphthasol (C6H14N2O4) is an oral cavity paste for treating aphthous ulcer
● Fluciclovine (18F) is utilized in positron emission tomography imaging. It is an
engineered simple of the amino corrosive L-leucine.
● Amidate is a short-acting IV anesthetic drug for the reduction of normal anesthesia.
● Methanoic acid is used as a preservative and antibacterial agent.
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● C​8​H​9​O​5 ​(beta-lactam antibiotic) ​administered with Amoxicillin or Ticarcillin.
● Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid ​is used to treat hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia. It is also used to
decrease the risk of myocardial infarctions.
● Clorazepic acid is a muscle relaxant and also used in the treatment of anxiety.
● Tranexamic acid is used in severe hemorrhage problems.
● Carboxylesterases are one sort of mammalian chemical. These are circulated through the
body. hCE one and hCE 2 are two significant carboxylesterases. Carboxylesterases
assume an exceptionally massive job in the hydrolysis of certain medications. The
medications that rely upon carboxylesterases-intervened hydrolysis act like remedial
operators in the body. Cardiovascular medications, including the ACEIs, ARBs,
anticoagulants, statins, and texture acids, are the biggest remedial class. These
medications are carboxylesterases substrate drugs.
● Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) is administered orally (chewable tablet), used in high fever,
pain with the common cold, headache. It is also useful in the prevention of heart attacks
and strokes.
● 12 mg salicylic acid and 8 mg urea is a heel forte topical ointment
● Sodium calcium alginate or alginate acid is an antacid for the gastrointestinal tract, give
relief from heartburn, nausea
● Hypertriglyceridemia disease can be cured by Epanova (omega-3-carboxylic acid)
● ​Cytra-K, Poly-Citra-K Crystals, Tricitrates, Virtrate-3, E-Z-Gas II, etc. are very
commonly used drugs of carboxylic derivatives.
● Citrus extract and citrate salts are utilized in meds. These meds can decrease and treat
issues brought about by kidney infection. These kinds of medications are known as
urinary alkalinizers. Citrus extract utilized as a functioning fixing in Phexxi.
● 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used to improve dry mouth treatment better than saline
mouth spray
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Reference: ​1) ​Junyaprasert, V. B., Boonsaner, P., Leatwimonlak, S., & Boonme, P. (2007).
Enhancement of the skin permeation of clindamycin phosphate by Aerosol OT/1-butanol
microemulsions. ​Drug development and industrial pharmacy​, ​33​(8), 874-880.

2)SAITA, T., KATANO, M., MATSUNAGA, H., KOUNO, I., FUJITO, H., & MORI, M. (1995). Screening
of polyacetylenic alcohols in crude drugs using the ELISA for panaxytriol. ​Biological and
Pharmaceutical Bulletin​, ​18​(7), 933-937.

3) Hajlaoui, H., Trabelsi, N., Noumi, E., Snoussi, M., Fallah, H., Ksouri, R., & Bakhrouf, A. (2009).
Biological activities of the essential oils and methanol extract of tow cultivated mint species
(Mentha longifolia and Mentha pulegium) used in the Tunisian folkloric medicine. ​World Journal of
Microbiology and Biotechnology,​ ​25(​ 12), 2227-2238.

4) Ascione, A., Cianfriglia, M., Dupuis, M. L., Mallano, A., Sau, A., Tregno, F. P., ... & Caccuri, A. M.
(2009). The glutathione S-transferase inhibitor 6-(7-nitro-2, 1, 3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio) hexanol
overcomes the MDR1-P-glycoprotein and MRP1-mediated multidrug resistance in acute myeloid
leukemia cells. ​Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology​, ​64​(2), 419-424

5) Zhuang, M., Jiang, H., Suzuki, Y., Li, X., Xiao, P., Tanaka, T., ... & Qin, C. (2009). Procyanidins
and butanol extract of Cinnamomi Cortex inhibit SARS-CoV infection. ​Antiviral research,​ ​82​(1),
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6)​​Mancuso, C., Siciliano, R., Barone, E., & Preziosi, P. (2012). Natural substances and
Alzheimer's disease: from preclinical studies to evidence based medicine. ​Biochimica et
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